Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass Professionals 1

Transcription

1 NH-86 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 1 J. B. Unruh and J.B. Brecke 2 ntroduction The best defense against weeds is a dense, vigorously growing turf. By adapting the right grass to the site and following correct cultural management, including proper fertilization, mowing, and irrigation, weeds will not be able to compete as well as with the turf. Before deciding to use any weed control, diagnose first why the turf is thin and weeds are invading. Correct the basic problem of unhealthy turf before using any weed control. Herbicides are not a substitute for sound cultural practices. The first step toward a successful weed management program is the accurate identification of the desirable and undesirable plants involved. There are about 100 weeds that commonly occur in the major turfgrasses. These plants can be grouped as desirable grasses, weedy grasses (Table 1), grass-like weeds (Table 2), sedges (Table 11) and broadleaf weeds (Table 3). The following is a brief description of representative plants in each group followed by general suggestions for control. rasses Leaves composed of a blade, a sheath, and a ligule. Leaf sheath is open. Ligule is usually present, often tiny. Ligule can be a membrane, a membrane with hairs on top, or hairs. ee also the following tables: Table 4 re-plant Nonselective Weed Control. Table 5. reemergence Controls. Table 6. reemergence Herbicides for putting greens. Table 7. Turfgrass Tolerance to reemergence Herbicides. Table 8. reemergence Herbicide fficacy Ratings. Table 9. ostemergence Controls. Table 10. xpected Control of Broadleaf Weeds with Turf Herbicides. Table 12. edge Control. Table 13. edge Control and Turf Tolerance to Various Herbicides. Table 14. Turfgrass Tolerance to ostemergence Herbicides. 1. This document is NH-86, one of a series of the epartment of nvironmental Horticulture, University of Florida. Revised November lease visit the Web site at 2. J. B. Unruh, Assistant rofessor, Turfgrass, West Florida Research and ducation Center, Jay, Florida; and J.B. Brecke, Agronomist, Agriculture Research and ducation Center, Jay, Florida. The nstitute of Food and Agricultural ciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin. For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative xtension ervice office. Florida Cooperative xtension ervice/nstitute of Food and Agricultural ciences/university of Florida/Christine Taylor Waddill, ean.

2 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 2 Table 15. Common and Trade Names of Turf Herbicides. 1 resence of a herbicide in this listing does not constitute a recommendation. Trade names are used with the understanding that no endorsement is intended or no criticism is implied of similar products which are not mentioned. All chemicals should be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 2 All herbicide rates are active ingredient rates per acre. For product rates for formulations not listed, check the label included with every herbicide container. 1 Non golf green only. 2 =afe at labeled rates on mature, healthy turf; =ntermediate safety - may cause slight damage to mature, healthy turf. Use only one-half the normal rate when temperatures are hot (>85 F) or if the turf is under water stress; =Not Registered for use on this turf species. =afe at labeled rates; =ntermediate safety, use at reduced rates; =amaging, do not use; =Not Registered for use on this turfgrass. =good; F=fair; =poor. *Repeat applications are necessary for complete control from all herbicides. 1 =afe at labeled rates; =ntermediate safety, use at reduced rates; =amaging, do not use; =Not Registered for use on this turfgrass. 2 Asulam is labeled for 'Tifway' (419) and t. Augustinegrass. 3 Carpetgrass tolerance to herbicides listed has not fully been explored. 3 thofumesate is labeled only for ormant () bermudagrass overseeded with perennial ryegrass. 1 =xcellent, >89% control; -ood, 80 to 89% control; F=Fair, 70 to 79% control; =oor, <70% control; L=Listed on the label but has not yet been tested fully at the University of Florida; = ata not available. 1 A = annual, B = biennial; = perennial; A = summer annual; WA = winter annual. 2 = excellent (>89%) control; F = Fair to good (70 to 89%), good control sometimes with high rates, however a repeat treatment 1 to 3 weeks later each at the standard or reduced rate is usually more effective; = poor (<70%) control in most cases. Not all weeds have been tested for susceptibility to each herbicide listed. 1 resence of a herbicide in this listing does not constitute a recommendation. Trade names are used with the understanding that no endorsement is intended or no criticism is implied of similar products not mentioned. All chemicals should be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

3 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 3 Blanket Crabgrass (. serotina) - Annual; running aboveground, mat-forming; short leaves, hairy; found in moist to wet sites; same ligule as ndia crabgrass. Native. outhern Crabgrass (. ciliaris) - Annual; clumps or loosely running; large leaves, hairy; found in dry sites; same ligule as ndia crabgrass; seedhead branches from several points. Tropical Crabgrass (. bicornis) - Annual; clumps or loosely running; large leaves, hairy; found in dry sites; same ligule as ndia crabgrass; seedhead branches all from the same point. mooth Crabgrass (. ischaemum) - Annual; clumps or loosely running; large leaves; few hairs on plant; same ligule as ndia Crabgrass. Found mainly in north Florida and the panhandle. Table 1. Weedy rasses oosegrass, leusine indica Crowfootgrass, actyloctenium aegyptium Crabgrass, Five species exist in Turf. Annual; clump leaning out from center; stem flattened; center of clump white due to white leaf sheath; leaf sheath at center of plant with a thin green stripe in center; seedhead usually with at least one branch below tip; seeds hang under branch. Annual; clump or running; leaf blade with thin stiff hairs along margin, hairs occur from base to tip or at least over half the length of the blade; ligule a thin transparent membrane seen with magnification; seedhead with all branches at the tip; tip of branch with a small sharp point; seeds hang under branch. ndia Crabgrass (igitaria longiflora) - Annual; running aboveground; usually found in dry sites; no hairs on plant; ligule a thin transparent membrane visible to naked eye, but tiny; leaf blades quite short. Thin or Bull aspalum, aspalum setaceum erennial; clump leaning out from center; hairy or smooth; hard short knotty root structure; seedheads with usually one or occasionally 2 or 3 branches; tiny seeds hang from lower side of branches. mallflowered Alexandergrass Brachiaria subquadripara erennial from stolons; leaf blade and sheath hairy; seedheads with two to seven branches or "fingers;" angle of branches resembling a "signal flag;" reproduces by seed and stolons. Table 2. rass-like Weeds Leaves resemble grass leaves with parallel veination but lack a ligule and usually a sheath. ove Weed Murdannia nudiflora Annual; succulent; loosely running; leaf sheath closed; few hairs at base of blade on margin; tiny purple or blue-purple flower; seeds in tiny round capsules; in dayflower family.

4 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 4 Table 2. rass-like Weeds preading ayflower Commelina diffusa Annual; succulent; leaves broadly lance-shaped, with closed sheaths; sheaths short with a few soft hairs on upper margin; flowers with three blue petals, in leaf-like structure open on the margins. Table 3. Broadleaves Match-head, hyla nodiflora rect and rostrate purge, hamaesyce species Chamber Bitter, hyllanthus urinaria agotia Beggarweed, esmodium triflorum Rust Weed, olypremum procumbens Common Beggar-tick, Bidens alba Brazil usley, Richardia brasiliensis Florida usley, Richardia scabra Florida Betony tachys floridana ennywort (dollarweed) Hydrocotyle spp. erennial; running aboveground; leaves opposite; leaves with teeth on margin; plant gray-green; flowers in heads on long stalks resembling a match; flowers at tip purplish to white. Annual; erect or prostrate branched stem; leaves opposite; base of leaf not equal; sap milky. Large number of species occur in FL. Annual; erect branched stem; leaves alternate; fruit or small round capsules on short-stalks hang under the branches; capsules have warts. erennial; runners aboveground; leaves trifoliate (three leaflets), alternate; leaflets on short stalks, broader toward tip; flowers small, purple; fruit with 3 to 5 segments. Annual or perennial; forming clumps; leaves opposite, quite narrow, needlelike; flowers white, small 4-lobed; fruit dry, indented at tip; leaves turn a rust color, hence the name. Annual; erect branched stem, 2 inches to 9 feet tall; leaves opposite, simple (one leaf) on seedlings, young plants and the lower parts of older plants, leaves compound (3 to 9 leaflets) on mature plants; flowers white; fruits long, narrow and stick to clothing; in unflower Family. erennial; branched spreading stem; plant quite hairy; leaves opposite; leaf margin smooth; root thickened, fleshy, with a thin upper portion so that it is easily broken when pulled; flowers white in a dense cluster at stem tips; fruits with stiff hairs. Annual; branched spreading stem; plant quite hairy; leaves opposite; leaf margin smooth; root a tap root, thick near plant and tapering downward; flowers white in a dense cluster at stem tips; fruits with bumps. erennial; branched erect stem from thin white underground runners and fleshy white tubers; leaves opposite, simple, shovel-shaped, toothed, stalked; flowers pinkish-purple; fruit composed of four nutlets. erennial from rhizomes, occasionally with tubers; erect long-stalked leaves with scalloped margins; petiole in center of leaf, "umbrella-like" rather than at edge as in ichondra; found in moist to wet sites; reproduces by seed, rhizomes, and tubers.

5 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 5 Table 3. Broadleaves Lawn Burweed (purweed) oliva pterosperma Virginia Buttonweed iodia virginiana Low-growing, freely branched winter annual. Leaves opposite, sparsely hairy and twice divided into narrow segments or lobes. Flowers small and inconspicuous. Fruits clustered in leaf axils having sharp spines that can cause injury to humans. Reproduces by seed. preading perennial herb with hairy branched stems. Leaves opposite, elliptic to lance-shaped, sessile, joined across stem by membrane. Membrane with a few "hair-like" projections. White tubular flowers with four lobes at each leaf axil along the stem. Flower usually with only two sepals. Fruit green, elliptically shaped, hairy, ridged and at each leaf axil. Reproduces by seed, roots, and stem fragments. Favors moist to wet sites. Table 4. re-plant Nonselective Weed Control (Refer to Herbicide Label for pecific Use Listing) Common Name Trade Name Methyl bromide owfume MC-2 Bromogas rofume Terrogas Weeds Controlled Comments Non-selective Methyl bromide is formulated as liquid gas under pressure that forms a vapor when released. One to 1 1/2 lb material is required per 100 sq.ft. treated soils. Use the higher rate when soils are heavy in texture, wet, or soil temperatures are below 60 F. oil should be moist but not saturated. low soil 8 to 10 inches in depth and release the chemical under a gasproof (plastic) cover. Most other soil pests are also controlled. rass can be planted 2 to 3 days after application. Methyl bromide is a toxic material used by professional applicators only. Restricted Use esticide. Metam-sodium (metham) azomet Vapam VC Basamid ranular Non-selective A cover is not required but increased control usually results with one. When a cover is not used, cultivate the soil to the desired depth of metham penetration. oil temperatures should be above 50F before use. Moisten the soil and use 1 to 2 pints of metham product per 100 sq.ft. in 2 to 5 gallons of water. azomet rate is 8 to 10 oz product per 100 sq.ft. of prepared soil surface and should immediately be incorporated with a rotary tiller 4 to 8 inches deep and sealed with water at 15 gals. per 100 sq.ft. mmediately irrigate metham to the depth control is desired. f a cover is available, treat the soil in front of a rotary tiller. Cover the soil for 2 days, lanting may take place 2 to 3 weeks after treatment. Aeration may be required by rototilling before planting. Read and follow all label directions. Metham is now a restricted-use pesticide while azomet is not. lyphosate Roundup 4 Roundup ro Non-selective lyphosate is applied only to unwanted vegetation and will not control non-germinated seeds, diseases, nematodes, or other pests. lyphosate (4 lb/gal) is applied at 2 oz. per gallon of water. Wait 2 to 3 weeks after application for regrowth and re-apply. A minimum of 3 applications will be required to control bermudagrass or torpedograss. o not apply to desirable plants.

6 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 6 Comments. reemergence herbicides provide 90 to 100 days residual control and require repeat applications for season-long control. Approximate timing of applications for preemergence crabgrass control are: February 1 in south Florida; February 15 in central Florida; and March 1 in north Florida. oosegrass germinates approximately 3 to 4 weeks later than crabgrass. Adequate soil moisture, both prior to and following application, is necessary to ensure success. initroaniline herbicides (e.g., benefin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, and prodiamine) are not recommended on high traffic areas such as athletic fields, cart paths, par-three tees, and areas not well established. For these high traffic areas with goosegrass, consider using a product containing oxadiazon for annual grass control and simazine for broadleaf weed control. Many herbicides are formulated as "stand alone" products as well as on granules in combination with a dry fertilizer as "weed-and-feed" products. Table 4. re-plant Nonselective Weed Control (Refer to Herbicide Label for pecific Use Listing) Common Name Trade Name Weeds Controlled iquat Reward L Non-selective Burn-down Comments Burn-down of undesirable above-ground grass and broadleaf weed growth. pot spray using 1-2 qts per 100 gallons of water. For broadcast application, use 1-2 pints per acre. To obtain expected results, a surfactant must be added.finalenon-selectivelufosinate is a nonselective water-soluble herbicide for application as a foliar spray for the control of a broad spectrum of emerged annual and perennial grass and broadleaf weeds. lufosinate (1 lb/gal) is applied at oz per gallon of water. o not apply to desirable plants. Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass benefin (3.0 lbs) Balan 2.5 (120 lbs) 2.5 Benfin (120 lbs) Crabgrass, crowfootgrass, annual bluegrass, sandbur, some selected broadleaves. Apply only to well-established turf before annual weed-grass seed germination. For continued weed control, a second application 3 months after the initial is required. For annual bluegrass control, use full rate in eptember. Minimum 3 month waiting period is required before reseeding. Read the label for irrigations requirements to activate the herbicide. o not apply to immature turf, desirable overseeding, or on golf greens.

7 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 7 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments benefin (2 lbs) + trifluralin (1 lb) Team 2 (150 lbs) ame as for benefin ame as for benefin. For use by professional applicators only. ood for use in mixed stands containing cool and warm-season turfgrasses. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass bensulide (7 and one half to 12 and one half lbs) Betasan 3.6 ( lbs) re-an 7 ( lbs) re-an 12.5 ( lbs) Lescosan 7 ( lbs) Lescosan, 4 (1-3 gal) roturf Weedgrass reventer 8.5 ( lbs) ame as for benefin ame as for benefin. afe on overseeded areas and golf greens. f use on putting greens, apply at least 90 days before overseeding. CA (10 and one half lbs) acthal W-75 (14 lbs) acthal 6F (one and three fourths gal) ame as for benefin, prostrate spurge ame as for benefin. May be applied to seedlings when they reach 1 to 2 inches in height. A repeat application at a half rate is needed 60 days after the first to extend the control period. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass dithiopyr (one half lbs) imension 1 (one half gal) ame as for benefin ame as for benefin. May be applied to actively growing golf greens. o not use within 3 months of seeding or sprigging. A total of one and one half lb ai/a is allowed yearly but not to exceed one half lb ai/a per application. ostemergence crabgrass control may be inconsistent with some species.

8 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 8 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments oryzalin (one and one half lbs) urflan 4A (one and one half qts) ame as for benefin, goosegrass ame as for benefin. Use a one and one half + one and one half lb ai/a split application approximately 90 days apart for best results. Longest period (21 days) for preemergence herbicide before required activation by rainfall or irrigation. pring application on overseeded, cool-season grasses may prematurely thin them. oryzalin (one and one half lbs) + benefin (one and one half lbs) XL 2 (150 lbs) ame as for benefin, goosegrass ame as for benefin pendimethalin (two and three fourths lbs) outhern Weedgrass Control 2.45 (113 lbs) R-M 60, W (two and one half to five lbs) R-M 3.3 C ( pts) R-M/Fertilizer (check label) endulum 60, W (two and one half to five lbs) ame as for benefin, goosegrass, oxalis, speedwell ame as for benefin. For use by professional applicators only. A split application of one and one half to 2.0 lb ai/a before weed seed germination followed by a 1 to one half lb ai/a application 90 days later provides better season-long control, especially when heavy weed pressure is expected. Check the product label for registration on golf greens. pring application on overseeded, cool-season grasses may prematurely thin them.

9 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 9 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments metolachlor ( lbs) ennant 7.8L (2 to 4 pts) ennant 5 (40-80 lbs) Yellow nutsedge, annual sedge, sprangletop, some annual grass suppression For use on golf course fairways, sod farms, and commercial lawns. The higher rate will be necessary for turf grown on high organic (i.e., muck) soils. For commercial t. Augustinegrass sod production, do not use more than once every 6 weeks and do not apply more than 8 pts./a/yr. Tank mixing with atrazine will increase the weed control spectrum. o not use ennant on golf greens, tees, or aprons or within 4 months of overseeding. rrigate within 7 days after application. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass prodiamine (three fourths lbs) Barricade 65W (1.15 lbs) RegalKade (check label) ame as for benefin ame as for benefin. plit applications at 0.38 to 1.15 lbs/a 60 to 90 days apart should be used for extended control and will be required for goosegrass suppression. May be applied to established ryegrass. o not apply more than twice yearly or to golf greens. RegalKade formulations are on dry fertilizer carriers. isoxaben (1.0 lb) allery 75W (one and one third lbs) Broadleaves Control is best for broadleaf weeds. Tank mix with another preemergence herbicide for satisfactory grass weed control. n order to activate the material, 1/2" water is needed following application. Not labeled for golf greens. o not reseed until 4 months after application. o not apply to newly seeded turf until it has been mowed 3 times.

10 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 10 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Bahiagrass napropamide (2.0 lbs) evrinol 50W (4.0 lbs) evrinol 2 (100 lbs) evrinol 5 (40 lbs) Ornamental Herb. 5 ( lbs) ame as for benefin o not apply to immature turf. A second application 8 to 10 weeks after the first is suggested. Not recommended for putting greens. Use the reduced rates for turf maintained at lower mowing heights. rrigate after application. o not reseed or overseed within six months after application. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass atrazine/simazine (2.0 lbs-sandy soil) (4.0 lbs-muck soil) Atrazine Aatrex 4L, 90, 80W; urge imazine rincep 90F, 4L Wynstar 90F + others ame as for benefin plus pennywort (dollarweed), henbit, chickweed, lawn burweed (or spurweed) and some annual sedges. erennial broadleaf weeds such as will garlic, dock and others usually escape. Apply to centipedegrass, t. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass only. Will provide good to excellent weed control with a minimum of growth retardation to newly sprigged, sodded, or plugged turf areas. ffectiveness will be reduced as weeds germinate and mature. Two applications are allowed per year. ennywort is easiest to control with a late fall and/or early winter application followed by a repeat application 4 to 6 weeks later. o not apply within the root zone of ornamentals. o not exceed 1 lb ai/a on newly sprigged turfgrass. Atrazine is a Restricted Use esticide.

11 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 11 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass oxadiazon (3.0 lbs) Ronstar 2 (150 lbs) ame as for benefin, goosegrass For use on Bermuda, t. Augustine, and zoysiagrasses only. o not apply to wet turf or to golf greens. Ronstar 50W can be used only on dormant turf or excessive phytotoxicity will result. Thoroughly irrigate following application to increase effectiveness. afest preemergence herbicide on newly sprigged or high traffic areas. A combination of oxadiazon plus benefin on a 38% ureaformaldehyde nitrogen fertilizer is available as Regal tar. fenarimol (see comment) Rubigan 1A (see comment) Annual bluegrass; also a fungicide A systemic fungicide that reduces the infestation of oa annua. Use 3 applications. Treatments should be spaced days apart with the third 2 weeks prior to ryegrass overseeding and 30 day interval for oa trivialis or bentgrass. Use 4 oz/1000 sq.ft. each for 3 applications; or 6 oz/1000 sq.ft. each if 2 applications are used instead of 3. A follow-up application of 2 oz/1000 sq.ft. may be necessary in early January for season-long control where weed pressure is traditionally heavy. rovides little postemergence control. ee supplemental label for more information.

12 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 12 Table 5. reemergence Controls 1 (Refer to herbicide label for specific species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2 Trade Name (rate of product/acre) Weeds Controlled Comments pronamide (1.0 lb) Kerb 50 W (2.0 lbs) Annual bluegrass Make application at least 60 days prior to overseeding. o not apply on or upslope to desirable overseeded turf. Activated charcoal can be used at 2 to 5 lbs/1000 sq.ft. to "deactivate" pronamide when applied closer than 60 days prior to overseeding. Restricted Use roduct. ethofumesate (1 lb) rograss 1.5 C (two and two thirds qt) Annual bluegrass rovides annual bluegrass control in dormant bermudagrass overseed with perennial ryegrass. The first application should be 30 to 45 days following overseeding. The second should be 21 to 28 days later. o not apply after February 1. Not labelled for greens or zoysiagrass.

13 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 13 Table 6. reemergence Herbicides for utting reens (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) Trade Names ngredients Manufacturer/istributor Weedgrass reventer oosegrass/crabgrass Control outhern Weedgrass Control imension Betasan Kerb Rubigan bensulide bensulide + oxadiazon pendimethalin dithiopyr bensulide pronamide fenarimol cotts cotts cotts Rohm & Haas owan Rohm & Haas owlanco

14 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 14 Table 7. Turfgrass Tolerance to reemergence Herbicides (Refer to herbicide label for specific species listing) Herbicides Bahiagrass 1 Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Overseed Ryegrass atrazine (Aatrex) benefin (Balan) benefin+oryzalin (XL) benefin+trifluralin (Team) bensulide (Betasan,rean) bensulide+oxadiazon CA (acthal) dithiopyr (imension) ethofumesate 3 (rograss) isoxaben (allery) fenarimol (Rubigan) metolachlor (ennant) napropamide (evrinol) oryzalin (urflan) oxadiazon (Ronstar) pendimethalin (endulum) prodiamine (Barricade) pronamide (Kerb) simazine (rincep) 2 () - - ()

15 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 15 Table 8. reemergence Herbicide fficacy Ratings Herbicide Crabgrass oosegrass Annual bluegrass Common Chickweed Henbit Lawn Burweed Corn peedwell atrazine (Aatrex) benefin (Balan) benefin+oryzalin (XL) benefin+trifluralin (Team) bensulide (Betasan, rean) bensulide+oxadiazon CA (acthal) dithiopyr (imension) fenarimol (Rubigan) isoxaben (allery) metolachlor (ennant) napropamide (evrinol) oryzalin (urflan) oxadiazon (Ronstar) pendimethalin (endulum) prodiamine (Barricade) pronamide (Kb) (rincep) F F - F F F F - F - F F - F - - L L L L L F L L L

16 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 16 Comments: Active only on emerged, visible weeds. Best results occur when weeds are young. Temperatures above may result in phytotoxicity (yellowing) to the turf. Repeat applications may be required for acceptable control. These should be timed 10 to 14 days apart. o not mow within 48 hrs after application for most chemicals. Most postemergence herbicides require the use of a spreader-sticker, adjuvant, crop oil, or wetting agent. Read the label before adding these as many herbicides are pre-packaged with them already added. Table 9. ostemergence Controls (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) rass Bahiagrass Zoysiagrass Ryegrass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) 2,4- Amine (1.0 lb) ee product label. 2,4- + 2,4- ee product label. Trade Name (product rate/acre) Weeds Controlled everal Brands Many broadleaf weeds including matchweed, pennywort, (dollarweed), wild garlic/onion, clover, plantains. Comments Apply when weeds are young and actively growing. Repeat application in 10 to 14 days may be necessary for complete control. Use lower rates (0.5 lb ai/a) on 'Tifgreen' and 'Tifdwarf'. Amine formulations should be used as high volatile ester formulations have drift and volatility problems. For hard-to-control perennial broadleaf weeds, formulations containing dicamba will increase control. One-half rate should be used on centipedegrass and carpetgrass. dicamba ( -one fourth lb) ee product label. Banvel 4 (one fourth - to one half pts) plus others White clover, spurges, woodsorrel, dichondra Avoid drift. o not apply within the root zone of ornamentals. Repeat applications 10 to 14 days apart may be needed for complete control but may also result in some turf injury. Check label for use on greens. dicamba ( lbs) + 2,4-, MC, MCA, and/or 2,4- (one half to three fourths lbs) everal brands contain these mixtures. ee product label for specific rates. ame as for dicamba, also matchweed, pennywort. ame as for dicamba. Refer to product label for rates as herbicide ratios vary depending on brands. Use only on actively growing, non-stressed turf. Check label for use on golf greens MMA/MA/CMA (2.0 lbs) everal brands and formulations Crabgrass, crowfootgrass, Bahiagrass, nutsedge, allisgrass, thin paspalum, alexandergrass, sandspur Repeat (2 to 4) applications at 7-10 day intervals are necessary, especially as weeds mature. Turf discoloration may occur, especially on 'Tifdwarf' and 'Tifgreen.' Use reduced rates on these cultivars. Apply when soil moisture is adequate. A nonionic surfactant is necessary but read the label for specific instructions regarding this. o not use on desirable t. Augustinegrass, centipedegrass or Bahiagrass. Use low rates on zoysiagrass.

17 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 17 Comments: Active only on emerged, visible weeds. Best results occur when weeds are young. Temperatures above may result in phytotoxicity (yellowing) to the turf. Repeat applications may be required for acceptable control. These should be timed 10 to 14 days apart. o not mow within 48 hrs after application for most chemicals. Most postemergence herbicides require the use of a spreader-sticker, adjuvant, crop oil, or wetting agent. Read the label before adding these as many herbicides are pre-packaged with them already added. Table 9. ostemergence Controls (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) MMA (1.0 lbs) + metribuzin ( lbs) Trade Name (product rate/acre) everal brands + encor 75F (0.16 lbs) Weeds Controlled Crabgrass, goosegrass, allisgrass, nutsedge, thin paspalum Comments o not apply to turf under stress. o not apply to tees, greens, or closely mowed turf. o not add surfactant with this combination. o not apply within the root zone of shallow rooted ornamentals. ome degree of short-term phytotoxicity can be expected, especially when applied during hot temperatures. metribuzin (one fourth lb) encor 75F (one third lb) oosegrass, some broadleaf weeds ame as for MMA + metribuzin above. diclofop-methyl (three fourths to 1 lb) lloxan 3C (1 to 1.4 qts) oosegrass For use only on golf courses. Young goosegrass plants are easiest to control. The high rate is needed for older plants. Larger, mature goosegrass will not be adequately controlled. o not mow hours after applying. Control takes 2-3 weeks. May cause temporary (7 to 10 days) phytotoxicity. Treat only well established and actively growing turf. Wait 6 weeks before overseeding after the last application. Tank mixing with MMA, 2,4-, or metribuzin increases turf burn and reduces weed control. Restricted Use esticide. pronamide (one and one half lbs) Kerb 50W (3.0 lbs) Annual bluegrass, ryegrass clumps o not apply on or up-slope to desirable overseeded turf as pronamide may run. Time required for control increases as weeds mature, therefore apply in late fall for optimum results. f applied in spring, 3 to 4 weeks are required for control. Restricted Use esticide. simazine (1 lb) rincep T&O 4L (1 qt) Annual bluegrass, most annual winter broadleaf weeds o not exceed use rates. For winter annual weed control, apply 1 qt/a in early fall (after Oct. 15) and repeat in early winter. ome yellowing of bermudagrass may result. o not apply on or upslope to desirable overseeded turf &/or golf greens. o not use on bermudagrass during spring 'green-up' or summer.

18 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 18 Comments: Active only on emerged, visible weeds. Best results occur when weeds are young. Temperatures above may result in phytotoxicity (yellowing) to the turf. Repeat applications may be required for acceptable control. These should be timed 10 to 14 days apart. o not mow within 48 hrs after application for most chemicals. Most postemergence herbicides require the use of a spreader-sticker, adjuvant, crop oil, or wetting agent. Read the label before adding these as many herbicides are pre-packaged with them already added. Table 9. ostemergence Controls (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) rass Tifway (419), t. Augustinegrass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) asulam (2.0 lbs) Trade Name (product rate/acre) Asulox 3.34L (5 pts) Weeds Controlled Crabgrass, goosegrass, sandspur, smutgrass* Comments o not apply to freshly mowed turf or turf under stress. On use on 'Tifway' only. *A repeat application for smutgrass control will be needed, but may increase turf injury and the label does not suggest more than one application per season. o not use a surfactant. Not for homeowner use. MMA (1.0 lb) aconate 6 (1.3 pts) rass Weeds Use only on t. Augustinegrass grown for sod production. Temporary discoloration will follow application. o now apply to freshly mowed t. Augustinegrass sod or within 5 weeks of harvest. Apply when temperatures are less than 90 F and good soil moisture is present. o not add a surfactant. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass atrazine/simazine (1 to 2 lbs) everal Brands. Read the label for rates Many broadleaf weeds including matchweed, oxalis, pennywort, Florida betony and some annual sedges. For hard to control weeds, make the first application in late winter and follow with another 4 to 6 weeks later. f weeds persist, follow atrazine applications with dicamba in 4 to 6 weeks. ome turf injury can be expected with this. Two applications of atrazine are allowed per year. ffectiveness will be reduced as weeds mature. o not apply within the root zone of ornamentals. dicamba ( to one fourth lb) Banvel 4 (one fourth to one half pt) White clover, spurge, woodsorrel Avoid drift. o not apply within the root zone of ornamentals. Use low rates on t. Augustinegrass. Treat when temperatures are 80 For cooler to minimize turf damage. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass dicamba + 2,4-, 2,4-, MCA, and/or MC ( one fourth to one half lb) everal brands contain these mixtures White clover, spurge, woodsorrel, pennywort Observe same precaution as dicamba above. Refer to product label for rates. A second application on centipedegrass 7-14 days later may be needed. Use low rates on t. Augustinegrass. A tank mix of atrazine at 1 lb ai/a + 2,4- and dicamba at 0.2 lb ai/a each provides good control with minimum turf damage when temperatures are 80 F or cooler.

19 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 19 Comments: Active only on emerged, visible weeds. Best results occur when weeds are young. Temperatures above may result in phytotoxicity (yellowing) to the turf. Repeat applications may be required for acceptable control. These should be timed 10 to 14 days apart. o not mow within 48 hrs after application for most chemicals. Most postemergence herbicides require the use of a spreader-sticker, adjuvant, crop oil, or wetting agent. Read the label before adding these as many herbicides are pre-packaged with them already added. Table 9. ostemergence Controls (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) bromoxynil ( to one half lb) Trade Name (product rate/acre) Buctril 2L (1 to 2 pts) Weeds Controlled Many young broadleaf weeds Comments Labeled only for non-residential turf, seed and sod production. Contact herbicide. afe on seedling or sprigged turf. Tank mixing with 2,4-, dicamba, &/or MC will provide increased control but should be used only on established turf. May also be used on, Bentgrass, and Ryegrass. Restricted Use esticide., t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass Bahiagrass bromoxynil (one fourth to one half lb) Atrazine + Bentazon ( lbs) Buctril 2L (1 to 2 pts) rompt 5 (one and one third to two fifths pts.) Many young broadleaf weeds Many broadleaf weeds including matchweed, oxalis, pennywort, Florida Betony and some sedges Labeled only for non-residential turf, seed and sod production. afe on seedling or sprigged turf. Tank mixing with 2,4-, dicamba, &/or MC will provide increased control but should be used only on established turf. rompt is intended for the postemergence control of a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds but does not control grasses. Apply early post-emergence with thorough coverage. Centipedegrass sethoxydim (one third lbs) Vantage 1.0L (2.25 pts) Crabgrass, goosegrass and other annual grasses Apply before weeds mature. Repeat applications are necessary to suppress or Bahiagrass. afe on centipedegrass seedlings after the third mowing. Bahiagrass hexazinone (2 to 6 lbs) Velpar 2L (1 to 3 gal) mutgrass, some broadleaf weeds Labeled only for non-cropland turf such as roadsides, railroads, industrial sites, and underneath utility lines. oil moisture must be present for herbicide activity. Best control and least turf damage follows late winter application. o not apply after April. Temporary turf discoloration can be expected following treatment, especially to Bahiagrass. o not use underneath desirable shrubs or trees. Read and follow all label directions before use.

20 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 20 Comments: Active only on emerged, visible weeds. Best results occur when weeds are young. Temperatures above may result in phytotoxicity (yellowing) to the turf. Repeat applications may be required for acceptable control. These should be timed 10 to 14 days apart. o not mow within 48 hrs after application for most chemicals. Most postemergence herbicides require the use of a spreader-sticker, adjuvant, crop oil, or wetting agent. Read the label before adding these as many herbicides are pre-packaged with them already added. Table 9. ostemergence Controls (Refer to herbicide label for specific turf species and use listing) rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) chlorsulfuron (0.05 to one fourth lb) Trade Name (product rate/acre) Lesco TFC 75F (1 to 5.3 oz) Weeds Controlled Comments Broadleaves Apply treatment to control perennial bunch-type grasses such as tall fescue or ryegrass and many other broadleaf weeds in actively growing established bahiagrass and bermudagrass. Apply when turf is not under heat or drought stress. Additional moisture by rainfall or irrigation is needed to activate herbicide. Bahiagrass sulfometuron (0.05 to 0.19 lb) Oust 75 (1 to 2 oz/a) Fescue, Broadleaf weeds Highway roadside use only. Use in spring (1 to 3 oz/a) 30 days after green-up or 1 to 2 weeks after mowing. Also used in late fall to early winter (1 to 4 oz/a). Often tank-mixed with MMA (3 to 4 lbs ai/a) for broader spectrum of weed control in bermudagrass. t. Augustinegrass ethofumesate (3.0 lb) rograss 1.5C (2 gal/a) Common control/ suppression Timing is critical. pring applications should start in late Feb. (outh FL) or early (central FL) to mid (North FL and Northward) March. Repeat in 30 days. Tank mixing with atrazine or simazine at 2 lb ai/a significantly increases suppression. Temporary t. Augustinegrass stunting may result. o not overlap. Zoysiagrass fenoxaprop (0.12 to 0.35 lb) Acclaim 1C (15 to 45 oz/a) Annual grass weeds, suppression Young, actively growing weeds are easiest to control. o not apply to moisture- or heat-stressed turf. Repeat application in 2 to 3 weeks may be required for complete control. o not mow for 24 hrs after application. Zoysiagrass fluazifop (0.047 to lbs) Fusilade T&O (2C) (3 to 4 oz/a) Annual grasses Common uppression Add nonionic surfactant. Repeat application in 4 weeks. Minor, short-term turf phytotoxicity may occur, especially when applied during hot, dry weather.

21 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 21 Black Medic A F F Burclover A F- -F Buttercups WA,B& F -F F F- Carpetweed A F Carrot, wild A,B F F F -F Chicory Clover, hop WA F Table 10. xpected Control of Broadleaf Weeds With Turf Herbicides. Weed Betony, Florida Bittercress, hairy Bindweed, field Lifecycle Atrazine/ imazine 2,4- Mecoprop (or MC) icamba 2,4- + MC 2,4- + 2,4-2,4- +MC, dicamba 2,4- + triclopyr Metsulfuron Triclopyr + clopyralid 1 -F 2 F F F- F F F- WA F -F F -F Buttonweed, Va. -F F F F -F -F F- Catsear andelion Chamberbitter Chickweed, common Chickweed, mouseear -F F A, WA -F WA, F F- -F -F Cinquefoil, common Clover, crimson -F -F -F -F -F -F A

22 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 22 andelion -F F- ichondra -F F -F oveweed A - F F F F- F- F- F- arlic, wild -F -F -F -F -F -F Hawkweed -F -F -F -F -F Healall -F Henbit WA F- F F -F -F vy, ground F- F -F F F- -F Knawel WA F -F -F Lespedeza A F- -F F Table 10. xpected Control of Broadleaf Weeds With Turf Herbicides. Weed Clover, white aisy, nglish aisy, oxeye Lifecycle Atrazine/ imazine 2,4- Mecoprop (or MC) icamba 2,4- + MC 2,4- + 2,4-2,4- +MC, dicamba 2,4- + triclopyr Metsulfuron Triclopyr + clopyralid F -F F F F,B F F F F F -F ayflower, preading A - F F F F- F- F- F- ock, broadleaf & curly F F F- F F -F F F eranium, Carolina WA -F -F Knotweed, prostrate Lambsquarter, common A F -F -F A -F

23 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 23 Mugwort F F- -F F F F Onion, wild F -F F F -F earlwort WA -F -F -F -F -F igweed WA - -F lantains F- F- F- F Red sorrel -F F Table 10. xpected Control of Broadleaf Weeds With Turf Herbicides. Weed Lifecycle Atrazine/ imazine 2,4- Mecoprop (or MC) icamba 2,4- + MC 2,4- + 2,4-2,4- +MC, dicamba 2,4- + triclopyr Metsulfuron Triclopyr + clopyralid Mallow F- F -F -F -F -F Mustard, wild WA F -F F WA -F -F -F -F ennywort (dollarweed) epperweed, VA -F -F -F -F -F -F WA -F -F urslane, common A F F F -F F arsleypiert hepherdspurse peedwell, corn purge, prostrate purge, spotted purweed (lawn burweed) WA -F -F -F WA F- F- F- F- F- F- A -F F F F -F -F -F -F A F- -F -F -F -F -F -F WA -F F -F -F F

24 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 24 Thistles B, -F F -F -F F Violet, wild F- F- -F F- F F- F- -F Yarrow F F- F- F -F -F Table 10. xpected Control of Broadleaf Weeds With Turf Herbicides. Weed trawberry, ndiamock Lifecycle Atrazine/ imazine 2,4- Mecoprop (or MC) icamba 2,4- + MC 2,4- + 2,4-2,4- +MC, dicamba 2,4- + triclopyr Metsulfuron Triclopyr + clopyralid F -F F -F Violet, Johnny-jumpup WA F- F- -F F- F F- Woodsorrel, yellow F F F- F- F- -F -F Yellow rocket WA -F F -F -F -F Table 11. edges. Leaves composed of a blade, a sheath, and a ligule. Leaf sheath is closed. Ligule is often absent, when present is tiny. tem is often triangular. Yellow Nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus urple Nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus lobe edge, Cyperus globulosus erennial (reen) Kyllinga Cyperus brevifolius Annual edge Cyperus compressus erennial; underground runners; runners stop at tubers; tubers sweet to taste or with little flavor; seedhead yellow. Leaf tip needle-shaped. erennial; underground runners that continue from tuber to tuber, forming chains; tubers bitter to taste; seedhead purple or reddish. Leaf tip boat-shaped. erennial; forming clump; shiny green leaves; base hard; seedheads like small globes. Cylindric edge just as common; has all the same characteristics as the above differing only in the seedhead which is shaped like a cylinder with smaller and finer flowers. Mat forming perennial from reddish purple rhizomes. Leaves and stems, dark green. eedhead simple, nearly round or oblong, with three short leaves just below. Reproduces by seed and rhizomes. Found in low areas or where moisture is excessive. Annual; spreads by seed formed from clusters of flat spikes. pikes greenish, sometimes glossy, up to 1-inch long.

25 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 25 Table 12. edge Control rass Common Name (lbs ai/acre) Bahiagrass Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass bentazon (1-2 lb) halosulfuron (0.03 to 0.06 lb) Trade Name (product rate/acre) Basagran T&O 4L (2-4 pts) Lescogran 4L (2-4 pts) Manage 75W (0.67 to 1.33 oz) Weeds Controlled Comments Yellow nutsedge, globe sedge, annual sedge and some broadleaf weeds Apply when yellow nutsedge is actively growing under good soil moisture conditions. Repeat applications will probably be necessary. Will not satisfactory control purple nutsedge. Not labeled for golf greens. A pre-packaged combination of bentazon and atrazine is available as rompt. Most nutsedges Note the low use rate. Nutsedges should be actively growing when treated. Repeat application(s) 3 to 4 weeks apart will be needed for complete control. Zoysiagrass MMA/MA (2.0 lbs/4.0 lbs) 2,4- (2.0 lbs) everal brands Yellow nutsedge, annual (water) sedge Repeat application will be needed 10 to 14 days apart. Use a wetting agent. ome turf discoloration can be expected. Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass Zoysiagrass imazaquin (- 1/2 lb) mage 1.5LC (two to two and one third pts) urple nutsedge, sandspur, wild garlic, some broadleaves o not apply to newly seeded, sodded, sprigged areas. Apply only to actively growing turfgrass. Not labeled for use on Bahiagrass or golf greens. Repeat applications may be required as weeds mature. Treated turf may have a compacted growth habit and seedhead formation may be inhibited. o not use on overseeded turf. imazaquin + MMA/MA ( lbs/4.0lbs) mage 1.5LC (2 pts) + everal Brands Many sedges Repeat applications may be required as weeds mature.

26 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 26 Basagran F- - mage Manage Blends Table 13. edge Control and Turf Tolerance to Various Herbicides (Refer to herbicide label for specific species listing) Nutsedge Control Turf Tolerance Herbicide(s)* urple Yellow Annual Kyllinga Carpet -grass t.augustine Bahiagrass Centipede Zoysiagrass Overseed Ryegrass/ MMA/MA F F F- F - mage + MMA/MA

27 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 27 Table 14. Turfgrass Tolerance to ostemergence Herbicides (Refer to herbicide label for specific species listing) Herbicide Bahiagrass Carpetgrass Centipedegrass t. Augustinegrass asulam (Asulox) atrazine (Aatrex) bentazon (Basagran) bromoxynil chlorsulfuron 2,4-2,4-+dicamba 2,4-+2,4-2,4-+MC 2,4-+MC+dicamba 2,4-+MC+2,4- dicamba (Banvel) diclofop (lloxan) MA,MMA ethofumesate fenoxaprop (Acclaim) hexazinone (Velpar) MCA+MC+2,4- MC metribuzin (encor) metsulfuron (scort) pronamide (Kerb) sethoxydim (Vantage) simazine sulfometuron Zoysiagrass Overseed Rye/Blends Table 15. Common and Trade Names of Turf Herbicides. Common Name Manufacturer/istributor Trade Name(s) Asulam Rhone-oulence Asulox 3.34L Atrazine Novartis, Ortho, ecurity, + others Aatrex, Atrazine lus, urge, + others Benefin owlanco + others Balan, Crabgrass reventer, + others Benefin & oryzalin owlanco XL 2

28 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 28 Table 15. Common and Trade Names of Turf Herbicides. Common Name Manufacturer/istributor Trade Name(s) Benefin & oxadiazon Regal Chemical Regaltar Benefin & trifluralin owlanco Team 2 Bensulide owan, cotts, + others Betasan, re-an, Bensumec 4, Lescosan, Weedgrass reventer, Bentazon BAF, Lesco Basagran T&O, Lescogran 4L Bentazon & Atrazine BAF rompt Bromoxynil Rhone-oulenc Buctril 2L Chlorsulfuron Lesco TFC 75 2,4- Rhone oulenc, Riverdale, + others Many CA K Biosciences + others acthal 75W, arden Weed reventer, + others icamba Novartis, cotts, + others Vanquish 4L, K-O- Weed Control, + others iclofop Agrvo lloxan 3C ithiopyr Rohm & Haas imension 1L iquat Zeneca Reward L MA K Biosciences MA Liquid, Methar 30 thofumesate Agrvo rograss 1.5L Fenoxaprop Agrvo Acclaim Fluazifop Zeneca Fusilade lufosinate Agrvo Finale 1L Halosulfuron Monsanto Manage 75W Hexazinone uont Velpar 2L mazaquin American Cyanamid mage 1.5L soxaben owlanco allery 75F MCA Rhone-oulenc Weedar MCA MC B/ordon, Ortho, + others Mecomec 4, MC, + others MC, 2,4- + dicamba + MCA and/or 2,4- B/ordon, Lesco, Riverdale, ierra, Ortho, + others Trimec outhern/3-way elective/liminate /33-

29 Weed Management for Florida's Turfgrass rofessionals 29 Table 15. Common and Trade Names of Turf Herbicides. Common Name Manufacturer/istributor Trade Name(s) Metribuzin Miles encor 75F Metochlor Novartis ennant MMA K Biosciences aconate 6, MMA 6.6L, rexar 530, others Napropamide Zeneca, UH, Lesco evrinol 50F, Ornamental Weeder 5 Oryzalin owlanco urflan A Oxadiazon Rhone-oulenc Ronstar 2, 50W endimethalin Lesco, American Cyanamid, cotts re-m, endulum 60, W, 3.3C, outhern Weedgrass Control, Halts rodiamine Novartis Barricade 65W ronamide Rohm & Haas Kerb 50W ethoxydim BAF Vantage imazine Novartis + others rincep T&O, others ulfometuron uont Oust