Why an agroecological approach in West- Africa? Elements for a regional project
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1 Why an agroecological approach in West- Africa? Elements for a regional project Malézieux E., Vayssières J.F., Ratnadass A. HortSys Atelier DIVECOSYS - 23 au 25 novembre Cotonou
2 Challenges facing horticulture in W.Africa Vegetable and fruit growers in the tropics are faced with dramatic plant protection issues/phytosanitary risks resulting in : food insecurity and low-income in low-input traditional agrosystems pesticide-induced adverse impacts on human health and the environment in intensive systems (e.g. in periurban areas) export restrictions due to strict regulations imposed by importing countries Re: quarantine pests and minimum pesticide residue limits
3 Need for a shift from Agrochemistry to Agroecology Setting up an ecologically intensive horticulture for tomorrow is now a major objective for providing more and better food to populations of both the southern and northern hemispheres The paradigm of ecological intensification is based on the optimization of biological interactions and regulations in agroecosystems Particularly, it is based on the planned introduction and management of plant species diversity (PSD) in agroecosystems; it may result through various pathways in pest and disease impact reduction
4 Agroecological pathways of pest & disease regulation via vegetational diversification in agroecosystems «Push- Pull» Natural enemy conservation Vegetational diversification Resourceconcentration µclimate alteration Barrier effects Allelopathy Cycle rupture Soil suppressiveness Reduced pest & disease impact Tolerance to pests & diseases Improved plant hydric & mineral nutrition Root action Plant biomass Porosity, Mineralisation Below-ground soil biota diversity / activity enhancement
5 Traitement en taches Plutella/Chou Meilleur raisonnement de l utilisation des pesticides Réduction de l utilisation des pesticides Réduction de l impact des bioagresseurs Bactrocera/Mangue Réduction de la pression pour la résistance des bio-agresseurs aux pesticides Augmentation de l activité des organismes telluriques utiles Préservation de l activité des auxiliaires aériens Maximisation des processus écologiques de Helicoverpa/Tomate régulation des bioagresseurs Diversification végétale planifiée Limitation des transferts de pesticides Absence de résidus toxiques Bio- & Phytorémédiation Filets anti-insectes Ralstonia/Tomate
6 1. mango/ Bactrocera invadens / fruit fly Alien species: probably originated from India and Sri Lanka. Species highly polyphagous (targets: more than 40 species of fruit crops in Benin). Alien species with high biotic potentialities (> than those of native species).
7 ALGtRIE J AMAH I RI YA ARABlE Ll BYIEN N E AI Jawf
8 ALGtRIE J AMAH I RI YA ARABlE Ll BYIEN N E AI Jawf
9 2. Optimization of trap-plant arrangements for regulating tomato fruit worm populations in "assisted push-pull" systems on tomato & okra Another case study assesses the potential of pigeon pea and sorghum as perimeter trap crops/barriers for reducing infestation and damage of Tomato fruitworm (TFW) Helicoverpa armigera and Cotton whitefly (CWF) Bemisia tabaci on okra and tomato in Niger While a parallel study was conducted in Martinique to compare the phenological stages of maize and tomato in order to select cultivars and/or adjusting sowing dates of both crops to optimize attractive and visual camouflage effects of maize vs TFW H. zea (plus barrier effect vs CWF) to protect the tomato crop
10 Studied effects & preliminary results (TFW & CWF in horticultural systems of Niger & Martinique) Root action «Push- Pull» Vegetational diversification Resourceconcentration µclimate alteration Barrier effects Allelopathy Cycle rupture Plant biomass Soil suppressiveness Natural enemy conservation Reduced pest & disease impact Porosity, Mineralisation Tolerance to pests & diseases Improved plant hydric & mineral nutrition Helicoverpa infestation & damage to okra was significantly reduced using pigeon pea as a perimeter trap crop in Niger Potential barrier effect of a maize cv for tomato protection vs Bemisia infestation in Martinique Below-ground soil biota diversity / activity enhancement
11 3. Determination of the conditions of soil-borne crop pest & disease management by " service " plants with direct sanitating /biocidal effects in rotation/intercrops A case study aims at checking the hypothesis that the introduction of service plants with sanitizing/allelopathic effect managed as green manures in market gardens results in a reduction of soil infectious potential by bacterial wilt (BW) Ralstonia solanacearum
12 Conclusions & future prospects 4 case studies concerning horticultural cropping systems reported here are illustrative of the overall approach They concern a generalist disease and polyphagous pests with resp. low and high dispersal ability, and will provide decision rules which will help set up generic models to manage disease/pests with similar life-history traits
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