Carbon footprinting of New Zealand lamb from an exporting nation s perspective
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1 Carbon footprinting of New Zealand lamb from an exporting nation s perspective Stewart Ledgard 1 Mark Lieffering 1, Dan Coup 2 & Ben O Brien 3 1 AgResearch, New Zealand 2 Meat Industry Association NZ 3 Beef+Lamb NZ
2 Outline of talk 1. Drivers? 2. NZ sheep farm system 3. Methods 4. Results - sensitivity analyses - NZ and French case study systems - potential effects of mitigations
3 Drivers? International: Food-miles Carbon footprinting Supermarkets - Eco-labelling Becoming a supply requirement NZ is world s largest exporter of lamb (c. 40% of total)
4 Drivers? Within NZ: Emissions Trading Scheme - Carbon payment for tree planting - Carbon tax on fuel & electricity (c. 4-5%) - Animal CH 4 & N 2 O tax in 2013 or 2015
5 Features of NZ sheep farming simple farm systems (mixed sheep & beef) - average > 4000 sheep equivalents permanent perennial grass/clover pastures reliance on clover-n with little fertiliser-n all outdoors; no brought-in feed dual-purpose meat & wool sheep Seasonal production - spring lambing to match pasture growth pattern - opposite season to the Northern Hemisphere
6 Life cycle of lamb to the U.K. Fertilisers Lime Fuel Electricity Fuel Electricity Refrigerants Packaging Fuel Electricity Refrigerants Packaging Fuel Electricity Refrigerants Packaging Electricity Refrigerants Packaging Electricity Sheep & Beef farms (breeding & finishing) Meat processing plant Shipping (refrigerated container) Retail distribution Centre Supermarket Household Consumption Co-products: Wool Mutton Beef Packaging waste Co-products: Hides Wool Blood Offal Renderables Tallow Waste water Packaging waste Packaging waste Meat waste Meat waste Packaging waste Based on international standards (e.g. ISO 14040s norms; PAS 2050) Waste water
7 METHODS: data Farms: survey farm data (>460 farms over 7 farm classes) tier-2 method to estimate feed energy intake some NZ-specific E.F.s e.g g CH 4 /kg DM intake Meat processing plants: survey data from 11 plants (>40% all lambs) covered energy use, waste-water processing, refrigerants, consumables etc. Transport/retail/consumer/waste: mainly 2 o data modified for country-specific emissions
8 METHODS: co-products Farms: biological allocation between animal types on-farm economic allocation within sheep for meat and wool Meat processing plants: economic allocation between meat and co-products -skins, blood, renderables, tallow
9 RESULTS: Effects of method of allocation between meat and wool CO 2 N 2 O Methane
10 Lamb carbon footprint = 19 kg CO 2 -equiv./kg meat
11 Waste Water Cooking Fuel Electricity Other % consumer Consume transport r Transport processor Processin g Retailing Waste Animal rumen methane 60 Far m farm Ocean Shipping Animal excreta N 2 O 40 Fuel & electricity Fertiliser & Lime 20 0 NZ domestic UK domestic
12 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES: meat processor Waste-water treatment: Changing from anaerobic processing to either aerobic processing or methane capture could reduce processing emissions by 22-38%, although this is only c. 1% of the total carbon footprint
13 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES: consumer Cooking method: roasting had 11% higher consumer/retail emissions than frying, or a 1% increase in total carbon footprint Inclusion of consumer travel gave an increase of up to 7% in the total carbon footprint (> all other transport stages combined) Williams et al. 2008
14 Case study of NZ and French sheep farm systems days housing + cereal crop + concentrates 15 kg CO 2 - equiv./ kg live-weight sold 10 Drought year 90 days housing + concentrates CO 2 fuel + electricity N 2 O+CO 2 fertiliser N 2 O grazing excreta N 2 O manure 5 Methane / /09 Pasture Housed+crop New Zealand France 22% allocation to wool 0.3% allocation to wool Lorinque, Ledgard, Gac, Boyes & Le Gall, unpubl.
15 How can we reduce emissions? i. increase animal production efficiency Methane (kg CH 4 /kg carcass wt) Compared to 1990, NZ sheep farms in 2009 produced slightly more lamb meat, but from a 43% smaller flock Year
16 Hypothetical mitigation scenarios on case study farms % reduction in farm Effect on GHG emissions/kg lamb profit lamb growth : finish 1 month earlier replacement rate: ewes last 1 yr longer lambing% : by ~ 20% ewe hogget lambing : 80% no N fertiliser use on pasture nitrification inhibitor use (DCD) ~ 9 - -
17 Summary: Carbon footprint of NZ lamb of 19 kg CO 2 -equiv./kg meat: covers whole life cycle, but dominated by farm stage depends on methodology choices lower from low-input grazing systems decreased over time with increased feed conversion efficiency potential reduction with some mitigations
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