Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Sugarcane with Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers

Transcription

1 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Sugarcane with Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers Terry A. Tindall Ph.D. J.R. Simplot Company AgriBusiness i ss

2 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life The Right Fertilizer Inputs Essential for Sugar Production AgriBusiness

3 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Nitrogen Nutrition Is Especially Important for Sugarcane production, but challenges exist in managing N within the Nitrogen Cycle. Estimated Efficiency in Traditional production fields about 40 to 60%. Why and how can this be improved? AgriBusiness

4 IPNI 2008

5 Enhanced efficiency fertilizers Enhanced Efficiency is a term describing fertilizer products with characteristics that allow increased plant uptake and reduce the potential of nutrient losses to the environment such as gaseous losses, leaching, or runoff, as compared to an appropriate reference product (AAPFCO, T-70) Traditionally used in specialty applications (e.g., turf, ornamentals, etc.), but have been gaining in use and popularity in production agriculture Most EE technologies are applied to N, but some exist for phosphorus and others being developed.

6 History of Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizers Year %N Product Urea-formaldehyde (European patent) Urea-formaldehyde (commercial use in USA) Sulfur-coated urea (TVA) 1960 s Crotonylidene diurea (32-0-0) 1960 s 31 Isobutylidene diurea (31-0-0; IBDU) Osmocote Nutricote, Meister, Prokote, Escote Polyon Multicote 1990 s 44 VCote, TR2, ESN, Duration, FloriKote From 1967 products are now termed Controlled Release Fertilizers Adapted from Dr. James Robbins, University of Arkansas, 2005

7 Enhanced efficiency N Uncoated slowly available fertilizers containing N e.g., urea-aldehyde condensation products (e.g., urea-formaldehyde reaction products, IBDU), triazines, etc. Physical coating or barrier around soluble N fertilizer e.g., SCU, PCU, combination products Stabilized materials e.g., nitrification and urease inhibitors

8 Uncoated slowly available

9 Methylene Ureas (urea- formaldehyde reaction products) Temperature Soil ph Soil Moisture

10 IBDU (isobutylidene diurea) Factors Affecting N Release Rate (chemical degradation, hydrolysis) Particle size Soil moisture Soil ph (Temperature)

11 Coated materials

12 Sulfur Coated Urea Mechanisms of N Release pin holes, cracks Microbial degradation Is the result of the average behavior of many particles Factors affecting N release Coating thickness and uniformity effective coating thickness is equal to thinnest area of coating Temperature and moisture Catastrophic release

13 Polymer coated urea N release controlled by diffusion Major factors affecting release coating thickness temperature

14 Relative yield versus rate of N applied from PCU and urea/uan Relative Corn Yield (% of max Urea and UAN R 2 = 0.36 Relative yield plateau occurred at 93% of maximum Relative Corn Yield (% of max PCU (ESN) R 2 = Relative yield plateau occurred at 98% of maximum N Rate (lbs/acre) Compilation of data from source-rate studies and trials in the US Corn Belt, Blaylock and Tindall

15 Stabilized materials

16 Nitrification a natural process in soils NH + -H 4 + NH 3 Nitrosomonas NO - 2 Nitrobacter NO - 3 +H + Nitrification inhibitors interfere with activity of Nitrosomonas bacteria, slowing the nitrification process

17 Urea hydrolysis CO(NH 2 ) 2 + H + urease + H 2 O 2NH 4+ + HCO - 3 NH 4 + NH 3 + H + Urease inhibitors interfere with the process of urea hydrolysis The slowing of conversion of urea to ammoniacal N can significantly reduce the potential for NH 3 volatilization

18 Effect of N source on irrigated no-till corn yield Kansas, Crete silt loam Corn yield, bu/a Control Urea UAN Amm. Nitrate ESN Urea+ NSN Urea+ Agrotain UAN+ Agrotain UAN+Agrotain+ UAN+NSN Gordon. KSU Fertilizer Report year average N applied broadcast preplant Average across 3 rates (80, 160, 240 lb/a)

19 Conclusions Enhanced efficiency fertilizer best suited for Traditional applications Turf, ornamentals, nurseries, etc. Production agriculture High value crops strawberries-vegetables In crops with shallow root systems Where there is high potential for nutrient loss or fixation Environmentally sensitive circumstances Now major crops like SUGARCANE benefit to cost ratios

20 Conclusions Familiarity with mechanisms of EE function is necessary for informed decisions Everything s on the table in today s marketplace

21 Conclusions Potential benefits of EE fertilizers include match the kinetics of nutrient release with the kinetics of plant growth (from Robbins, 2005) improved yields more applied nutrient used by plant reduction in nutrient loss (leaching, atmospheric, soil reactions, etc.) reduced application frequency more uniform plant growth

22 Some nitrification inhibitors Common name Chemical Brand name Inhibition Nitrapyrin 2-chloro-6- trichloromethyl pyridine N-Serve 82% by day 14 DCD Dicyandiamide Guardian 53% by day 14 DMPP 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate ENTEC 4 weeks + NutriSphere N Maleic/itaconic acid N-N 8-12 weeks Wieske, 2006; Frye, 2005; Zerulla et al., 2001

23 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life NutriSphere-N Modes of Action Product Strength vs. Weakness Comparisons to other Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Materials AgriBusiness

24 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Nutrisphere-N Polymer Charge capacity 1800 meq./100 g Large Branched Polymer Butenedioicmethylenesuccinic acid co-polymer, partial Ca salt Water soluble and slowly biodegradable (temperature dependant) Exchangeable ion is Ca Applied to either dry granule or added to liquid solutions AgriBusiness

25 The Solution. NutriSphere N Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Nitrogen Manager for the 21 st Century Decreases Volatilization by slowing urea hydrolysis Inhibits nitrification thus reducing nitrate leaching and denitrification Increases the short term organic N pool Improves N Fertilizer Use Efficiency!! AgriBusiness

26 Cumulative NH 4 loss from a moist Silt Loam soil (ph 5.6) following the surface application of Urea (112 kg N / ha) a NutriSpere-N reduced ammonia volatilization of urea by 48% over a 8 day study period b b Treatments followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05) D. Dunn University of Missouri May 2010

27 Reduction in Greenhouse Gases University of MN Crookston Dr. Katy Smith

28 methods Greenhouse gas analysis Samples taken weekly from planting to harvest Static chambers using standard USDA ARS GRACEnet procedure. CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O quantified by comparison to standard curves using gas chromatography.

29 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life AgriBusiness

30 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life AgriBusiness

31 2009 Daily N 2 O Soil Flux umol N 2 O m -2 min Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Control ESN 50 ESN 100 NSN 50 NSN 100 SuperU 50 SuperU 100 Urea 50 Urea May Jun Jul Aug Sep AgriBusiness

32 NUTRISPHERE-N NUTRISPHERE N also complexes iron (Fe) and Copper (Cu) Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Cu and Fe are needed for conversion of ammonium to nitrate on the other side of the N-cycle NUTRISPHERE - N 37 AgriBusiness

33 Soil NH 4 -N (mg/kg) Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Effect of NutriSphere-N on Soil Ammonium Concentration on 10 Soils urea=42 NSN=55 (+31%) urea=97 NSN=116 (+20%) Control Urea NSN Sanchez, University of Arizona (2008) AgriBusiness

34 Fertilizer Derived Organic N (mg/kg) Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Effect of NutriSphere-N on Soil Organic-N Charles Sanchez 2007 Loamy Sand Days after Application Urea NSN-Urea AgriBusiness

35 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Field Crop Observations Many, many field trials on various crops including sugarcane, rice, maze, wheat, sweet potatoes, forage, malt barley etc! AgriBusiness

36 Nitrogen Rate /ac Protein % Yield, bu/ac GSP Urea PP 100lb $380 Urea + N-N PP (+$7.00/ac) Urea 80% PP, 20% Joint Urea + N-N 80% PP, 20% Joint (+$7.00/ac) NutriSphere-N Malt Barley 09 Aberdeen Research Center Variety: Conrad Spring Planted - Irrigated Urea: Broadcast Silt Loam soil, 15ppm soil N N-N Advantage /ac B : C 100lb * $444 +$ :1 100lb $ lb * $470 +$ :1 GSP Urea PP $450 *LSD 0.10 = 14 Dr. Jeff Stark

37 Winter Wheat NutriSphere-N Study Belleville, Kansas 2009 Fuller wheat planted Oct 2008 Broadcast urea application Feb 2008 Harvested Jul 2009 Barney Gordon, KSU 2009 Rate N/ha Yield bu/ac Gross Return bu Urea 40 kg 85 $ NSN Benefit Benefit : Cost Urea + N-N +$4.00/ac 40 kg 92 $ /ac 9:1 Urea 60 kg 93 $ Urea + N-N +$6.00/ac 60 kg 101 $ /ac 7:1 All treatments received 30 lbs/ac P pre-plant as DAP w/avail

38 Winter Wheat NutriSphere-N Study Belleville, Kansas 2009 Yield, bu / ac Gordon, KSU 2009

39 Winter Wheat NutriSphere-N Study Belleville, Kansas 2009 Yield, bu / ac Gordon, KSU 2009

40 Effect of NutriSphereN and Avail on Corn Production in Kansas Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Yield bu/ac * * * LSD (.05)= Nitrogen Rate Gordon, 2008 N+30 P2O5 NSN+Avail AgriBusiness

41 NutriSphere-N Effect on Rice Production in Missouri, USA 2008 Nitrogen Rate Kg / ha Yield, MT/ha Urea Yield MT/ha Urea N-N Sharkey clay Dunn, University of Missouri

42 Sugarcane 10 AVAIL + NutriSphere-N (N-N) San Carlos MDDC, Mill District Philippines Variety: V Growers Standard Practice: 84 kg N + 3,628 kg of organic fertilizer AVAIL / N-N: 180N-140P-60K kg./ha. Treatments: 4x replicated plots Basal Applied Growers Standard Practice NPK + AVAIL + N- N (+P3,475 /ha) Yield Lkg./ha (Planters Share) Gross Income / ha Input Cost Fertilizer AVAIL / N- N Applicatio n / ha Net Income / ha P274,400 24, P250,400 AVAIL / N- N Benefit/ha (Benefit: Cost) P305,200 19, P285,415 +P35,015 (10:1)

43 Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Fertilizers Terry A. Tindall Ph.D Part Two JAMAICA Nov. 4, 2011

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45 TROPICAL SOILS SOME OF THE MOST CHALLENGING

46 Why Is Phosphorus Fertilizer So Inefficient? Forms insoluble precipitates of Ca, Mg, Al or Fe making P fertilizer unavailable

47 Conventional Phosphate Root Interception Phosphorus only gets into the plant when the root contacts the phosphorus

48 What Can be Done to Improve P Use Efficiency? Banding Starter In-Season Drip ADVANCED POLYMERS--AVAIL

49 AVAIL Mode of Action Highly Charged Polymer (CEC=1800 meq/100gm) sequesters antagonistic cations in soil solution around P fertilizer granule or in fluid band. P remains unfixed and available for plant uptake. Results in highly concentrated zones of available P for the plants (microenvironments). A soil chemistry phenomenon -- not related to plant species

50 AVAIL Active Ingredient - Minimum 40% maleic-itaconic copolymer H O O O O H maleic acid itaconic acid

51 Hard water Hard water (one drop) ph = 6.8 Hard water + AVAIL [AVAIL] = 0.5% v/v Hard water AVAIL ph = 6.8

52 Field Data Excellent source of field research to support applications

53 Avail / DAP Corn ** University of Minnesota Waseca, MN Contributor: Dr. Gyles Randall Ph.D. Soil ph: 7.3 kg P / ha t/ha * Gross Income Per GSP $ Avail Benefit Per ha Avail $ $59.53 (+ $6.18/ha) GSP $ Grower b:c 9: Avail $ $ (+ $10.08/ ha) *Note the efficiency factor of phosphate w/avail (28kg vs. 56kg) ** Mean Composite of 3 year study at 56kg P rate: 02, 03, 04 Grower b:c 9:1

54 AVAIL / N-N Philippine Sugarcane 11 SRA LGAREC, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental Trial Run: 5/10 5/11 Sandy Loam Soil Randomized Block Design Trial 4x reps AVAIL / N-N applied at 6 mos. Stage Yield Sugar LKg/Ha Net Income/Ha (including cost of AVAIL And N-N) Peso s AVAIL / N-N Benefit/Ha (Peso) GSP - NPK ( ) Split Application ,596 GSP + AVAIL , ,298 GSP + AVAIL and N-N , ,033

55 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Grower Standard Practice Avail w/ AgriBusiness

56 Relationship of cost/benefit (US$/kg), trials 1 and 2, according to treatment, Dominican Republic, May 2010 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Treatment Benefit Increase kg/ha COST US$/ha Relationship Cost/Benefit US$/kg* Trial 1 (NPKSZB+NSN y Avail) vs (NPKSZnB) (NPKSZB+NSN y Avail) vs (NPKS) 1, :40 1, :44 (NPKSZnB) - (NPKS) :61 Trial 2 (NPKSZB+NSN y Avail) vs (NPKSZnB) 2, :88 *KGS of paddy rice produced for every dollar invested in NSN and Avail. AgriBusiness

57 Trial 2: Treatment: NPKSZnB without NSN and Avail Date of Picture: February 23, 2010 (27 days after transplanting) Bringing Earth s Resources to Life AgriBusiness

58 Trial 2: Treatment: NPKSZnB + NSN and Avail Date of Picture: February 23, 2010 (27 days after transplanting) Bringing Earth s Resources to Life AgriBusiness

59 NutriSphere Enhanced N Bringing Earth s Resources to Life Fine Textured Soils N-N can reduce or eliminate in-season N applications Apply N-N in fall after cooler temperatures (<15 degrees C) AgriBusiness

60 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life NutriSphere-N Management Sandy Soils NSN cannot eliminate all inseason N applications, but can reduce them. Split apply N on sandy soils. Pre-treat and allow to dry NSN treated urea. AgriBusiness

61 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life NUTRISPHERE-N Decreases Volatilization Inhibits Denitrification Inhibits Nitrification Reduces N Leaching Potential IMPROVES FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY Reduces Environmental Concerns and Green House Gases AgriBusiness

62 AVAIL Mode of Action Highly Charged Polymer (CEC=1800 meq/100gm) sequesters antagonistic cations in soil solution around P fertilizer granule or in fluid band. P remains unfixed and available for plant uptake. Results in highly concentrated zones of available P for the plants (microenvironments). A soil chemistry phenomenon -- not related to plant species

63 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life EE Fertilizers (N-N and AVAIL) Show Promise for Sugarcane AgriBusiness

64 Bringing Earth s Resources to Life THANK-YOU terry.tindall@simplot.com AgriBusiness