Environmental Friendly Waste Management Technologies

Transcription

1 Environmental Friendly Waste Management Technologies Ramesh Kanwar, Professor and Chair Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA

2 Presentation will include A. Animal Manure/Waste what does it mean or contain? Is it truly a waste or a source of nutrients? B. Water Quality Concerns of Livestock Production Systems: nitrogen and phosphorus as contaminants C. Current Technologies for Manure/Animal Waste Handling in USA, Romania, and Turkey D. Newly Developed Technologies for Waste Management in the USA E. World Bank Projects new Animal Waste Management Technologies in Romania, Georgia, Turkey and China F. Summary

3 Manure Characteristics and Production Estimates ( what does it contain) 6% of bodyweight per day (most species) % solids 85-87% liquid

4 Daily Manure Production Per Animal We have estimates of manure production 4.5 kg/day/hd for swine (liquid manure) kg/day/hd for dairy cow (liquid) kg/day/hd for beef cow (liquid) Solid portion ~ 13-15% of total

5 Animal Waste Nutrient Utilization Scenario Swine Confinement Facility kg / animal Nutrient Content in kg/ day / 1000 kg 0.52 kg N / day / 1000 kg animal wt kg P / day / 1000 kg animal wt kg K / day / 1000 kg animal wt.

6 Manure Characteristics In general Nitrogen (ammonia) is in urine Phosphorus is in feces In the U.S. we re working on ways to keep urine and feces separate

7 WATER QUALITY CONCERNS FROM ANIMAL WASTES Main concern is infant health Nitrate/nitrite causes blue baby disease Newborn babies essentially suffocate Water Quality Standard for Nitrate-nitrogen is 10 mg/l SURFACE WATER WATER BODIES: Ammonia > 2 mg/l Kills Fish Phosphate > 0.05 mg/l promotes excess algae growth which leads to Fish Kills - Eutophication BOD depletes oxygen which causes Fish Kills - Hypoxia

8 Estimated Nitrogen Losses to Air Broadcast manure, not incorporated 30% Nitrogen loss to the air Broadcast manure, incorporated immediately 5% Nitrogen loss to the air Maximum loss is limited by the ammonia % in the manure

9 Agricultural Contribution: World Perspective 60% N and 25% P from European Ag to North Sea 48% of nutrient pollution in the former Czechoslovakia Significant levels flowing into the Adriatic Sea Eutrophication problems in Lake Erie

10 NITROGEN LOSSES FROM FARMS IN THE MISSISSIPPI BASIN US Example Percent Losses Agricultural Fertilizer 55% Nitrogen from Crops 25% Non-ag fertilizers 3% Deposited by rain 15% Human Sewage 2%

11 Water Quality Issue: HYPOXIA The worst hypoxic conditions are in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Hypoxic conditions have been increasing since the 1960 s The Gulf of Mexico, outside the delta of the Mississippi River is the worlds third largest hypoxic area sq. km. (4800 sq. mi)

12 Major Water Quality Issue: WORLD HYPOXIC ZONES

13 One Way to Separate Solids One Management Option

14 Modern Large Animal Facility Current Technologies in USA

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17 Bedded Solid Manure in Swine Hoop Buildings An Improved Technology For Animal Waste Management 41-17

18 Dead Animal Composting:Emerging Research Areas Bio-security and Environmental Quality

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22 World Bank/GEF Funded Manure Storage Facilities for Individual Farmers in Romania: Construction stages

23 Romania: GEF/World Bank Funded Project Individual manure platforms Commune level manure storage platforms Bins for segregating waste Equipment for manure management (loader, spreader, tanker, shredder) Platform for Individual Farmer for Manure Storage

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26 NO4PQ2-5%&H,)I&L-2/*01&")&N*2-:",A - Manure Use for Biogas Digester and Crop Production

27 NO4PQ2-5%&H,)I&L-2/*01&")&N*2-:",A - Liquid Slurry from Biogas Digesters Used for Vegetable Garden

28 -Manure Storage Facility for Individual Farmers

29 36"),A Biogas from Manure Digester being used to heat Green Houses

30 SUMMARY and a Main Message Properly managed manure is not an environmental threat but an excellent source of nutrients for crops. Major issues for air and water quality are: Accidental spills of lagoons to rivers and the practice of getting rid of animal waste (as a mismanagement) rather than using it as a fertilzer 2) Use of manure for whole farm nutrient balance is the key to a successful management