Organic Agriculture Worldwide

Transcription

1 Organic Agriculture Worldwide Helga Willer Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland Presented at The Fourth Organic Meeting of Latin America and the Caribbean, Salinitas, El Salvador October 13, 2009

2 Content About FiBL Organic agriculture world-wide: Area, farms, land use The organic market Legislation Africa - Asia Oceania North America Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Outlook

3 FiBL Switzerland in brief > Private foundation established in 1973 > 120 staff members > 20 trainees, students etc. > Experimental farm 40 ha > On-farm research on 200 organic farms

4 The Global Organic Survey 2009 The global organic survey 2009 as well as the production of the yearbook The World of Organic Agriculture was carried out with the support of International Trade Centre, Geneva Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO, Berne Nürnberg Messe, the organizers of the BioFach Organic Trade Fair

5 SECO ITC project: Global information system for organic market and production data Since 2008 there has been support by the Swiss State secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO and the International Trade Centre, Geneva, for: Data collection; Support of local partners for the data collection; Development of a classification of organic products (including manufactured products); Ease data collection through database improvement and an online data entering tool; Setting up the website Carrying out a global overview of data availability.

6 Organic agriculture worldwide 2007 the tenth global organic survey Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

7 Global organic survey 2009 The tenth survey on organic agriculture world-wide was carried out by FiBL and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM (IFOAM for Africa). The survey was carried out between July and December 2008 Most data collected are from 2007, for some countries for 2008 Data were received from 141 countries (2006: 135 countries) Data were provided by country experts, (representatives from NGOs, certification bodies, governments, researchers) The results are published in the yearbook The World of Organic Agriculture and at

8 Key data 32.2 million hectares of agricultural land are managed organically In addition to the certified organic agricultural land (including inconversion areas) there are 0.4 million hectares of organic aquaculture areas 30.7 million hectares of organic wild collection areas More than one third of the world s organic land is in Oceania, followed by Europe (24%) and Latin America (20%) 12 million hectares are in Australia, followed by Argentina (2.8 million hectares) and Brazil (1.8 million hectares) Almost 30 % of the agricultural land in Liechtenstein are organic, followed by Austria (13.4 %) and Switzerland (11 %) 1.2 million organic producers were reported Source: FiBL & IFOAM 2009

9 World: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by geographical region % 7% 3% 37% 20% 24% Oceania Europe Latin America Asia North America Africa Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

10 World: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007 Australia Argentina Brazil USA (2005) China Italy India Spain Uruguay (2006) Germany Million Hectares Argentina, US and Uruguay: Only fully converted areas Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

11 World: The ten countries with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2007 Liechtenstein Austria Switzerland Italy Estonia Latvia Sweden Samoa Czech Republic Timor Leste 13.4% 11.0% 9.1% 8.8% 8.5% 8.0% 7.8% 7.4% 7.0% 29.7% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

12 World: Shares of organic land 2007 (142 countries) Countries with more than 10 % organic land Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land 95 Countries with less than 1 % organic land Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

13 World: Shares of organic land 2007 (142 countries) 3 World 17 Countries with more than 10 % organic land 1 2 Africa Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land Countries with less than 1 % organic land 29 Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land Countries with less than 1 % organic land 15 3 Europe 12 Countries with more than 10 % organic land Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land Latin America 2 4 Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land 14 Countries with less than 1 % organic land 17 Countries with less than 1 % organic land Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

14 World: Development of organic agricultural land (Revision date: May 2009) Million hectares Source: FiBL, IFOAM & SOEL

15 World: Development of organic agricultural land 2006 to 2007 by geographical region 14 Million hectares Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Oceania Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

16 World: Organic producers by geographical region % 1% 1% Africa Asia 18% 44% Latin America Europe North America Oceania 19% Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

17 World: The ten countries with the largest numbers of organic producers 2007 Uganda India Ethiopia Mexico Tanzania Italy Peru Greece Zambia Austria 43'159 36'093 23'769 20'000 19'997 90' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '000 Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

18 World: Use of total land under organic certification (63.3 million hectares) % Agricultural land Wild collection 48.5% 50.9% Aquaculture Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

19 World: Use of organic AGRICULTURAL land 2007 (total 32.2 million hectares) 1.0% 12.2% 15.1% Arable land 3.9% 5.8% Permanent crops Cropland, no details 62.1% Permanent grassland Other Agricultural land, no details Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

20 Agricultural land use by geographical region in organic agriculture % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Agricultural land, no details Other Permanent grassland Cropland, no details Permanent crops Arable land 10% 0% Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Oceania World Source: FiBL & IFOAM Survey 2009

21 Legal protection Today 71 countries have organic laws (not fully implemented in all countries) 21 countries are in the process of developing an organic law. The organic regulations in the major markets like the European Union, Switzerland, the US and Japan are of particular relevance to the development of the global organic market, as these countries are all major importers of organic products. Organic laws are important in order to protect producers and consumers. They are also important because they are a basis for governmental support measures like action plans. (and also as a basis for governmental data collection).

22 Standards and legislations

23 Certification Worldwide there are 481 certifying organisations Most are in Europe (177), followed by (157) and North America (73). The countries with the most certifiers are Japan, the US, Germany, South Korea and China. In 78 countries certification is carried out by local bodies. In many countries of Africa and Asia the certification structures are not yet developed and many foreign certifiers are carrying out the certifications. Source: Organic Standard 2009

24 Number of certification bodies/shares of the regions Europe Asia North America Latin America & Caribbean Oceania 157 Africa Source: Organic Standard/Grolink, Rundgren 2009

25 The global market for organic food and drink Global demand for organic products remains robust, with sales increasing by over five billion US dollars a year. Organic Monitor estimates international sales to have reached 46.1 billion US dollars in 2007, thus having trebled since In the past five years annual growth was five billion US Dollars The marketing research company Organic Monitor is predicting lower growth rated for the coming years. Umsatz in Milliarden US-Dolla Source: Organic Monitor 2009

26 Global organic market by regions: Shares 2007 Consumer demand for organic products is concentrated in North America and Europe; according to Organic Monitor these two regions comprise 97 percent of global revenues. Here are the largest markets for organic products, many products are imported. Asia, Latin America and Australasia are important producers and exporters of organic foods. The countries with the largest markets are the United States, followed by Germany and the UK. Up to 2008 strong growth rates have led to an undersupply with organic products. 43% 3% Europe North America Others 54% Source: Organic Monitor 2009

27 The global market for organic products 2008 Survey date: US Germany UK France Italy Canada (2007) Switzerland Austria Spain (2007) Denmark (2007) 2'639 2'600 1'970 1' '850 16' '000 10'000 15'000 20'000 Turnover in million Euros Compiled by: FiBL

28 Global market for organic products: Outlook In 2007 for Europe and the US the biggest challenge for the organic sector was the lack of supply with organic products. Since the autumn of 2008 the economic crisis is felt, slowing down consumer demand in the UK and the US, since the second half of 2009 also in Germany (for some products). Organic Monitor expects that there may be an oversupply for some commodities like cereals, fruit, meat and dairy products. Organic Monitor expects that perhaps producers in countries with a strong focus on exports will be hit more by the financial crisis as they are very dependent on exports. It is therefore very important to develop domestic markets. Source: Organic Monitor 2009

29 Africa: Land under organic management (ha) in the countries of Africa 2007 In Africa, organic farming makes an important contribution to income and food security. In 2007, almost 0.9 million hectares about 3 percent of the world s organic agricultural land were certified organic. This constitutes an increase of more than 185,000 hectares compared to One percent of Africa a agricultural land is organic. The data situation is difficult as only few countries have private or public data collection systems. Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009

30 Africa: Development of organically managed agricultural land Hectares Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009

31 Africa: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007 Uganda Tunisia Ethiopia Tanzania Sudan South Africa Ghana Egypt Rwanda Madagascar 62'180 56'324 50'012 24'449 14'165 13'356 9' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '000 Hectares Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009

32 Africa: Distribution of organically managed land by country 2007 (total: 870,000 ha) 6% 7% 6% 13% Uganda Tunisia 34% Ethiopia Tanzania Sudan South Africa Rest 16% 18% Source: IFOAM and FiBL 2009

33 Land under organic management (ha) in the countries of Asia 2007 The total organic area in Asia is nearly 2.9 million hectares. This constitutes nine percent of the world s organic agricultural land. 230,000 producers were reported. The leading countries are China (1.6 million hectares) and India (1 million hectares). It should be noted that in addition to China s organic agricultural land a further 0.4 million hectares are certified aquaculture areas. The highest shares of organic land in relation to all agricultural land are in Timor Leste (seven percent). Source: FiBL Survey 2009

34 Asia: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by country 2007; total: 2.9 million hectares 2% 9% China India 36% 53% Indonesia Rest Source: FiBL 2009

35 Asia: Market Whereas up to recently the growth of the organic sector was mainly due to export activities, this is now changing. Today imported products are beginning to play an important role, and the organic market is growing. The market, is however still small, 780 million US Dollars in 2006 (ca. 2 percent of the global market at that time). The biggest demand in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. The growth of the Asian market is mainly due to increasing consumer awareness and better availability in general retail stores. Market growth is however hindered by high prices (high transport costs as many products are not produced in the region and, in some parts of Asia, a low purchasing power.

36 Oceania: Land under organic management (ha) 2007 This region includes Australia, New Zealand, and island states such as Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu. Altogether, there are 7,222 producers, managing almost 12.1 million hectares. This constitutes 2.6 percent of the agricultural land in the area and 38 percent of the world s organic land. Ninety-nine percent of the organically managed land in the region is in Australia (12 million hectares, 97 percent extensive grazing land), followed by New Zealand (65,000 hectares) and Vanuatu (8,996 hectares). Source: FiBL 2009

37 Oceania: Shares of organic agricultural land 2007 Samoa 7.8% Vanuatu 6.1% Solomon Islands 4.3% Australia Niue 2.0% 2.7% New Zealand Papua New Guinea Fiji 0.4% 0.2% 0.0% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Source: FiBL Survey 2009

38 North America: Land under organic management (ha) 2007 Seven percent of the world s organic agricultural land is in North America. In North America, almost 2.2 million hectares are managed organically. This represents approximately 0.6 percent of the total agricultural area. There are 12,064 producers. The major part of the organic land is in the US with 1.6 million hectares in For the US the latest data available are from New data are expected to be published autumn 2009 by the United States Department of Agriculture USDA. Source: FiBL Survey 2009

39 North America: Development of organically managed agricultural land Million hectares For the US 2006 and 2007 data are expected to be published summer 2009 Source: USDA and Canadian Organic Growers

40 North America Valued at more than 20 billion US dollars in 2007 (Organic Monitor), the North American market accounted for 45 percent of global revenues. Growing consumer demand for healthy & nutritious foods and increasing distribution in conventional grocery channels are the major drivers of market growth. The US organic industry grew 21 percent in sales in 2006, and was forecast to experience 18 percent sales growth each year on average from 2007 through Whether this rate will actually be realized is uncertain due to the economic downturn and reduction in consumer spending in the last quarter of However, during 2008 the organic market continued to grow: According to OTA (2009), the US market for organic food reached 22.9 billion US dollars. Likewise, a downturn is expected in Canada, even though the market growth in Canada, paired with the introduction of the new organic regulations, should provide a good outlook over the coming years.

41 US: Organic food sales '000 Turnover 20'000 15'000 10'000 5' '594 4'286 5'039 6'100 7'360 8'625 10'381 11'902 13'831 16'718 18'900 22' % 2% 1% 0% Share of total market Turnover in million US Dollars Share of total market (%) Source: OTA: Organic Industry Survey 2009 and previous surveys; data 2008 according to USDA.

42 Organic farming in Europe: Key facts In Europe, the history of organic dates back to the 1920s. European organic farming is characterised by Comparatively high shares of the agricultural land; there is no other region in the world which has similar shares. Comparatively high market shares; Many forms of government support; Early regulations of the organic law. Europe is the cradle of organic agriculture; here the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements was founded and the first organic regulations were developed.

43 Land under organic management in the countries of Europe 2007 At the end of 2007, 7.7 million hectares in Europe were managed organically by more than 200,000 farms. In the European Union, 7.2 million hectares were under organic management, with more than 180,000 organic farms. 1.9 percent of the European agricultural area and 4 percent of the agricultural area in the European Union is organic. Twenty-four percent of the world's organic land is in Europe. Source: FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009

44 Europe: Development of the organic land Survey date: provisional Land area in million hectares Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL

45 Europe: The ten countries with the largest organic areas Spain Italy Germany UK France Austria Czech Republic Sweden Poland Greece (2007) Millions of hectares Source: FiBL-Survey

46 Europe: Distribution of organic land by countries 2008 Survey date: % 16% 12% 11% Spain Italy Germany UK France Rest 7% 9% Source: FiBL-Survey

47 Europe: The ten countries with the highest share of organic agricultural land of all agricultural land 2008 Survey date: Liechtenstein (2007) Austria Switzerland Sweden Estonia Latvia Czech Republic Italy Finland 13.8% 11.4% 10.8% 9.6% 9.1% 8.0% 7.9% 6.6% 29.7% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Source: FiBL Survey

48 The European market for organic food and drink: Key data 2008 Survey date: Market growth in 2007: 15 %, in 2008: approx 10 %; In some countries growth rates were higher; Total market in 2008: Ca. 18 billion Euros; Germany is the largest market with 5.85 billion Euros in 2008; In most countries most of the organic products are sold in supermarkets. Billion Euros provisional Billion Euros

49 The European market for organic products 2008 Survey date: Germany UK France Italy Switzerland Austria Spain (2007) Denmark The Netherlands Sweden (2007) '970 2'639 2'600 5' '000 2'000 3'000 4'000 5'000 6'000 7'000 Turnover in million Euros Dompiled by: FiBL

50 The European market for organic food: The countries with the highest sales 2007 and 2008 Survey date: Germany UK France Italy Switzerland Austria Spain Denmark Netherlands Sweden * Sales in billion Euros Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP Survey 2009 * For the UK the data are not comparable due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the British Pound

51 Europe: Distribution of sales of organic food and drink by country 2008 (provision total for 2008: 17.9 billion Euros) 22.0% Germany 32.6% UK 5.1% 11.0% France Italy Switzerland 14.5% 14.7% Rest Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009

52 The European organic market for organic food and drink: The countries with the highest shares of organic food sales 2007 Denmark Austria Switzerland (2008) Sweden Luxemburg Germany Netherlands Belgium France Norway Market share in % Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009

53 The European market: The countries with the highest per capita consumption 2008 Switzerland Denmark (2007) Austria Luxemburg (2007) Liechtenstein (2007) Germany Sweden UK France Italy Annual per capita consumption in Euros Source: Aberystwyth University, FiBL & ZMP 2009

54 Europe: Growth of the market for organic food Survey date: Biillion Euros provisional Source: FiBL, AMI/ZMP, Aberystwyth University

55 Europe: Support of organic farming In no other part of the world organic farming receives as much support as in Europe. Types of support are: Legislation; Rural development programmes (direct payments, support for infrastructure, trainings); Action plans (in at least 17 countries of the European Union) European action plan; Support for research.

56 EU-Logo for organic agriculture

57 Action plans Action plans have often quantitative targets like 20 % organic land. Typical measures are: Support in the framework of rural development programmes; Marketing support; Information for producers; Support for canteens; Consumer information; Research. At least 17 European countries have an action plan

58 European action plan for organic food and farming 21 measures in order to: Make available information; Optimize legislation; Improve availability of statistics; Support research. Information campaign agriculture/organic

59 Latin America/Caribbean: Land under organic management (ha) 2007 In Latin America, 220,000 producers managed 6.4 million hectares of agricultural land organically in This constitutes 20 percent of the world s organic land and one percent of the agricultural area in the region. Source: FiBL Survey 2009

60 Latin America/Caribbean: The ten countries with the most organic agricultural land 2007 Argentina Brazil Uruguay (2006) Mexico Peru Dominican Rep. Nicaragua Ecuador Bolivia Colombia 393' ' '089 70'972 49'196 41'004 38' '965 1'765'793 2'777' '000'000 2'000'000 3'000'000 Hectares Argentina and Uruguay: Only fully converted area Source: FiBL Survey 2009

61 Latin America/Caribbean: Distribution of organically managed agricultural land by country 2007 (total: 6.4 million hectares) 6% 2% 6% Argentina Brazil 15% 43% Uruguay Mexico Peru Rest 28% Source: FiBL Survey 2009

62 Latin America: The ten countries with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2007 Dominican Rep. Uruguay Mexico Argentina Nicaragua Belize Brazil Ecuador Peru El Salvador 1.3% 1.2% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4% 2.1% 2.9% 6.3% 6.2% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% Source: FiBL Survey 2009

63 Latin America: Shares of organic land % 17% Countries with 5.0 to 9.9 % organic land Countries with 1 to 4.9 % organic land 74% Countries with less than 1 % organic land Source: FiBL Survey 2009

64 Latin America: Development of organically managed agricultural land The organic area increased by 1.4 million hectares during 2007 (partly due to the fact that for the first time the inconversion area for Brazil was available). The drop of organic land in 2004 is due to the economic crisis in Argentina, due to which the organic area in this country decreased. Million hectares Source: FiBL Survey 2009

65 Decrease of organic land in some countries Inspite of growth in many Latin American countries there have been decreases in organic area during The reasons are: Floodings and hurricanes; Competition with other labels (Utz certified, Rainforest alliance); Pests and diseases, for which organic solutions are still missing. There are also major fluctuations in the permanent grassland area: In Chile the organic land decreased by hectares during 2004, when two extensive grazing farms stepped out of certified organic farming.

66 Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (6.4 million hectares) For 70% of the organic agricultural land in Latin America (6.4 million hectares), land use data were available. 3.5 million hectares or more than half of the organic agricultural land are used for permanent pastures with extensive animal husbandary (mainly Argenrtina and Uruguay). With 0.7 million hectares, permanent crops account for about ten percent of the agricultural area. About half of the permanent cropland is for coffee, followed by cocoa and tropical fruits. There are large wild collection areas in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. 2.3% 10.4% 29.9% 2.7% Arable land 0.4% 54.3% Permanent crops Cropland, no details Permanent grassland Other Agricultural land, no details Source: FiBL Survey 2009

67 Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic agricultural land 2007 (6.4 million hectares) 2.3% 10.4% 29.9% 2.7% Arable land Permanent crops Cropland, no details Permanent grassland 0.4% Other 54.3% Agricultural land, no details Source: FiBL Survey 2009

68 Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic cropland 2007 Arable land amounted to 0.15 million hectares in One quarter each are used for vegetables, cereals and sugarcane, With 0.7 million hectares, permanent crops account for about ten percent of the agricultural area. About half of the permanent cropland is for coffee, followed by cocoa and tropical fruits. 13.0% 22.7% 11% 21% 13.3% 27.4% 23.7% 55% Vegetables Cereals Sugarcane Oilseeds Others 2% 9% Coffee 2% Cocoa Tropical and subtropical fruit Coconuts Citrus fruit Others Source: FiBL Survey 2009

69 Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic arable land 2007 (0.15 million hectares) 13.3% Vegetables 13.0% 27.4% Cereals Sugarcane Oilseeds 22.7% 23.7% Others Source: FiBL Survey 2009

70 Latin America/Caribbean: Use of organic permanent cropland 2007 (0.67 million hectares) 2% 9% Coffee 2% Cocoa 11% 21% 55% Tropical and subtropical fruit Coconuts Citrus fruit Others Source: FiBL Survey 2009

71 Crops grown in organic agriculture in Mexico 2007 (total: approx hectares) 12% 6% 10% 5% Coffee Vegetables Tropical and subtropical fruit Cocoa 67% Other Source: CIIDRI CIESTAAM, see Gomez Cruz et al. 2009

72 Crops grown in organic agriculture in El Salvador 2007 (total hectares) 5% 9% Coffee Cashew nuts 11% Coconut 47% Sesameseeds 13% Other permanent crops Other crops 15% Source: CLUSA, 2009

73 Latin America: Organic banana area 2007 (includes in-conversion area; total approx hectares, world: hectares) Ecuador 20'033 Dominican Rep. Peru Costa Rica 3'409 5'092 14'953 Mexico Guatemala Panama Jamaica '000 10'000 15'000 20'000 25'000 Hectares Source: FiBL 2009, Garibay & Ugas 2009

74 Latin America: Organic cocoa area 2007 (includes in-conversion land; includes cocoa areas associated with other crops; total approx hectares, world hectares) Dominican Rep. Ecuador Mexico Peru Panama (2004) Nicaragua Costa Rica Jamaica (2006) Colombia 4'850 1' '366 14'407 22'308 79' '000 20'000 30'000 40'000 50'000 60'000 70'000 80'000 90'000 Hectares Source: FiBL 2009; Garibay & Ugas 2009

75 Latin America: Organic coffee area 2007 (including in-conversion land; total approx hectares, world: hectares) Mexico Peru Colombia Dominican Rep. Nicaragua Guatemala Ecuador Cuba El Salvador Costa Rica 16'036 11'661 10'875 7'246 4'323 3'807 3'743 1'713 72' ' ' ' ' ' ' '000 Hectares Source: FiBL 2009, Garibay & Ugas 2009

76 Development: Key data In 1999 about 11 million hectares of agricultural land were managed organically. This means that the organic land has trebled since. The number of producers has increased a lot faster. (currently 1.2 million, 1999: 0.2 million) during the same time period. Similar to the organic land area, the market volume has trebled since (1999: 15.2 billion US Dollars; 2007: 46.1 billion). The largest markets for organic products are in North America and Europe (97 percent). The countries with the largest markets are the US, Germany and the UK.

77 Conclusions The organic land and the organic market have continually grown up to Organic farming is supported in many parts of the world (regulations, direct payments, action plans, marketing and export support, research support). Latin America and the Caribbean have a strong focus on export products. It would be good to strenthen the production for the local market. The prospects for the future development are good. However, what the effects of the economic crisis will be, remains to be seen.

78 Website Detailed statistics in Excel format Graphs & maps Data revisions Background/country information Order form News, with a focus on statistical developments in organic agriculture

79 Yearbook The World of Organic Agriculture 10th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture, published by FiBL, IFOAM and ITC With contributions from more than 40 authors Contents: Results of the global organic survey; Organic agriculture in the geographical regions, special focus on Latin America; Chapters on the global market, standards and legislation, activities of UN organizations, crops, food security, other issues. Quote: Willer, H. and Kilcher, L. (Eds.) (2009): The World of Organic Agriculture. Statitics and emerging Trends IFOAM, Bonn; FiBL, Frick; ITC, Geneva.