Microbial Treatment of Soil, Seed, and Plant: Can It Stop Chile Wilt?

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1 Microbial Treatment of Soil, Seed, and Plant: Can It Stop Chile Wilt? Soum Sanogo, Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science New Mexico State University.

2 Biology of Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae) Soilborne fungal pathogen May survive over 16 years as sclerotia (survival structures) in soil Has a broad host range including crops and weeds Causes stunting, defoliation, vascular discoloration, wilting, and plant death

3 Verticillium wilt

4 Verticillium wilt

5 Verticillium wilt Fang, 2013

6 Verticillium wilt/survival of pathogen in weeds Anoda cristada (spurred anoda) Physalis wrightii (Wright groundcherry)

7 Verticillium wilt/survival of pathogen in weeds Tall morningglory

8 Ability of Verticillium dahliae from weed species to infect chile pepper Symptoms Spurred anoda Groundcherry Devil sclaw Tall Morningglory Wilt Yes Yes Yes Yes Vascular discoloration Yes Yes Yes Yes

9 Pathway to Crop Losses Verticillium wilt Wilting Fruit turgor loss Stunting Defoliation Driving Forces High soil moisture and temperature Pathway to Crop Losses

10 Biology of Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici) Soilborne fungal-like (oomycete) pathogen Survives for many years as oospores (survival structures) in soil/debris Has a broad host range including crops and weeds Causes root rot, crown, foliar blight, fruit rot, wilting, and plant death

11 Microbial Treatment

12 Spread of Phytophthora capsici Sporangia Zoospores

13 Pathway to Crop Losses Phytophthora blight Root Rot Crown Rot Foliar Blight Fruit Rot Driving Forces High moisture in soil and air Moving surface water Water splash Damping off Pathway to Post-harvest Fruit Rot Crop Losses

14 Symptoms Differential Features Phytophthora Blight Verticillium Wilt Wilt Yes Yes Stunting No Yes Root Rot Yes No Defoliation No Yes Vascular necrosis No Yes

15 Microbial Treatment Seed Weeds Crop residues Soil (reservoir) Plant

16 Microorganisms (Bacteria and fungi)

17 Microbial and Plant Interactions Microbial interactions that reduce activities of pathogens Microbial interactions that boost crop s response to pathogens

18 Microbial interactions that reduce activities of pathogens (antagonism) Antibiosis Competition Parasitism

19 Antibiosis

20 Antibiosis Serenade No Serenade

21 Competition

22 Competition

23 Parasitism Trichoderma stromaticum Commercially used in Brazil (marketed as TRICOVAB) for control of cacao witchesbroom

24 Parasitism NT T

25 Parasitism NT T

26 Microbial and Plant Interactions Microbial interactions that reduce activities of pathogens Microbial interactions that boost crop s response to pathogens

27 Microbial interactions that boost crop s response to pathogens Mycorrhizae Induced systemic Resistance (ISR)

28 Source: The 5 th Kingdom

29 Source: The 5 th Kingdom

30 Handout-B1 Glomeromycota Source: The 5 th Kingdom

31 Source: The 5 th Kingdom

32 Efficacy of Microbial Products/ Laboratory Evaluation

33 Efficacy of Microbial Products Growth chamber/greenhouse Evaluation

34 TA Microbial TMIX Treatment Serenade Control

35 Microbial Treatment Control Th Tv Th+Tv

36 Efficacy of Microbial Treatment Seed with Streptomyces-based (Micro108) and Bacillus-based (Kodiak) biofungicides + Transplant treatment with a Streptomycesbased biofungicide (Mycostop 0.1% and 0.3%) No Seed treatment (Control) and Seed Treatment with Apron XL LS (chemical fungicide) 12 treatments

37 Effect of Seed Treatment and Transplant Treatment on Phytophthora blight

38 AUDPC Seed /Transplant Treatment -Phytophthora blight 200 Transplant treatment with Mycostop % 0.3% Apron XLS Control Kodiak Mycostop Seed treatment

39 Soil and Transplant Treatment - Phytophthora

40 Efficacy of Microbial Products Field Evaluation

41 AUDPC Microbial Seed/Soil/Plant Treatment FarMore+Tricho FarMore Untreated+Tricho Field FarMore+Tricho FarMore Untreated+Tricho Treatment

42 AUDPC Microbial Seed/Soil/Plant Treatment FarMore+Tricho FarMore Untreated+Tricho Field FarMore+Tricho FarMore Untreated+Tricho Treatment

43 Incidence (%) Microbial Seed/Soil/Plant Treatment 15 Myco No Myco Aug013 Date 9Sept013

44 Disease index (%) Microbial Seed/Soil/Plant Treatment NoM-V M-V NoM+V M+V Days after inoculation with pathogen Garmendia et al. 2004

45 Untreated control Miller et al. (2006) (ton/a) Microbial Soil/Plant Treatment Treatment and rate/a (application time) Marketable AUDPC Muscodor 3.5 oz/ft 3 soil (8 days pre transplant) Muscodor 1.9 oz/ft 3 soil (8 days pre-transplant) Actinovate SP 6 oz/100 gallons seedling drench pre-transplant + 12 oz foliar (1-9) Serenade ASO 2.0% drench at transplant Serenade Max 2 lb + Kocide lb (1-9) Ridomil Gold EC 1 pt drench at transplant Ridomil Gold Copper 2.5 lb (1,3,5,7) Ridomil Gold EC 1 pt drench at transplant Ridomil Gold Copper 2.5 lb (3,7) alt Serenade Max 2 lb + Kocide 2000 DF 2 lb (1,5,9) Ridomil Gold EC 1 pt drench at transplant Ridomil Gold Copper 2.5 lb (3,7) alt Actinovate SP 12 oz(1,5,9) Ridomil Gold EC 1 pt drench at transplant Maestro 80DF 6 lb (3,7) alt Serenade Max 2 lb + Kocide lb (1,5,9) Ridomil Gold EC 1 pt drench at transplant Maestro 80DF 6 lb (3,7) alt Actinovate SP 12 oz/a (1,5,9)

46 Research Needs Combination of strategies Frequency of application

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