2.3.6 Design Development

Transcription

1 2.3 Management of the Project Design Development Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects 2.3.6

2 Introduction Design Development Tasks Engineering Services for Design Development Structural Mechanical Electrical Other Consultants Regulatory Reviews and Approvals Building Cost Analysis Documentation and Presentation Drawings Outline Specifications Design Report Checklists Suggested Table of Contents for a Design Report 2.3.6

3 Design Development Chapter Volume 2 Design Development Introduction During the design development phase, the selected scheme which was prepared during the schematic design phase is refined and developed in more detail. Refer to Chapter 2.3.5, Schematic Design, for a discussion of this first phase of the project. Because it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between when the schematic design phase ends and when the design development phase begins, some architects and most engineers combine these two early phases into a single phase, termed preliminary design. However, it is advantageous to obtain initial approval of the early concept from the client before proceeding to more specific design details. Engineers and some clients frequently use the term design to refer to construction documents as well as preliminary design. It is important to have a mutual understanding of each phase and to plan for the appropriate documentation when communicating with engineers. The distinction between all the three phases - schematic design, design development and construction documentation - is very clear in the French language (esquisse du projet, projet préliminaire and projet définitif). Once the design is developed and accepted by the client, the project can move into the next phase construction documentation. Refer to Chapter 2.3.7, Construction Documents Drawings, and Chapter 2.3.8, Construction Documents Specifications, for this stage of a project. This chapter briefly describes the services of the architect during the design development phase of a project. Design Development Tasks The various alternative Schedules of Architect s Services and Client Responsibilities to be attached to of the Canadian Standard Form of Contract Between Client and Architect: RAIC Document Six outline some of the architect s responsibilities during design development. During this phase, refining the design usually entails the following tasks: preparation and coordination of all architectural, structural, mechanical, and electrical designs; preparation of outline specifications; performing preliminary modeling and simulations (such as energy analysis and daylight simulation) if included in the architect s services; additional review with Authorities Having Jurisdiction; preparation of presentation documentation (such as drawings, models, computer renderings, as agreed to in the clientarchitect agreement); update of the construction cost estimate; update of the schedules for design, preparation of construction documents, and time frame for construction. During the design development phase, it is important to resolve the design of all major components. At this stage, the input and collaboration of the consultants is critical to the success of the project. A well-integrated design will minimize delays and coordination problems during the next phase of the project. Major revisions at a later stage will be costly to the client, the architect and consultants and can result in compromises to the architectural design concept. Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects January 2009

4 Volume 2 Chapter Design Development During design development, the client is responsible for the following: reviewing and commenting on the design; providing approval of the design and authorizing the preparation of construction documents. One of the roles for the architect during design development is to investigate various manufactured products for incorporation into the future building. Sometimes the functional program outlines the requirements for durability and maintenance of certain products. During design development, the architect should assess the maintenance and durability of various materials as well as their cost and performance to determine if they meet the client s needs. Prior to making a final recommendation to the client, the architect can review the following factors: availability of the product or system from the manufacturer or supplier as well as the types of warranties available; availability of technical data, samples, and literature on the product; performance criteria (including sustainability, suitability for application and compatibility with other materials); durability and maintenance requirements; physical characteristics and availability of various colours, finishes, textures or other features; fabrication and installation requirements; cost; time for delivery; past performance; comparative analysis with similar products in the marketplace. Engineering Services for Design Development As previously indicated, continuing to coordinate the design work at this stage with all engineering disciplines is critical to the success of the project. Collaboration with the engineers should begin in the schematic design phase of the project and continue intensively during design development. Structural During the schematic design stage, the structural engineer usually develops alternative framing plans which indicate basic elements such as typical bays and their spacing together with their associated costs. The engineer may analyze various framing systems such as concrete, steel, and timber. At this stage, an economical and functional framing system and appropriate bay size is usually selected; however, the architect and engineer must also take into account a number of other considerations such as availability of the material and appearance of the system. This decision is also frequently dictated by functional considerations. Subsequently, in order to commence design development, the architect should provide the structural engineer with the following information: the soils or geotechnical report (usually prepared at pre-design stage and supplied by the client); the selected schematic design; restrictions regarding the locations of columns or other structural supports; defined areas, including use, size, and finishes; preliminary code analysis including fire separations and fire ratings; the size and locations of openings; construction materials; a confirmation of the method of construction project delivery and the expected time frame which was selected by the client in the schematic design phase. Some of the design issues which must be resolved with the structural engineer and the members of the design team through an Integrated Design Process include: typical bay framing, including typical sizes of beams and columns; maximum depths of members and all critical sizes of members; size and location of openings through the structure for all work by other disciplines; minimum ceiling clearances to the underside of the structure and all floor to floor heights; identification of items to be embedded into the structure; requirements regarding fire ratings and fire separations; 2 January 2009 Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects

5 Design Development Chapter Volume 2 provisions for special equipment and typical mechanical equipment, including window washing equipment, mechanical rooftop units, self-leveling docks, chimneys, slab depressions, etc. Mechanical The client s requirements for operation and maintenance (for example, availability of stationary engineers) and the requirement for emergency standby and dual-equipment systems should have been included in the functional program. If these were not part of the program, the architect should assist the engineers in determining the client s requirements and ascertain if the mechanical design meets these needs. To undertake design development, the mechanical engineer will require various types of information, including: the selected schematic design; type of glazing and type of window coverings; hours of use of the building; allowable variation in room temperatures and humidity; areas requiring special treatment for air conditioning, fire protection, plumbing, noise; preliminary code analysis including fire separations; requirements for mechanical system controls and special controls and energy management; analysis of water and special waste removal equipment; other special equipment, such as lawn sprinklering systems. The architect or the client may provide some of this information, or the mechanical engineer will obtain some of the information directly from the appropriate authorities. During the design development phase, the mechanical engineer selects and resolves select and resolve the following: natural ventilation central versus individual heating and cooling plants; size of air conditioning equipment; size of heating system; special HVAC systems such as heat recovery systems, heat pumps; energy analysis and modeling, if part of the agreed professional services; size and location of major ducts and pipes; approximate size of all mechanical equipment; plumbing fixtures and controls; other features, such as noise control, vibration dampers, special controls. In addition to preparing a set of design development drawings, the mechanical engineer usually develops information on future operating costs for the proposed building. This information should provide the operating costs of mechanical equipment for various options of building materials in order to assist the architect in making a final recommendation to the client regarding all components of the building envelope and assembly. Electrical To undertake the design development documents, the electrical engineer requires the following information: the selected schematic design; information on typical areas, including function, size, finish and materials, lighting levels; the future expansion and flexibility required for each space; the method of construction project delivery and expected time frame. During the design development phase, the electrical engineer resolves the following design issues related to the electrical systems: the anticipated electrical load and allowances for future expansion; requirements of incoming electrical services and any space requirements for a vault or sub-station; the distribution of power and utilization voltages; locations for electrical closets, communications rooms, bus-duct risers; requirements for embedding conduits; light fixture selection and requirements for ceiling systems and ceiling space; Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects January

6 Volume 2 Chapter Design Development switching and controls for energy efficiency; telecommunications and data systems, fire alarm systems, public address systems, intercom, security. For the lighting design, the architect works with the electrical engineer to develop lighting layouts. This layout is often developed with the use of the architectural reflected ceiling plans with input from the electrical engineer or a specialist lighting consultant. Other Consultants In addition to the consultants providing normal engineering services, many other consultants may be involved at the design development stage of a project. Refer to Chapter 1.2.3, Consultants, for a list of some of the consultants required for different architectural projects. It is also necessary at this stage of a project to determine the requirements from certain manufacturers of various building systems such as elevator companies and suppliers of wall cladding systems. Regulatory Reviews and Approvals The architect should have commenced the review with Authorities Having Jurisdiction during the schematic design phase of a project; however, it is important to maintain contact with authorities and to review certain details with the appropriate Authority Having Jurisdiction. Development permits and planning approvals are frequently obtained at the design development phase. Building permits and some other approvals are usually not obtained until the completion of construction documents; however, if the Authority is aware of the details and content of the project design, approval is facilitated. Refer also to Chapter 1.2.4, Building Regulations and Authorities Having Jurisdiction. Building Cost Analysis The architect or a cost consultant may prepare an updated estimate of the construction cost during design development. Additional design information from the design development phase facilitates the preparation of a more complete and accurate estimate with a reduced contingency allowance. Refer to Chapter 2.3.3, Cost Planning and Control, for information on construction cost estimates and the requirements at the design development stage. Documentation and Presentation The design development documents are used for a variety of purposes and by several participants in the design process. Some of the uses of these documents include: client review and approval; reviews with Authorities Having Jurisdiction and public groups; consultant input and coordination; update of construction cost estimates; the basis to prepare the construction documents. The documents should adequately describe and finalize the design for the entire project in order to form the basis for reviews and for the completion of construction documents. For projects of a certain scale, design development documents may include three separate components: drawings; outline specifications; a design report. Drawings The drawings produced at the design development stage should provide adequate information to the client, consultants, and Authorities Having Jurisdiction to explain major components of the project. Depending on the size and complexity of the project and the services outlined in the client-architect agreement, the drawings may include the following: the site plan (in some jurisdictions, it is necessary to prepare a detailed site plan for site plan approval or the site plan control process at this stage); all floor plans and all building elevations; sections; plans describing the structural, mechanical, and electrical systems; details of significant design features and building materials; preliminary furniture and equipment layouts; January 2009 Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects

7 Design Development Chapter Volume 2 presentation drawings which might include computer renderings, colour boards, interior and exterior views. Outline Specifications It is important at this stage of the project to present, review, and obtain approval from the client and other stakeholders of major building components and the site design. This is usually achieved in part through the preparation of a an outline specification which describes the proposed materials and construction systems in general terms and provides basic information on appearance, texture, operating and performance criteria, etc. This type of specification is described briefly in Chapter 2.3.8, Construction Documents Specifications. Checklists Refer to the Checklist for the Management of the Architectural Project in Chapter 2.3.1, Management of the Project, which lists management tasks to be undertaken prior to and during the design development phase. Design Report For some projects, it may be useful or even a contractual requirement to document significant design decisions and design criteria at the end of design development. This is usually accomplished by means of a design report. The design report is a tool for use by clients and other stakeholders. It is also useful for those who may not be familiar with the project to better understand the design, such as: staff in the architect s office; Authorities Having Jurisdiction; financial institutions; building users and facility managers; another architect who may be undertaking construction documentation as part of a joint venture; consultants. It also serves as a record for the project which may require lengthy approval periods or which is subject to delays. An analysis of the building with respect to compliance with the building code is often included in the design report. A Suggested Table of Contents for a Design Report is provided at the end of this chapter. Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects January 2009

8 Design Development Chapter Volume 2 Suggested Table of Contents for a Design Report 1. Introduction and Background to the Project 2. List of Drawings (appended to the Design Report) 3. Design Objectives 4. Description of the Design 4.1 ARCHITECTURAL Design Site Orientation, Landscaping, and Parking Exterior Design Circulation Functional Layout and Interior Features Finishes 4.2 STRUCTURAL Design Foundations Structural System and Framing 4.3 MECHANICAL Design Description of HVAC System HVAC Distribution Sprinkler System Equipment Room Controls Operating Costs and Energy Consumption 4.4 ELECTRICAL Design Description of Electrical System and Schematics Lighting and Light Fixtures Fire Alarm System Communication and Security Systems Controls and other Features 5. Outline Specifications 6. Sustainable Design Features 7. Building Code Analysis 8. Summary of Building Areas 9. Construction Cost Estimate Canadian Handbook of Practice for Architects January 2009 CH