Baculovirus Adenovirus Adeno-associated virus Lentivirus/Retrovirus Many more: Vaccinia virus, Semliki Forest virus
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1 Recombinant Viruses Viruses produced by recombinant DNA technology Naturally occuring recombinant virus (= when more than one virus strain infects the same cell and genetic information is exchanged)
2 Common recombinant viruses used in biomedical research Baculovirus Adenovirus Adeno-associated virus Lentivirus/Retrovirus Many more: Vaccinia virus, Semliki Forest virus
3 Common recombinant viruses used in biomedical research Viral vectors Gene delivery for difficult-to-transfect cells; to make stable cell lines or transgenic animals (Lentivirus, retrovirus): overexpression & knock-down for recombinant protein expression (e.g. papillomavirus vaccine) as vaccines (since Jenner & others in the second half of the 18 th century: mild cowpox infection protects against serious small pox infection); increased safety due to more control over virulence as therapeutics (e.g. oncolytic viruses - evidence for the possibility, but mechanistically not yet well enough understood to turn into an efficient drug) to express proteins in-situ in animal models
4 Recombinant baculoviruses
5 Bac-To-Bac (LifeTechnologies, developed by Monsanto) Insect cells Pure composite virus Recombinant virus AaNPV polh VEGF-C mini-atttn7 Isolate bacmid DNA and transfect insect cells Transform F- E. coli with genomic viral DNA Transfer vector E. coli Isolate mixture of plasmid DNAs and retransform E.coli Transposition of Tn7 element into mini-atttn7 Composite bacmid Bacmid VEGF-C Pure composite bacmid VEGF-C Transfection Tn7R Tn7L pfastbac1 Helper plasmid
6 Baculovirus system enhancements More than one GOI 2 GOIs: pfastbac Dual (LifeTechnologies) Many GOIs: MultiBac (Geneva Biotech)
7 Baculovirus system enhancements The same plasmid for bacterial, baculoviral and mammalian expression ptriex (Novagen Merck/Millipore) pqe-trisystem (Qiagen)
8 Baculovirus system enhancements Mammalian-type glycosylation SweetBac (Geneva Biotech) Sf9 Mimic (LifeTechnologies) Protein quality/folding enhancements Adding enzymes (foldases/chaperones/protein disulfide isomerases): ProFold (AB Vector) Deleting enzymes (viral proteases): flashbac (Oxford Expression Technologies)
9 Adenovirus & Adeno-associated virus AV AAV pathogenic non-pathogenic non-enveloped non-enveloped replicating replication-defective genome kb dsdna 4.8 kb ssdna immune response strong mild expression short-lived long-lived (possible integration into host genome) diameter (nm) ~90 ~20 receptor coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR)/α5 integrin different (dependent on serotype) cargo (kb) up to 10 ~4.8 biosafety level (BSL) 2 1 (in absence of helper virus) type
10 Adenovirus Crystal et al. Adenovirus: The First Effective In Vivo Gene Delivery Vector. Human Gene Therapy. 25, 2014: Sandmair et al. Adenoviruses as Gene Delivery Vectors. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 465, 2002: AdEasy System (developed in Bert Vogelstein's Lab) He et al. A simplified system for generating recombinant adenoviruses. PNAS. 95, 1998: Works similar to the Bac-to-Bac system Modified adenoviral DNA maintained as a plasmid in E.coli (AdEasier-1 or BJ5183 cells) Recombination with a shuttle vector to generate recombinant virus DNA prep to isolate viral DNA Transfection of 293 cells (packaging cells) to generate virus Non-proprietary (Addgene), Kit from Agilent
11 Adeno-associated virus capsid proteins determine what cells are infectable ( tropism ) Büning et al. Recent developments in adeno-associated virus vector technology. Journal of Gene Medicine. 10, 2008:
12 Adeno-associated virus Heart, lung: AAV4, AAV9 Liver: AAV4, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9 Pancreas: AAV8 Systemic delivery, skeletal muscle: AAV8, AAV9 Brain: AAV8, AAV9, AAVrh10 Retina: AAV7, AAV8
13 Recombinant Retroviruses Recombinant Retroviruses Enveloped, ssrna (= mrna) genome Most commonly used recombinant retroviruses: - Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) - Murine stem cell virus (MSCV) Narrow host range (ecotropic) vs wide host range (amphotroic) Host range is determined by the packaging cell line Infects efficiently only deviding cells BSL-2 (some experiments require BSL-3) Cargo up to ~8 kb Gene therapy: X-SCID, insertional activation of proto-oncogenes resulted in acute T-cell leukemia in a substantial proportion of patients Services available from FUGU
14 Recombinant Retroviruses Vesicular Stomatitis Virus envelope proteins Packaging signal
15 Recombinant Lentivirus Recombinant Lentiviruses Enveloped, ssrna (= mrna) genome Most commonly used recombinant lentivirus: - HIV-1-based Transduces deviding and non-dividing cells BSL-2 (some experiments require BSL-3) Cargo up to ~8 kb Services available from FUGU
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