HDC Biopesticides Workshop Protected Edibles

Transcription

1 HDC Biopesticides Workshop Protected Edibles Royal Pavilion, Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, CV8 2LZ 27 January :30am 15:45pm Image Swansea University

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3 Event Programme 09:30 10:00 Arrival & Coffee An introduction to biopesticides Dr. Roma Gwynn, Biorationale 10:00 11:20 Grower case studies of successful biopesticide use in ornamentals in the UK Colin Bloomfield, Colin Bloomfield Consulting and Dr Neal Ward, Cantelo Nurseries Biopesticide use in The Netherlands What is working well for protected edibles growers? Dr. Aleid Dik, Aleid Dik Consultancy 11:20 11:40 Tea & Coffee Break 11:40 12:40 Improving application of biopesticides Andrew Chapple, Bayer CropScience Biopesticide work on protected edibles in SCEPTRE David George, STC 12:40 13:30 Lunch Company Product Clinics An opportunity for growers to get detailed information on products from companies including: 13:30 15:30 15:30 Close - Bayer (Serenade ASO, Contains WG) - BASF (Nematode products) - Fargro (AQ10, Prestop, Lepinox Plus, Met52 Granular,) - Belchim products delivered by Fargro (Naturalis-L) - Certis (Eradicoat and Majestik) The future of biopesticide use and new technologies Dr. Roma Gwynn, Biorationale

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5 Contents Content Page An introduction to biopesticides Dr. Roma Gwynn, Biorationale 1 Grower case studies of successful biopesticide use in ornamentals in the UK Colin Bloomfield, Colin Bloomfield Consulting and Dr Neal Ward, Cantelo Nurseries 15 Biopesticide use in The Netherlands What is working well for protected edible growers? Dr. Aleid Dik, Aleid Dik Consultancy 23 Improving application of biopesticides Andrew Chapple, Bayer CropScience 31 Biopesticide work on protected edibles in SCEPTRE David George, STC 41 The future of biopesticide use and new technologies Dr. Roma Gwynn, Biorationale 47 Notes 54 Publication Order Forms 57

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7 Introduction to biopesticides IPM sustainable crop protection Nema todes Insect Fungi Agroecosystem Macroorganisms Microorgs Bact. Virus Monitoring IPM IPM Biopesticides Phero mones Semiochems Crop botany Synthetic Chemical pesticides Botanicals Biopesticide markets $ billion Year Market annual growth: biopesticides 15%, conventional chemical pesticides 3% Global market = $1.3 billion in To reach $3.2 billion by

8 Biopesticides EU active substances Updated October 2014* Insect Fungi Weeds Nematodes Other Micro-organism Bt Micro-organism non-bt 11 (2) 24 (9) Botanical 5 (2) Semio-chemical 28 (2) Other Total 61 (6) 32 (9) * Definition of biopesticide not fixed so approximate numbers only 106 (15) = 121 Figures in bracket = pending What are biological control agents or biopesticides? Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products 2

9 Macrobial/Invertebrate Control Agents Predators Parasitoids Nematodes Registration exempted biopesticide products in the UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) Steinernema feltiae Nemasys Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei Nemasys L Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Lavanem Entompathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis Nemasys H Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocasae Nemasys C Entompathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Capsanem Entompathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Nemaslug slug parasitic nematode Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 Sciarids, leafminer, WFT Vine weevil Vine weevil Vine weevil Grubs Codling moth Hylobius sp., Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Slugs Trianum Micro-organism Soil diseases Registration-exempt biopesticide products 3

10 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products Semio-chemicals Semio-chemicals Pheromones are semiochemicals that modify the behaviour of other individuals of the same species Semio-chemicals chemicals emitted by plants, animals, and other organisms - and synthetic analogues of such substances - that evoke a behavioural or physiological response in individuals of the same or other species Delta Trap in Olive Tree Semio-chemicals SCLP s Straight-chained lepidopteran pheromones (SCLPs) unbranched aliphatics having a chain of 9-18 carbons, containing < 3 double bonds, ending in an alcohol, acetate or aldehyde functional group. This structural definition encompasses the majority of known pheromones produced by insects in the order Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and moths. 4

11 Semio-chemicals The Principle of Mating Disruption Pheromones are released to interfere with the ability of male insects to locate females of the same species, thereby disrupting mating and controlling the damage to crops inflicted by the hatching larvae. Semio-chemicals Selibate CS Control of Chilo suppressalis in rice devices/ha applied once Lasts 3-4 months Matrix Systems for Controlled Release Frustrate PBW Control of Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton 250 devices/ha applied once Lasts 3-4 months Semio-chemicals Reservoir Systems for Controlled Release of Pheromones timed released formulations 5

12 Semio-chemicals Other Control Strategies using Semiochemicals Lure and Kill Again a simple concept: bring the insects to the insecticide and not the insecticide to the insect Key again is to attract females Mass Trapping Simple Concept: trap as many insects as you can Key is to attract and trap females Kairomones becoming increasingly important Both techniques can be integrated with other techniques for IPM Semio-chemicals UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) 8,10-dodecandien-1-01 Exosex CM Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products 6

13 What are plant derived pesticides or botanicals? Orange Clove Thyme Cymbopogon sp. Garlic Spearmint Tagetes sp. What are botanicals? From the EU Botanical Guidance document (rev. 8) A 'botanical' active substance: obtained by subjecting plants or parts of plants to a process such as pressing, milling, crushing, distillation and/or extractions. The process may include further concentration, purification and/or blending, provided that the chemical nature of the components is not intentionally modified/altered by chemical and/or microbial processes. The plants are live or dried plants or parts of plants, including fruits and seeds but excluding genetically modified plants. Botanicals etc. UK Active Substance Product Name Type of product Target(s) Maltodextrin Eradicoat Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly Maltodextrin Majestik Biorational Mites, aphids, whitefly Fatty Acids Savona Fatty Acids Whitefly, thrips, mite, aphids Laminarin Vacciplant Plant extract Cereal diseases Citronella oil Barrier H Plant extract Herbicide Garlic concentrate Eagle Green Care Plant extract Free living nematodes 7

14 Biological control agents - biopesticides Crop protection products derived from the flora and fauna No fixed global or EU definition Macroorganisms natural enemies, nematodes Semio-chemicals - pheromones Botanicals - plant derived compounds such as plant extracts, Microbials - micro-organism based products Micro-organism biopesticides Cydia pomonella granulosis virus Trichoderma harzianum Fusarium oxysporum Pasteuria penetrans Isaria fumosoroseus Bacillus firmus Clonostachys rosea Coniothyrium minitans Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus subtilis Gliocladium catenulatum Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae Ampelomyces quisqualis Trichoderma asperellum Beauveria bassiana Trichoderma spp. Microbial biofungicides MoA Bacillus subtilis 8

15 Microbial bioinsecticides MoA Entomopathogenic fungi Baculoviruses MoA Microbial Biopesticide production 9

16 Microbial Biopesticide production Micro-organism bioinsecticides/nematicides UK Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Adoxophyes orana gv Capex Summer fruit tortrix Bacillus firmis strain I-1582 Flocter Free-living nematodes Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis strain AM65-52 Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain ABST351 Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki strain EG2348 Vectobac 12AS DiPel DF Lepinox Plus Chironomid larvae Lepidoptera pests Lepidoptera pests Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC74040 Naturalis-L Whitefly, thrips, spidermite Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Carpovirusine Codling moth Cydia pomonella Granulosis Virus Cyd-X and Cyd-X Extra Codling moth Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52 Met 52 Granular Black vine weevil * Not yet marketed in UK Micro-organism biofungicides etc. UK Active Substance Product Name Target(s) Ampelomyces quisqualis strain M10 AQ10 Powdery mildew Bacillus subtilis strain QST713 Serenade ASO Botrytis spp. Candida oleophila strain O Nexy1 Post harvest diseases Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08 Contans WG Sclerotinia spp. Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 (new species name Clonostachys rosea) Prestop Botrytis, soft rots Lecanicillium muscarium strain V-6* Mycotal Whitefly, thrips, scale Peniophora gigantea PG Suspension PGR Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 Mycostop* Soft rots Trichoderma atroviridae strain T34 T34 Fusarium sp. on dianthus * Not yet marketed in UK 10

17 Biopesticides plant interactions Production of alarm compounds to attract predators and parasites of pest herbivores phytohormone stimulation Stimulation of new biosynthesis of phytochemicals terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty-acid derived green leaf volatiles Stimulation of plant defense mechanisms jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Potentially improve ability of plant to withstand environmental stresses. Induction in roots, shoots and leaves treatment of seeds, soil and foliar Microbial Biopesticide application Biopesticides benefits to farmers and growers Efficacy killing target pest Efficacy - yield and quality improvement Host specificity Use in IPM programmes Useful for resistance management Useful for residue management Growers - crop management Worker safety Favourable environmental footprint Use in organic production 11

18 Exercise Do biopesticides work? What is efficacy? What are the advantages? What are the disdvantages? What effects expected? Impact of interactions with chemical pesticides? How to get the best results? Biopesticides efficacy % efficacy Contans WG CyD-X DiPel DF Exosex CM Majestik Mycotal Naturalis-L Serenade ASO Biological control agents programme use Population Damage threshold Time Biopesticide 2 Biopesticide 1 12

19 Biopesticides important characteristics Product quality improved formulations Effectiveness: mostly 40-70% 80-90% CONSISTENCY & LIMITATIONS Environmental robustness How it should be used relative to target Biopesticides efficacy Good practice to get good efficacy Timing of application relative to the pest or disease Frequency of application What effect is needed IPM programme Consider application water volumes Consider techniques and equipment Plant Protection Product Registration EU timelines 1107/2009 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year A.S. Dossier Submission Completeness check Rapporteur evaluation DAR completed EFSA comment on DAR EFSA peer review Standing committee vote Positive List (Annex I) Application - zonal product Zonal evaluation Country evaluation Product approval 13

20 Biopesticide Cost of development Activity $ Millions Research and Development 3-5 Formulation 1-2 Development Registration Product launch 2-3 (USA) (ROW) 1 (USA) 3-10 (ROW) (over > 50 global) Biopesticides -biorationals grey products Registration Exempt Entomopathogenic nematodes Physically acting agents Out of scope for registration Plant strengtheners/growth promoters/stimulants Root symbionts Registered Biopesticides (microorganism, semiochemicals, botanicals) Biorational substances (acetic acid, gibberelins, ferrous sulphate, fatty acids) Grey Products Passing-off of similar microbial agents Claiming plant strengthener or biostimulant but for crop protection use Thank you for your attention rgwynn@biorationale.co.uk 14

21 Bio pesticides - edibles Colin Bloomfield Expectations 60% control is quoted Provide right conditions Expect problems put the boot in first. Aggressive problems Downy Mildew Integrated management plan Varietal susceptibility Drainage Irrigation Temperature Humidity Air movement time of year for organism spacing for crop 15

22 Drainage Ventilation and drainage Environment Warm Moist Uniform Propagation a great opportunity 16

23 Environment Coverage No movement of organism Application is crucial High volume spraying can be good Knapsack perhaps in propagation Coverage 17

24 Targets Botrytis Leaf spots Powdery mildew Rhizoctonia Pythium Fusarium Caterpillar Whitefly & Thrip Root growth Coverage Naturalis L High volume application Under the leaf for Whitefly Coverage Dipel DF ULV Wet spray 18

25 Coverage Coverage Coverage 19

26 Coverage T34 Not approved on edibles Very effective root stimulant Compost mixing Coverage Serenade ULV High volume Where do you need to put the organism? Edibles Prestop Preventative At plug delivery At potting Nil harvest interval 20

27 Edibles Herbs and salad plants Serenade Naturalis L Dipel DF Prestop Winners Serenad e Incor. Dip Wet spray X T34 XX X X ULV X Prestop X X XX Naturali s L Dipel DF X XX X Losers Incorp. Dip Wet spray ULV Mycotal x Contans? MET 52 X 21

28 Wish List Serenade as a drench? T34 for edible crops? R&D Trials focussed on how to get the best from bio-pesticides Less comparative studies with conventional pesticides 22

29 Biopesticides use in The Netherlands What is working well in protected edible crops? January 27, 2015 Aleid Dik Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Introduction Biopesticides can be microorganisms substances produced by microorganisms plant extracts salts and other compounds (?) Biopesticides need registration as crop protection product No registration is needed for natural enemies against insects and mites nematodes plant stimulants list with exceptions like soaps ( household products ) soil amendments including microorganisms 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Target organisms and approaches Target organisms can be insects, mites, fungi, nematodes, slugs and snails Different approaches: preventive or corrective stand alone, in alternation with chemical crop protection products and/or in combination with natural enemies for pest control application by drip irrigation, mixing with soil, spraying of soil or crop Bacillus thuringiensis Beauveria bassiana Metarhizium anisopliae 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 23

30 Biopesticides in The Netherlands All crops Protected edibles Ornamentals All products All products All products Microorganisms Microorganisms Microorganisms Biopesticides registered * Active ingredients Against insects and mites Against fungi Regularly used registered products +/ / Regularly used other products (like nematodes) 1 0 at least 5 0 * plus 5 products against slugs and snails 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Mode of action Different modes of action exist for biopesticides: competition by microorganisms antibiosis by microorganisms, plant extracts, other compounds hyperparasitism by microorganisms, nematodes induced resistance by microorganisms, plant extracts, other compounds attractant/repellent by plant extracts, other compounds Often, the effect of a biopesticide is a combination of different modes of action, for example: Trichoderma harzianum: competition, antibiosis and induced resistance Nematodes: hyperparasitism and antibiosis 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Factors in choosing biopesticides Costs Availability of chemical crop protection products Resistance against chemical crop protection products Compatibility with natural enemies Application method and frequency Reliability MRL requirements In general: growers who use natural enemies are more inclined to use biopesticides Use of natural enemies easiest in stable crop systems like tomato and pepper In ornamental crops, the zero-tolerance makes integrated control more difficult than in vegetables 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 24

31 Case study: Cucumber (1) System: Three or four crops per year Daily harvest Stable but short ecosystem Integrated approach: Pests: Natural enemies against pests like thrips, whitefly, spider mites, etc. Correction thrips and whitefly with Beauveria bassiana Verticillium lecanii Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Maltodextrin 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Case study: Cucumber (2) Diseases: (bi)carbonate spray application against powdery mildew silicon in drip irrigation against powdery mildew Gliocladium catenulatum against Botrytis and Mycosphaerella Recently registered: Bacillus subtilis against Botrytis and Mycosphaerella Trichoderma harzianum in drip irrigation or regular spray application against root pathogens Chitosan against root pathogens Chemical fungicides regularly used, mainly when diseases get out of hand Overall: Natural enemies are used, but chemicals are still used as well Chemicals mostly sprayed against fungal diseases Withdrawal of Enzicur has increased fungicide use Complaints about residues lead to increase of integrated control Cucumber is a small crop, therefore registration as minor uses 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Case study: Sweet pepper (1) System: One-year crop Stable ecosystem Daily harvest Integrated approach: Pests: Natural enemies against pests like thrips, spider mites, etc. Correction (rare) with Beauveria bassiana Verticillium lecanii maltodextrin Bacilus thuringiensis against caterpillars 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 25

32 Case study: Sweet pepper (2) Diseases: Trichoderma harzianum against root diseases and internal fruit rot, applied daily in drip irrigation or regular spray application. Overall: Most growers use integrated control at least part of the year Choice of biopesticides influenced by supplier of natural enemies Since pepper is not a small crop, registration of biopesticides is more difficult than in cucumber 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Case study: tomato (1) System: One-year crop Stable ecosystem Daily harvest Integrated control: Pests: Natural enemies against thrips, whitefly, spider mites, etc. Correction thrips and whitefly with Beauveria bassiana Verticillium lecanii Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Maltodextrin Bacilus thuringiensis against caterpillars Whitefly after application of maltodextrin. Source: Certis 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik ER II (maltodextrin) in tomato ER II CERTIS EUROPE 26

33 CERTIS EUROPE Whytefly in tomato ER II CERTIS EUROPE Case study: tomato (2) Diseases: Trichoderma harzianum against root diseases Gliocladium catenulatum against Botrytis Overall: Integrated control is common practice Important to know interactions and adjust application methods accordingly! Since tomato is not a small crop, registration is more difficult than in cucumber 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 27

34 Situation January 2015: Dutch situation Most tomato and sweet pepper growers use integrated control for most pests and diseases (almost) year-round Cucumber growers are increasingly using integrated control Eight new biopesticides are used as test cases for easier registration in a Green Deal between registration authorities, producers and Department of Agriculture Advisors and growers are willing to try new things Biopesticide use is strongly linked to use of natural enemies 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik The crop is a system Control strategies BCA s, natural products, climate control in greenhouses, cultural practices, fungicides Natural enemies, natural products, climate control in greenhouses, cultural practices, pesticides Pathogen Crop --> yield Pest 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Interactions For all products, compatibility with all other products used in the crop should be known Depending on compatibility tests, strategies need to be adjusted Example: Beauveria bassiana germination in combination with other products, measured as spore germination. The products in the green part have no influence and can even be applied in tank mixtures. Source: Certis 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 28

35 Threats Biopesticides, especially living organisms, may be less robust than chemicals Products often need special preparation before use Products may need special conditions after application, like prolonged period of high RH Equipment may need to be adjusted: drip irrigation may clog the tubes, spray tanks need to be clean without residues of fungicides Integrated control requires knowledge and intensive scouting on sticky traps as well as in the crop, so it is more labour intensive 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Opportunities Risk of resistance is in general lower than in chemicals MRL s are not an issue No re-entry issues Often compatible with natural enemies More environmentally-friendly Wider range of products available than just chemicals Direct positive effect of some products on yield New developments like NatuGro system with mixtures of growthpromoting and antagonistic compounds Hopefully faster and easier registration in the future 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Most successful products Most used currently in The Netherlands: 1. Beauveria bassiana: Botanigard (+ERII or Addit) 2. Maltodextrin: ERII 3. Trichoderma harzianum: Trianum 4. Verticillium lecanii: Mycotal (+ Addit) 5. Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: Preferal 6. Bacillus thuringiensis: Turex Not clear yet how Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) will perform Some products registered but not available (AQ10) Some products close to registration 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik 29

36 Getting started with biopesticides Start with a complete crop protection plan for the entire year Check compatibility of all the products including natural enemies that you plan to use Make sure that your spray equipment contains no traces of chemicals when you use it for biopesticides When using drip irrigation: check for clogging with certain products Dedicate time and energy to scouting according to a fixed schedule Have a back-up plan in case a pest or disease gets out of control Live and learn: make notes and adjust your plan next year based on your experience Exchange successes and failures with colleagues, so you benefit from each other s experiences Stay informed: new products and new applications are developed constantly 2015 Adviesbureau Aleid Dik Good luck! 30

37 Biopesticide Application: theory, practice, and problems Roy Bateman (IPARC) and Andrew C. Chapple (BCS) Agenda Some basics Biopesticide application and formulation Biopesticides as particles Where is the biopesticide, and where is it going? Constraints on spraying biopesticides Page 2 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 A good starting point... Page 3 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

38 Some preliminary thoughts... Various sorts of capital on a farm: Financial (what is used in the production process: equipment, labour, land, etc., etc.) Intellectual (how to best use, e.g., pest control methods) Chemical control methods are robust, good margins of safety in use of a product. Biological control methods need more thought (especially integration of chemical and biological methods) and application You must think! Assuming that what works for chemical applications will work for biologicals must be reassessed. (E.g., playing with different surfactants...) It might be true, it might not. Page 4 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Effective inundative control Adapted, virulent isolate(s) Metarhizium acridum Oil-based formulations; maintenance of viability Appropriate application Very few biopesticides are systemic...application becomes very important Page 5 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Delivery systems Improved delivery systems (formulation, application, etc.) will not save an underperforming MCA but......performance of a MCA, as with a chemical pesticide, may be reduced substantially by a poor delivery system. Tank agitation is important. Nozzle choice and calibration Nozzle wear Even tank / sprayline cleaning... Spray drift...? Page 6 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

39 Biopesticides (microbial agents) are all particles Metarhizium anisopliae Choristoneura fumiferana granulosis virus Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative cell, spore and crystal Steinernema carpocapsae emerging from vine weevil larvae Page 7 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Biopesticide products Bacteria: e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), B. subtilis Most important sector of biopesticides market Products may act similarly to chemicals. Fungi: e.g., Beauvaria bassiana, Metarhizium spp., Lecanicillium spp. (was Verticillium lecanii) Page 8 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Products, formulations,& species names Mycotal : thrips & aphids, Lecanicillium muscarium Vertalec : whitefies, L. longisporum Page 9 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

40 What application equipment to use? Growers cannot control what is in the formulation. But they can control how the biopesticide is applied. The application system of choice is usually......the method that is already in most widespread use in the area and/or the target crop... and formulations should be compatible with existing equipment. BUT: do not assume that what you have on your existing application equipment is automatically appropriate You can step outside the usual application systems......but you must be careful. Why is the label written the way it is? (E.g., switching from a drench recommendation to a low volume application is probably not a good idea...) Page 10 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema spp. Drench or spray? E.g. each pack 50 million nematodes. which will treat up to 100 m² or 50 apple / pear trees. Spray the trees 3 times at 7 day intervals using a fresh sachet of nematodes each time. Page 11 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Spray application: particles in droplets Where do particles go? Concentration of particles in suspension (X x 10 Y conidia / litre) Droplet size spectrum Size of particles will they fit into a droplet? Page 12 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

41 Droplet size spectra: suspended particles Droplets should contain particles and not be too large for the target... Page 13 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Biopesticides: nematode example Enormous! Low! High! Page 14 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Biological (or other particulate) agents Probable particle loading per droplet (at 5 x 10 9 particles per litre) Page 15 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

42 Droplet spectra: ULV and hydraulic Page 16 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Consider three droplets 12.4 µm 1 pico-litre L 124 µm 1 nano-litre L Scale is difficult to imagine: 1 pl = winning the Lottery (couple of million) 1 nl = Bill Gates $$$ (several billion) 1 L = UK national debt (> trillion) 1240 µm 1 micro-litre L Page 17 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Consider three droplets 12.4 µm 1 pl 124 µm 1 nl 1240 µm 1 µl * 0 means <50% probability that a droplet contains a particle (Expensive! ) adjuvants and oils go where the drops go...and might not be in the drop with the biopesticide! Page 18 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

43 Where is the biological target? Page 19 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Hydraulic nozzles: a concern Variable nozzles are a lottery as far as accurate spray application is concerned Page 20 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Question... Are we trying to apply 21 st century control agents......using application methods that have changed little since the 19 th century? Page 21 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

44 Variable cone nozzles: designing in bad practice? Page 22 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Variable cone nozzle variability...so what to recommend to a farmer? Page 23 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan 2015 Summary Efficacy of microbial products depends on: nature and activity of control agent...and its delivery mechanism (formulation and application) Importance of quality formulations Application: equipment, nozzle orientation, atomisation, practical constraints. Efficient application: dose transfer to target Particles: how many? Where will they go? All the above requires thought: Well maintained (and cleaned!) and calibrated equipment Avoid losses due to run-off for foliar applications (HV applications need thought) Using large droplet application systems means bounce (but might be a good idea: EPN S ) Page 24 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

45 Thank you for your attention! xxx... Page 26 Biopesticdes Workshop Jan

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47 Biopesticide work on protected edibles in SCEPTRE David George, Jennifer Banfield-Zanin, Claire Burns, Kirsty Wright & Martin McPherson, Stockbridge Technology Centre Consortium members H & H Duncalfe STC s role in the SCEPTRE project Glasshouse trials to investigate efficacy of selected products on target crop diseases and pests For pests, we investigated the compatibility of selected products with biological control in tomato in 2013, but this was compromised by the need to treat the crop for mildew. Numbers of spidermites after two treatment applications (31-May & 7-Jun) and biocontrol (P. persimilis) introduction (18-Jun). Sulphur applied on the 10-Jun. 41

48 General methods Commercial scale glasshouse crops, managed to industry standards Replicated studies according to EPPO protocols Pests, diseases and products selected through industry consultation and identification of gaps (existing or foreseen) Biopesticide, physically acting and novel conventional products tested against industry standards in replicated trial designs General methods X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 2 X 6 X 3 X 5 X 4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 6 1 X 5 X 2 X 4 X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3 4 X 2 X 5 X 1 X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PATH X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 3 X 1 X 4 X 6 X 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 6 X 4 X 1 X 3 X 2 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 4 5 X 3 X 6 X 2 X 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Early screening experiments identified products for further more in depth testing in the latter half of the project Over 20 products screened against pests in tomato and peppers, comprising botanicals, microbials, physically acting substances, novel conventionals and existing industry standards Diseases: Powdery mildew in cucumber Novel conventionals worked well and appeared better than the standard. Biological products variable vs the control, but with multiple products achieving >80% control. 42

49 Diseases: Other Biological products did not perform as well in other disease trials, including Pests: Latter stage trials (after 2011/12 screening) B = Botanical; M = Microbial; P = Physically-acting; C = Conventional YEAR 2014 Tomato Tomato Pepper Pepper PEST Glasshouse whitefly Two-spotted spider mite Peach potato aphid Thrips (WFT) Control Control Control Control Control Chess WG (pymetrozine) Borneo1 (etoxazole) Pyrethrum 5EC (pyrethrin) Calypso2 (thiacloprid) Chess WG3 (pymetrozine) B-130 P-091 B-130 C-200 B-062 B-062 B-062 B-062 B-062 B-130 PRODUCTS TESTED 2013 CROP APPLICATION* 2012 Glasshouse potato aphid B-001 M-051 M-051 B-130 M-051 C-054 C M-209 P-208 C-106 M W(3)** Wk(2) Wk(3) Wk(4) Wk(4) *Wk = Weekly application, with number of applications in parenthesis. NB: Standards (and other treatments where labels existed) were applied according to commercial practice in the UK, where the maximum number of applications specified and used is provided in superscript. **), except P-001 which was applied 4 times at 4-5 day intervals Glasshouse whitefly: Tomato Standard performed well Both novel conventional and botanical products performed well, all being comparable to the standard 43

50 Two-spotted spider mite: Tomato Reductions, but variable data Reductions and near sig (P=0.06), but variable data Standard performed well Both novel conventional and microbial products also performed well, with (albeit non statistically significant) reductions in pest counts also seen with other products Peach potato aphid: Peppers Reduction and near sig (P=0.07), but variable data Standard did not perform well B 130 appears to hold strong potential for peach potato aphid treatment Thrips: Pepper Standard did not perform well The novel conventional (C 200) performed better (against nymphs), though biopesticides did not 44

51 Glasshouse potato aphid: Pepper Standard performed well Both botanical products performed well P 208 did not perform well, though this may be related to water hardness at STC NB: High levels of parasitism after the second pest count caused pest populations to crash Conclusions Biological products performed well against pests, but less well against pathogens Standards did not always perform effectively or as expected, reiterating the need to seek alternatives Several biopesticides have shown promise in trials at STC, with some being effective in multiple crops and against a range of pests B 130: Effective against 3 target pests B 062: Effective against 2 target pests No biopesticide proved effective against thrips in later stage trials, though a promising novel conventional product has been identified Potential limitations have been identified and will need to be considered by manufacturers / end users Acknowledgements SCEPTRE as a whole was sponsored by Defra with financial and in-kind contributions from Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board-HDC, BASF, Bayer CropScience Ltd, Belchim Crop Protection Ltd, Berry Gardens Growers Ltd, BerryWorld Ltd, Dow Agrosciences Ltd, DuPont (UK) Ltd, The Fresh Produce Consortium, H&H Duncalfe, International Produce Ltd, JE Piccaver & Co., Koppert UK Ltd, Marks and Spencer plc, Stewarts of Tayside Ltd, Syngenta Crop Protection Ltd, and Total World Fresh Ltd. The researchers are ADAS UK Ltd, Allium & Brassica Agronomy Ltd, East Malling Research, Rationale Biopesticide Strategists Scottish Crop Research Institute, STC Research Foundation, and the University of Warwick. The project consortium is chaired by Harriet Duncalfe, H&H Duncalfe Ltd, on behalf of HDC; the project is co-ordinated by Dr Tim O Neill of ADAS on behalf of HDC. Further information HDC News article planned for submission in spring 2015 Open Access on line journal article planned for submission at the end of Feb 2015 (on pest work) 45

52 Sceptre Conference Securing plant protection products for sustainable crop production Tuesday 24 February, 2015 Kingsgate Conference Centre, Peterborough Sceptre project Aims and impact Biorational products can we expand the armoury? Development of PPPs for EU market IR4 and the global minor-use summit EU initiatives to support speciality crops Sector specific breakout sessions 46

53 Future of biopesticide use and new technology IPM sustainable crop protection Nema todes Insect Fungi Agroecosystem Macroorganisms Microorgs Bact. Virus Monitoring IPM IPM Biopesticides Phero mones Semiochems Crop botany Synthetic Chemical pesticides Botanicals IPM sustainable use directive 2009/128/EC On the basis of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 and of this Directive, implementation of the principles of integrated pest management is obligatory and the subsidiarity principle applies to the way the principles for integrated pest management are implemented. Member States should describe in their National Action Plan how they ensure the implementation of the principles of integrated pest management, with priority given wherever possible to nonchemical methods of plant protection and pest and crop management. integrated pest management means careful consideration of all available plant protection methods and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of populations of harmful organisms and keep the use of plant protection products and other forms of intervention to levels that are economically and ecologically justified and reduce or minimise risks to human health and the environment. Integrated pest management emphasises the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agroecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. non-chemical methods means alternative methods to chemical pesticides for plant protection and pest management, based on agronomic techniques such as those referred to in point 1 of Annex III, or physical, mechanical or biological pest control methods. 47

54 Natural forces control populations Without natural control, one cabbage aphid could produce 250 million tonnes of offspring in a year! Factors that naturally limit population development: o Density independent factors (e.g. climate). o Density dependent factors: Competition for limited resources between individuals of the same species. Competition / antagonism with other species. Being eaten/parasitised/infected by other species. Biopesticides benefits to farmers and growers Efficacy killing target pest Efficacy - yield and quality improvement Host specificity Use in IPM programmes Useful for resistance management Useful for residue management Growers - crop management Worker safety Favourable environmental footprint Use in organic production Biopesticides EU active substances Updated October 2014* Insect Fungi Weeds Nematodes Other Micro-organism Bt Micro-organism non-bt 11 (2) 24 (9) Botanical 5 (2) Semio-chemical 28 (2) Other Total 61 (6) 32 (9) * Definition of biopesticide not fixed so approximate numbers only 106 (15) = 121 Figures in bracket = pending 48

55 Biopesticides important characteristics Product quality improved formulations Effectiveness: mostly 40-70% 80-90% CONSISTENCY & LIMITATIONS Environmental robustness How it should be used relative to target Microbial Biopesticide application Biological control agents programme use Population Time Damage threshold Biopesticide 2 Biopesticide 1 49

56 Biopesticides efficacy Good practice to get good efficacy Timing of application relative to the pest or disease Frequency of application What effect is needed IPM programme Consider application water volumes Consider techniques and equipment Biopesticides -biorationals grey products Registration Exempt Entomopathogenic nematodes Physically acting agents Out of scope for registration Plant strengtheners/growth promoters/stimulants Root symbionts Registered Biopesticides (microorganism, semiochemicals, botanicals) Biorational substances (acetic acid, gibberelins, ferrous sulphate, fatty acids) Grey Products Passing-off of similar microbial agents Claiming plant strengthener or biostimulant but for crop protection use Biopesticide Cost of development Activity $ Millions Research and Development 3-5 Formulation 1-2 Development Registration Product launch 2-3 (USA) (ROW) 1 (USA) 3-10 (ROW) (over > 50 global) 50

57 Plant Protection Product Registration EU timelines 1107/2009 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year A.S. Dossier Submission Completeness check Rapporteur evaluation DAR completed EFSA comment on DAR EFSA peer review Standing committee vote Positive List (Annex I) Application - zonal product Zonal evaluation Country evaluation Product approval Biopesticides new actives and product in the EU Potential products for UK horticulture? (from EU Annex I lists) Trichoderma spp. for disease control 13 species and strain Bacillus subtilis/amyloliquefaciens for foliar and root diseases - 5 strains Beauveria bassiana for insect pest control new strains Semio-chemicals for lepidoptera pests Granulosis viruses for lepidoptera pests Regalia plant extract for foliar diseases e.g. powdery mildew Requiem terpene blend for insect pests NeemAzal plant extract for insect pests e.g. mites, thrips, whitefly Prev-Am terpene for insect pests and foliar diseases Boni-protect for post harvest diseases Flocter for free-living nematodes Biopesticide Future Build towards a new crop protection system based on agro-ecosystem IPM Develop the next generation of biocontrol technology 51

58 Biopesticide synergy with plant protection products Effect of permethrin on fungal virulence to Anopheles gambiae - mean % mortality when exposed to permethrin (P), fungus (F) or both (F+P) on day 0. (Farenhorst et al, 2010). = uninfected = Beauveria bassiana infected = Metarhizium anisopliae infected Biopesticide systemic activity Beauveria bassiana insect pathogenic fungus Many reports of endophytic activity in range of crops coffee, cotton, tomato, trees Activity against plant pathogens and potentially against insects Biopesticides mode of action Stimulating defense pathways Trichoderma spp. offer plant protection but also stimulate plant health Potentially improve ability of plant to withstand environmental stresses. 52

59 Biopesticides new uses Developing products for new groups weeds, nematodes Developing active for new target pests aphids, rust, septoria, blight, resurgent pests Developing products for new areas broad acre field crops, bio-fuel crops, storage, post harvest Crop Protection plant mediated approach Macroorganism Plant variety Chemical Pesticide Biopesticide Soil Treat Seed Treat Thank you for your attention 53

60 Notes 54

61 Notes 55

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63 Publication Order Form Protected Crops (Edibles) Over recent years HDC has produced a wide range of factsheets and publications which you can order by putting a tick next to the publication(s) you require and returning this form to the address below. Factsheets 18/14 Getting the best from biopesticides 02/14 A robust IPM programme for Tuta absoluta 09/13 Tomato leaf mould 01/13 Practical measures to prevent and manage insecticide, fungicide and herbicide resistance for horticultural crops 36/12 Southern Green Shieldbug 34/12 Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) - Code of practice for growers 27/12 An introduction to hyperparasitism 23/11 Grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) of tomato 18/11 Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus 08/11 Downy mildew of basil 23/10 Tomato spotted wilt virus in protected edible crops 21/10 Russet Mite 14/10 A robust IPM programme for organic tomatoes 06/10 Grower System for rearing the predatory beetle Atheta coriaria 03/10 Tomato Leafminers 02/10 Boosting Biocontrols Within IPM Programmes 01/10 Bacterial Wilt and Canker of Tomato (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp michiganensis) 10/09 Energy management in protected cropping: Management of CO2 enrichment 09/09 Energy management in protected cropping: Horticultural lighting 08/09 Energy management in protected cropping: The use of screens 07/09 Energy management in protected cropping: Humidity control 06/09 Energy management in protected cropping: Manipulation of glasshouse temperature 05/09 Energy management in protected cropping: Good Housekeeping 03/09 Biobeds for treatment of pesticide waste and washings 04/08 Energy saving in tomato production 09/06 Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato and new viroid reports 57

64 29/05 Getting the best out of CO2 enrichment for cucumbers 23/05 Disease control in protected lettuce 12/05 Dithiocarbamate contamination of salad produce and the use of rubber gloves 07/05 Securing your water supply for the future 20/03 Pepino mosaic virus of tomato new results on virus persistence and disinfection 15/01 Act now to control Verticillium wilt of tomatoes 11/01 New results on pepino mosaic of tomato 05/01 Glasshouse whitefly and leafhoppers in protected herbs: options for control within IPM programmes 25/00 Mealybugs on protected tomato crops 20/00 Tomatoes: effective use of pipe-rail boom sprayers 08/00 Early seasons control of tomato leaf miner 12/00 Pepino mosaic, a new disease of tomatoes Technical Reviews TR-PE 001 Pepino mosaic virus: strains, symptoms and cross-protection TR-PE 002 Tomato bacterial wilt and canker Sector Review Magazines Protected Edibles Review Magazine 2013 Protected Edibles Magazine 2011 Crop Walkers Guides Protected Edibles Crop Walkers Guide Protected Edibles Crop Walkers Guide Part II Guides Lean manufacturing Achieving efficient use of labour in protected edible crops Micro-Turbine CHP Units Their application in protected horticulture Identification Cards Aphids commonly found in protected lettuce Herb Pest and Disease Cards DVD s Creating champion employees Out of Stock Keeping it clean assessing the risk of microbial contamination - Out of Stock 58

65 Health & safety in horticulture - an awareness DVD in ten languages (plus English) Seize the opportunity A DVD-based programme aimed at increasing the awareness of the public procurement sector as a customer for UK growers Posters Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Pepper Computer Programmes CO2 Optimiser (includes guide) - programme for CO2 enrichment for greenhouse tomatoes (applicable to natural gas boilers or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units) HDC Irrigation Calculator and factsheet - A graphical tool to improve irrigation water distribution Your Order Please fill in the form and return it to: Louise Arculus, HDC, AHDB, Stoneleigh Park, Kenilworth, Warwickshire CV8 2TL, or to: hdc@hdc.ahdb.org.uk. Name Address Tel No HDC Levy payer/associate No 59

66 Publication Order Form Soft Fruit Over recent years HDC has produced a wide range of factsheets and publications which you can order by putting a tick next to the publication(s) you require and returning this form to the address below. Factsheets 18/14 Getting the best from biopesticides 15/14 New varieties and selections from the UK Raspberry Breeding Programme 14/14 Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Code of practice for growers 13/14 Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Code of practice for packhouses 08/14 Managing insect pests of soft fruit crops pending spotted wing drosophila appearance 04/14 Raspberry variety trials summer fruiting selection at JHI in /13 Fungal diseases on canes, foliage and fruit of cane fruit crops 19/13 Blackcurrant dieback 17/13 Raspberry variety trials summer fruiting selections at JHI in /13 Reducing residues in strawberries through novel crop protection methods 05/13 New varieties from The East Malling Strawberry Breeding Club (Project SF 96) 01/13 Practical measures to prevent and manage insecticide, fungicide and herbicide resistance for horticultural crops 34/12 Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Code of practice for growers 33/12 HDC Substrate grown mainseason strawberry variety trials 2012 Main crop 11/12 Preparing for spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in the UK 10/12 Midge, mite and caterpillar pests of cane fruit crops 08/12 Raspberry variety trials summer fruiting selections at JHI in /12 HDC Substrate grown mainseason strawberry variety trials day 24/11 Successful bed re-planting 20/11 Winter protection of soilless substrate grown strawberries 17/11 HDC Mainseason strawberry variety trials /11 Pesticide residue reduction in commercial raspberry crops 07/11 Beetle and weevil pests of cane fruit crops 06/11 Raspberry variety trials summer fruiting selections at SCRI in /10 Verticillium wilt of raspberry and other cane fruits 13/10 Monitoring microbial food safety of fresh produce 60

67 12/10 Extending the season of strawberry production using a range of plant types and growing systems 03/09 Biobeds for treatment of pesticide waste and washings 01/09 Cane management and training of field grown blackberries and hybrid berries 17/08 Control of strawberry powdery mildew under protection (SF 62 & SF 62a) 08/08 Strawberry blossom weevil 12/07 Strawberry crown rot 07/07 HDC Summer fruiting raspberry variety trial 06/07 Principles of strawberry nutrition in soil-less substrates 02/07 Phytophthora root rot of raspberry and other cane fruits 01/07 Sucking insect pests of cane fruit crops 16/06 The control of Verticillium wilt in strawberry 12/06 Cane management and training of field grown mainseason raspberries 26/05 Aphids and their control on strawberry (SF 61) 07/05 Securing your water supply for the future 06/05 Soil sterilisation options for soft fruit growers 03/05 Angular leaf spot and bacterial leaf blight 20/04 Strawberry red core 19/04 European tarnished plant bug on strawberries and other soft fruit 18/04 Control of grey mould in strawberry crops 07/04 Managing rabbit problems associated with horticulture 16/03 Weed control in field-grown strawberries 15/03 Tarsonemid mite on strawberry 05/03 Integrated control of thrips on strawberries 01/03 Vine weevil control in soft fruit crops (SF 15a-c) 14/02 Strawberry blackspot (SF 56) Sector Review Magazines Soft Fruit Review Magazine 2014/15 Soft Fruit Review Magazine 2013/14 Soft Fruit Review Magazine 2012/13 Crop Walkers Guides Strawberry Crop Walkers Guide Cane Fruit Crop Walkers Guide Bush Fruit Crop Walkers Guide Wall Charts Strawberry analysis chart optimum ranges Spotted wing drosophila - code of practice for packhouses 61