Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved

Transcription

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2 All rights Reserved markedamon@hotmail.com Another Presentation

3 Directions: Scroll through the presentation and enter the answers (which are really the questions) and the questions (which are really the answers). Enter in the categories on the main game boards. As you play the game, click on the TEXT DOLLAR AMOUNT that the contestant calls, not the surrounding box. When they have given a question, click again anywhere on the screen to see the correct question. Keep track of which questions have already been picked by printing out the game board screen and checking off as you go. Click on the Game box to return to the main scoreboard. Enter the score into the black box on each players podium. Continue until all clues are given. When finished, DO NOT save the game. This will overwrite the program with the scores and data you enter. You MAY save it as a different name, but keep this file untouched!

4 Round 1 Round 2 Final Jeopardy $ $ $ Phillip Daphne Kathy

5 Population Resources Dynamics Natural and Energy Capital Soil and Water Food and Growth Demands Definitions Round 2 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 Final Jeopardy Scores $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

6 $100 What does exponential human growth mean, and what affect is it having?

7 $100 Exponential growth growth rate which is increasingly rapid or an accelerating rate of growth. Growth rate will have big impact on resource use, as more people means more supplies. This may be lessened as LEDCs tend to consume less than MEDCs. Scores

8 $200 What is the doubling time for a country if the crude death rate is 55 and the crude birth rate is 65. What does this mean?

9 $200 Doubling time of 70 years Scores

10 $300 State the relative birth and death rates of the following population pyramid, and how you determined such:

11 $300 Birth rate is relatively low due to the narrower base. Death rate is somewhat low due to the relatively straight sides. Scores

12 $400 When making predictions for growth in human populations list four factors that affect birth rate, and four factors that affect death rate.

13 $400 For birth rate: Population age-structure Status of women Type of economy Wealth Religion Social pressure Educational status Availability of contraceptives Desire for children Need for government policies Provision of child-care measures Provision of Pensions For death rate: Population age-structure Availability of clean water Sanitation Adequate housing Reliable food supply Prevalence of disease Provision of healthcare facilities Types of occupations Natural Hazards Civil conflict and war Chance factors Scores

14 $500 List three advantages and three disadvantages for either a nonrenewable or renewable energy source.

15 $500 Answers vary Scores

16 $100 What is meant by the environment having intrinsic value, and how does this happen?

17 $100 Having value regardless of economic value; through recreational, spiritual, and aesthetic uses. Scores

18 $200 How can you sustainably use natural income and natural capital?

19 $200 When processing a natural resource (natural capital) to create income, sustainability needs to be applied at every level of the supply chain. Scores

20 $300 What is sustainable development?

21 $300 Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Scores

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23 $400 How can resources be dynamic?

24 $400 What was valuable a long time ago, may be worthless now, and vice versa Scores

25 $500 Calculate Sustainable Yield; where t is start and t+1 is end Sustainable Yield = (Total Biomass at t+1) (Total Biomass at t) (Total Energy at t+1) (Total Energy at t) End of Growing Season Start of Growing Season Farm Biomass Energy Biomass Energy

26 $ Scores

27 $100 How is soil like a living system?

28 $100 They link the atmosphere, lithosphere (rocks), biosphere (living matter), and hydrosphere Soil forming process consists of: (water). Gains and losses of material to and from the profile Movement of water between the horizons Chemical transformation within each horizon Therefore soils are open systems in a steady-state equilibrium. Scores

29 $200 Give the structure and properties of one of the main types of soil:

30 $200 Mineral Content Drainage Water- Holding Capacity Air Spaces Biota Potential to hold organic matter Primary Productiv ity Sand Low High Low High Low Low Low Clay High Low High Low High to Medium High to Medium Quite Low Loam Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium to High Medium to High High Scores

31 $300 Give a type of soil degradation with the consequences related to it:

32 $300 Erosion: reduced crop growth and yields, loss of soil fertility Salinization (Too much salt): Stunts crop growth, Lowers crop yields, Destroys fertility and plants, Damage to infrastructure, Reduction of water quality Desertification: Economic loses, Lower living standards, Major threat to biodiversity, Prolonged droughts Scores

33 $400 Describe a soil conservation method:

34 $400 Mechanical methods to reduce water flow Contour Ploughing Takes advantage of ridges formed at right angles to the slope to slow water Terracing Slope is broken up into a series of flat steps with raised levees at the edge. Land around gullies and ravines can be fenced off and planted with small trees. Check dams can be used to slow water in gullies. Cropping and soil husbandry methods against wind and water damage Maintaining a crop cover as long as possible which is often done through Multi-cropping. Keeping in place stubble and root structure of the crop after harvesting Planting a grass crop: Maintains action of the roots in binding the soil, and minimizing wind action. Management of saltaffected soils Flushing the soil with water and leaching the salt away Application of chemicals (like gypsum calcium sulfate to replace the sodium ions on the clay and colloids with calcium ions.) Reduction in evaporation losses to reduce the upward movement of water in the soil Scores

35 $500 Give a renewable or nonrenewable water source, and explain why it is renewable or not:

36 $500 Scores

37 $100 Explain an issue lending to the global food supply imbalance:

38 $100 ¾ of the world is inadequately fed with about 1 billion going hungry Too much food is being produced in MEDCs leading to surplus and lowered price of food. Some MEDCs have import tariffs which make the import of food more expensive. LEDC food production is often used as a way to generate foreign income from cash crops leading to an emphasis on export, rather than feeding the local population. Long-standing imbalance between rich and poor countries in international agricultural trade. Domestic support and export subsidies to farmers in MEDCs make LEDC crops uncompetitive. Increased meat/dairy consumption and biofuel use pushes prices up as land isn t used for food crops. Climate change with higher temps in tropical and subtropical areas can lead to crop loss. MEDC farms are very technocentric, whereas LEDC farms are very labor intensive (usually from within the family.) Scores

39 $200 What is different and the same between terrestrial and aquatic food production systems?

40 $200 Terrestrial Systems: Most food is harvested from relatively low trophic levels (producers and consumers). Crops are obviously more efficient than livestock as they contain the most energy. Another factor is that livestock provide protein, an essential vitamin. Livestock also have additional products which they produce (milk, blood, wool, and hide) as well as being used as working animals in many cultures. Aquatic Systems: Perhaps largely due to human tastes, most food is harvested from higher trophic levels (3 rd and 4 th level consumers). At these levels the total storage of energy is much smaller, so this is much less efficient than crop production. Energy conversions along aquatic food chains may be more efficient than in a terrestrial chain, but the initial fixing of energy by aquatic producers is less efficient due to absorption and reflection of light by water. Scores

41 $300 Name a food production system, and give three links between it and those who practice it:

42 $300 Answers vary Scores

43 $400 What are the difficulties in applying carrying capacity to local human populations?

44 $400 Range of resources used is great Can substitute one resource for another when necessary Lifestyle affects resource requirements Technological developments change resources required and available for consumption Resources can be imported Scores

45 $500 Why and how do reduce, reuse, and recycling affect carrying capacity?

46 $500 These in addition to reducing usage can help increase human carrying capacity by lowering the rate of energy and material consumption, level of pollution, interference with life-support systems Scores

47 $100 How do you assess the demands of human populations by using an ecological footprint as a model?

48 $100 As a model it can monitor environmental impact, and allow for direct comparisons between groups and individuals. Scores

49 $200 Calculate ecological footprint Country in hectares from the following Per capita grain consumption in kg/yr data: Local grain production inn kg/ha*yr Per capita carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuels in kg C/yr Africa North America Net carbon dioxide fixation by local vegetation in kg C/ha*yr

50 $200 Scores

51 $300 How can human population dynamics and growth be affected by government policies or cultural influences?

52 $300 Population policies have big impacts on population growth Pronatalist in favor of increasing the birth rate (France) Populations in the West tend to be rising due to immigration. Many immigrants come from rural areas so are accustomed to needing large families. Therefore they have a higher birth rate. It takes a couple of generations in an urban setting before this begins to decline. Anti-natalist attempt to limit the birth rate (China and Arab countries) Many countries in East Asia (Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea) have declining birth rates partly due to more job opportunities and earning power for women. As well as a reluctance to marry and a preference for few if any children among women. Scores

53 $400 How can carrying capacity and material economic growth be influenced by technological development, population, and resource consumption?

54 $400 Agricultural development led to massive deforestation in many countries. Industrialization led to higher resource use, which led to drawing resources from colonies and other countries. Some countries have tried to triumph over nature, and this tends to be very anti-environmental. (USSR and USA) This continued until the space program brought pictures showing the effects. The Green Party gained government representation in many countries at this time. Emerging countries wish to use resources to grow, but some MEDCs argue to be conservative despite the fact they were not in the past. Hunter-gatherers may be more sustainable but have higher rates of infanticide and neglect of girls. Scores

55 $500 Give an approximation or assumption for the ecological footprint model:

56 $500 To keep it simple it is usually based on only net carbon dioxide emissions, and food production in grain equivalent Includes approximations for the following: Bioproductive land Bioproductive sea Energy land Built land Biodiversity land Non-productive land Includes assumptions based on ignoring the following factors: The land or water required to provide any aquatic and atmospheric resources Land or water needed to assimilate wastes other than carbon dioxide Land used to produce materials imported into the country to subsidize arable land and increase yields Replacement of productive land lost through urbanization Scores

57 $100 Renewable Resource

58 $100 Living species and ecosystems which can be replaced by natural productivity as fast as they are used. Scores

59 $200 Soil Degradation

60 $200 Decline in quantity and quality of soil Scores

61 $300 Replenishable Resource

62 $300 Non-living resources that are continuously restored by natural processes as fast as they are used Scores

63 $400 Natural Income

64 $400 Resources in the forms of valuable goods and services produced by the planet Scores

65 $500 Non-renewable resource

66 $500 Natural resources that can t be replenished within a timescale of the same order as that at which they are taken from the environment Scores