El Formato MARC 21 Norma Bibliografica Internacional. Sally McCallum Library of Congress

Transcription

1 El Formato MARC 21 Norma Bibliografica Internacional Sally McCallum Library of Congress

2 Overview Components of bibliographic records Enabling features of MARC MARC community today Format maintenance Summing up

3 Record components Content Content = the descriptive data (title, subject term, etc.) Rules: AACR, ISBD, local, etc. Element sets: Dublin core data, etc. Other than descriptive? technical, administrative, structural, rights Global library community convergence on AACR for descriptive metadata?

4 Record components Content Recent developments IFLA conferences on International Cataloging Rules Europe (2003), Latin America, Asia, Middle East, Africa (2007) ISBD consolidation/revision FRBR conceptual model AACR --> RDA (Resource Description and Access) Chapters under review currently First complete draft expected July 2008 Release early 2009

5 Record components Markup Markup = data tagging MARC 21 tags, DC tags, ONIX tags, MAB tags, UNIMARC tags, ISIS tags, local conventions HTML, XML tags Global library community convergence on MARC 21 tagging

6 Record components Structure Structure = record arrangement ISO 2709 (used for MARC) Microsoft Access DTDs, Schemas SGML, XML, HTML,?ML structure family Convergence on ISO 2709 (for libraries) and XML

7 Record components MARC 21 Content AACR2 cataloging data 100 1#$aArana, Marie Markup MARC 21 tags and subfield codes 100 1#$aArana, Marie Structure MARC leader, directory, indicators, variable fields, etc.

8 Enabling MARC features Problems MARC confronted Variable length data and records Frequent updates Very large files Data retrieval and subset needs Extensive character sets needs Individual record and file applications

9 Enabling MARC features Record parts ISO 2709 Leader 24 character positions Directory - 12-character entries, 1 per field Variable fields - any number or length Variable control fields (tags ) Variable data fields (tags ) End of field marks, end of record mark

10 MARC record with Leader highlighted 00802cam## #a# ion$uhttp://

11 Enabling MARC Features Record Leader Structural data Record length Indicator length Subfield identifier length Base address of data Directory layout MARC structure is self defining, which enables use of records individually Record Content Record status Type of record Bibliographic level Type of control Character set used Encoding level Descriptive cataloging form Linked record required Enables whole record update and high level record sorting

12 MARC record with Directory highlighted 00802cam## #a# ion$uhttp://

13 Enabling MARC Features Record Directory Enables variable length fields data retrieval and efficient extraction of subsets easy record update tag field length starting character position in record Example:

14 MARC record with coded data fields highlighted 00802cam## #a# ion$uhttp://

15 Enabling MARC Features Coded Data control fields Enable efficient indexing qualification of searches Example [008] s2006####nyu eng Date record created single date date of publication place of publication - - language of publication

16 MARC record with variable length fields highlighted 00802cam## #a# @00$aPS3601.R345$bC46#2 ion$uhttp://

17 Enabling MARC Features Variable data fields Enable variable length data without padding parsing of data Examples 1#$aArana, Marie 1#$aCruz Ledesma, Aristo teles,$d1953-1#$aenock, C. Reginald$q(Charles Reginald),$d

18 Enabling MARC Features Character sets development Enables vernacular records Initial set (~100 characters) ASCII and ANSEL (Latin and extended Latin) Included many diacritics Added later (~16,000 characters) Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Cyrillic Greek Hebrew Arabic And now Unicode (~100,000 characters)

19 Enabling MARC Features Flexibility of features Flexibility of MARC 21 Brief record or detailed record your choice Accommodates many different content rules Use of either conventional character sets or Unicode Supported in many service environments -- networks, vendors, and services Supported in many tools some open source Cost of flexibility More format detail Need for profiles

20 MARC community today

21 MARC community today Convergence to MARC 21 MARC 21 Users USA, Canada (from CAN/MARC), Mexico, Latin America, South Africa (from Unimarc), etc. UK (from UKMARC), Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Sweden (from SWEMARC), Czech Republic (from Unimarc), Croatia (from Unimarc) and others Australia (from AusMARC), New Zealand, Hong Kong, China, Philippines, Thailand, Viet Nam, and others Currently: Germany from MAB, Spain from IberMARC, Finland from FinMARC 21

22 MARC community today MARC community characteristics Diversity size, collection content, automated systems used National Libraries, University libraries, Research libraries, Public libraries, School libraries, Corporate/Special libraries Tight budgets - need for cost savings Voluntary cooperation tradition Competition among suppliers

23 MARC community today Cooperation and savings through networks Network utilities (bibliographic) Examples in the US: OCLC - Online Computer Library Center over 10,000 record creation members, over 1,000,000 records Many regional and state networks Provide support for Online union catalogs Online ILL Retrospective conversion Copy cataloging

24 MARC community today Diversity and competition among system vendors System vendors (MARC 21) - all sizes: Large: ExLibris/Endeavor, Innovative, VTLS, SirsiDynix, etc. Smaller: Follett (Athena), Mitinet/MARC, Evergreen, Minaret, SIRS Mandarin, CDS/ISIS, Koha, etc. Tools: MARCEdit, Validator, MARCMaker, etc.

25 MARC community today Savings through copy cataloging MARC 21 record suppliers Network utilities Book vendors records with books Record vendors - CDROMs, online Library systems Library of Congress Z39.50 access many Z39.50 accessible sites

26 MARC community today Cooperation and savings through special programs Name authority cooperation (NACO) over 500 libraries cooperating with LC Subject headings (SACO) over 100 regular participants with LC Bibliographic records (including CONSER) over 90 members MARC is the key to fundamental cooperative opportunities savings through competitive suppliers

27 Format Maintenance

28 Format maintenance MARC 21 maintenance Key factors Internationally open participation and change process - Web postings, listservs Broad expert input Library of Congress commitment to support staff and documentation

29 Format maintenance MARC 21 Maintenance Agency Library of Congress (LC) (Network Development and MARC Standards Office) Library and Archives Canada (LAC) British Library (BL) with advice from MARC Advisory Committees Listserv comments Consultation with large stakeholders LC contributes maintenance services

30 Format maintenance Maintenance Input Australia LC Maint. (work) MARC Advisory Committee (inform) MARBI (vote) Others BICBSG MARC Forum listserv (inform) CCM BL, LAC, LC (decide)

31 Format maintenance International participation Listserv Forum to exchange experience and ask questions All change proposals announced on open lists Over 1200 subscribers to listserv from 50 countries To subscribe, go to and look under MARC forum

32 Format maintenance MARC 21 documentation MARC 21 Full Detailed explanations, examples, usage guidelines Currently available in print and online subscription with cataloging rules Available on Web as of March 2008 MARC 21 Concise Brief explanations, many examples Available on Web and in print Most widely translated MARC 21 LITE Subset of MARC 21 Full Core data elements covering all forms of material Available on Web only

33 Format maintenance MARC 21 web site News and announcements Documentation on web site Full, Concise, and Lite format versions All code lists: language, country, relators, etc. Character sets specifications mappings to Unicode Understanding MARC Bibliographic (English and Spanish) Understanding MARC Authorities Format

34 Format maintenance MARC 21 web site MARC development information User guidelines MARC change proposals, discussion papers, minutes of meetings, etc. MARC in XML information MARC and FRBR

35 Format maintenance MARC 21 web site Listing of systems, record sources, and tools Open Source - free Priced services and software Includes record conversion or manipulation services and record sources Listing of translations Links where possible Spanish translations: Bibliographic format Latin America (online), Peru, Argentina Authority format Latin America (online), Argentina Understanding MARC Bibliographic translated by Ageo Garcia (online)

36 Format maintenance MARC 21 web site Spanish interface! Click [MARC en Español] on English home page Top page in Spanish Links to Spanish documents where possible Links to English documents if no Spanish available For example: translations by the Latin American Cooperative group organized by Ageo Garcia

37 Format maintenance Change process Proposals discussed at meetings in January and June each year Meetings are open to all - held during the ALA conference Proposals and Discussion Papers 4-6 per meeting every change - detailed to broad no changes made without extensive consultation

38 Format maintenance Change process Proposals and Discussion Papers and reports posted on Web 3-4 weeks before the meeting Discussion on listserv in addition to meeting Decisions posted on Web via: header to proposals in minutes

39 An aside Important related standard Z39.50 Information Retrieval Protocol supports both copy cataloging and reference software and hardware independent searching (across different systems) search multiple sites as once (virtual union) Use local interface for external searching and result displays (user friendly)

40 Summing Up

41 Summing up Strengths of MARC High level of conformance Foundation for library networks Helps unify the bibliographic arena Flexible and accommodating Enormous library savings from data interchange/copy cataloging Competitive system and service environment Shared training opportunities Lots of users

42 Summing up Convergence on MARC 21 Data exchange no longer has national boundaries System vendor industry off-the-shelf (MARC 21) or customize Global record sharing system - OCLC Communications and protocols Success of Z39.50 is MARC 21 based

43 Summing up Building Blocks First establish a union catalog environment and maximize potential for interchange Obtain bibliographic systems with Z39.50 MARC 21 Standardize current data Copy catalog using Z39.50 or union databases Stretch union catalogs to support ILL, other user services

44 Summing up Lots of users MARC 21 widely implemented in libraries and archives Over 1,000,000,000 MARC 21 records in local and network systems - worldwide Installed base of 1000s of MARC 21 systems Accessible by 1000s of Z39.50 information retrieval clients that retrieve MARC 21 Thousands of staff speak MARC 21

45 Gracias!