Canola After Pulse Crops

Transcription

1 K. Neil Harker Canola After Pulse Crops Agronomy Update Jan. 17, 2012

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3 Variable Costs Canola Alberta Nitrogen Seed & Seed Cleaning Herbicides Machinery Operating Expense Custom Work & Hired Labour 23 Phosphorous 17 Sulphur & Potassium 15 Utilities & Misc. Expenses 14 Insecticides/Fungicides 10 Hail / Crop Insur. & Premiums $/acre

4 Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Canola High Yield Input Study Beaverlodge Edmonton Lacombe Melfort Lethbridge Indina Head Soil types: Swift Current Gray Dark Gray Black Brandon Dark Brown Brown

5 High Yield, No-Till Canola Seeding rates: 75 or 150 seeds/m 2 100% Fertilizer rate (NPKS) target yields varied by site 150% Fertilizer rate = 150% N + 100% PKS Urea (46-0-0) or 50% ESN (polymer-coated ) Fungicide (+ or -): Proline (prothioconazole) Herbicides and Insecticides applied to all plots as needed at recommended rates - at least 1 treatment, additional treatments as required

6 Experiment 3 - Treatments Treatments seeds - 100% Fertilizer LL1 W1 RR seeds - 100% Fertilizer + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 100% Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 100% Fertilizer LL1 W1 RR seeds - 100% Fertilizer + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 100% Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide LL1 W1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide RR1 LL1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer (50-50 ESN) + Fungicide RR1 LL1 RR seeds - 150% N Fertilizer + Fungicide Wes Wes RR2 Harker et al Can. J. Plant Sci. (in press)

7 Canola Response to 150% N (bu/ac) Swift Current (40) Melfort (70) bu/ac response Lethbridge (50) Lacombe (70) Indian Head (60) % 100% Edmonton (70) Brandon (55) Beaverlodge (50)

8 Canola Response to 150% N Site N added N cost Yield (kg/ha) $* (bu/ac) Beaverlodge Brandon Edmonton Indian Head Lacombe Lethbridge Melfort Swift Current *N cost based on urea (46-0-0) price of $590/tonne Spring 2011 Green cells = yield increase covered extra N cost, yellow cells - NOT (based on $10/bu canola)

9 Canola Response to 150% N (bu/ac) Swift Current (40) Melfort (70) bu/ac response Lethbridge (50) Lacombe (70) Indian Head (60) % 100% Edmonton (70) Brandon (55) Beaverlodge (50)

10 Canola Response to 150% N Site N added N cost Yield (kg/ha) $* (bu/ac) Beaverlodge Brandon Edmonton Indian Head Lacombe Lethbridge Melfort Swift Current *N cost based on urea (46-0-0) price of $590/tonne Spring 2011 Green cells = yield increase covered extra N cost, yellow cells - NOT (based on $10/bu canola)

11 Rationale for Current Study High N costs and volatility has increased interest in alternative nitrogen sources Previous research suggests that pulse crops can achieve high levels of N 2 fixation and contribute to the N economy of cereal crops (Walley et al. 2007) Little info. on growing pulse crops before canola Hybrid canola is a strong consumer of N

12 Questions to Answer Will pulse crops leave more moisture in the soil profile compared to crops such as wheat? Will a pulse crop followed by another dicot (canola) exacerbate disease issues e.g. sclerotinia? What impact does the relatively slow release N provided by pulse crops have on canola yield & soil health sustainable canola systems?

13 Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Beaverlodge Legumes Before Canola Study Lacombe Scott Lethbridge Swift Current Indina Head Soil types: Gray Dark Gray Black Brandon Dark Brown Brown

14 Experimental protocol Faba bean (green manure) Faba bean (grain) Field pea (grain) Lentils (Clearfield) grain Wheat (Clearfield) Canola (Clearfield) RR canola RR canola RR canola RR canola RR canola RR canola Solo (imazamox) was applied to all crops in spring 2009

15 Fertilizer rates Year 1 (2009): -Legumes: no nitrogen -Canola: soil test recommendation -Wheat: soil test recommendation -P,K,S = soil test recommendation Year 2 (2010) all RR canola: -Nitrogen at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha -P,K,S = soil test recommendation

16 All Experiments were direct-seeded (no-till) ConservaPak air seeders with knife openers were used at all locations For the green manure trt., fababean was sprayed with glyphosate at early pod and mowed

17 Not everything you will see should be practiced on your farm

18 Average Soil Nitrate Levels - Fall 2009 soil test results Highest after faba bean green manure Slightly higher after pulses than after non-pulse crops Similar after canola and wheat Large variation from site to site

19 Beaverlodge 2010 Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates P = FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT 25 CANOLA 20

20 Beaverlodge - Large benefit of green manure - Small N response except with canola & fababean seed Yield (t/ha) Nitrogen (kg/ha) fababean seed faba green manure canola wheat pea lentil Soil nitrate (mg kg -1 )

21 Lacombe 2010 Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates P= FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT CANOLA Problems with flooded plots and cutworms (Lentil & Pea)

22 Lacombe - Overall canola yield related to Fall soil nitrate levels - GM vs. others yield gap at high N levels. Mineralization? Yield (t/ha) Nitrogen (kg/ha) fababean seed fababean green manure canola wheat Soil nitrate (mg kg -1 )

23 Lethbridge Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates ?? FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT CANOLA Wheat in Lethbridge had severe stripe rust used less N

24 Lethbridge - Soil nitrate after wheat was high due to severe stripe rust - High yield after GM & low yield after canola not related to fall soil nitrate levels - N response similar for all crops Yield (t/ha) Soil nitrate (kg ha -1 ) fababean seed canola Faba GM wheat pea lentil Nitrogen (kg/ha)

25 Indian Head Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates P< FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT CANOLA 20

26 Indian Head - Low soil nitrate after canola, wheat or fababean seed associated with low control yield - Benefits of green manure and lentils persisted over N rates Yield (t/ha) fababean seed fababean green manure canola wheat pea lentil Nitrogen (kg/ha) Soil nitrate (mg kg -1 )

27 Scott Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates 45 P= FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT CANOLA 20

28 Scott - Small but consistent N response. Similar results at SC. - N and non-n benefits of green manure - Minor benefits of pulse crops Yield (t/ha) Nitrogen (kg/ha) fababean seed faba green manure canola wheat pea lentil Soil nitrate (mg kg -1 )

29 Higher N rates increased sclerotinia (Scott only)

30 Higher N rates increased sclerotinia (Scott only)

31 Swift Current Canola yield (bu/acre) averaged over 5 N rates P= Low legume yields due to 2009 drought FABGM LENTIL PEA FABEAN WHEAT CANOLA

32 Brandon - Both N and non-n benefits of legumes - Curvilinear response pattern with high soil nitrate Yield (t/ha) Nitrogen (kg/ha) fababean seed fababean green manure canola wheat pea lentil Soil nitrate (mg kg -1 )

33 Summary Yield Increase (bu/ac) Effect of different crop stubbles on canola seed yield (bu/ac) gain or loss compared to wheat stubble Crop residue Beaverlodge Lacombe Lethbridge Indian Head Scott Swift Current Brandon Fababean (GM*) Fababean (seed) Pea (seed) Lentil (seed) Canola (seed) White cell yields were not significantly different from canola yields on wheat stubble

34 Summary - $/ac Effect of different crop stubbles on canola yield returns gained or lost compared to wheat stubble Crop residue Beaverlodge Lacombe Lethbridge Indian Head Scott Swift Current Brandon Fababean (GM*) Fababean (seed) Pea (seed) Lentil (seed) Canola (seed) White cell yields were not significantly different from canola yields on wheat stubble

35 On-Going Rotations Malt barley Faba bean (green manure) Canola Malt barley Faba bean Canola Malt barley Field pea Canola Malt barley Lentils Canola Malt barley Wheat Canola Malt barley Canola Canola

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