Case Studies for Radiant Cooling in Hot & Humid Climate
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1 Case Studies for Radiant Cooling in Hot & Humid Climate Gregers Reimann Managing director, IEN Consultants Singapore Malaysia China DOWNLOAD presentation: ACAT seminar co-organised by ASHRAE Thailand Chapter Swissôtel Le Concorde, Bangkok, 8 October 2015
2 Two Case Study Office Buildings Energy Efficient Buildings Malaysian stamp series All buildings by IEN Consultants in Malaysia GEO building DIAMOND building Where? Both located about 25 km south of the capital, Kuala Lumpur, in Bangi and Putrajaya, respectively
3 Climate Data of Malaysia: Hot & Humid
4 Climate Data of Malaysia: Psychometric Cart
5 What are the Climatic Design Issues? Climatic parameter In a cold/temperate climate In a tropical climate Sun Our friend Our enemy Wind Our enemy Our friend Daylight Our friend Our enemy (perceived to be hot, glary and give unwanted solar tan) EXAMPLE: Air movement EXAMPLE: Sun light / Daylight less than 0.15 m/s (cold climate) higher than 0.15 m/s (tropic climate) - Recommended range: m/s - Do not exceed: 0.70 m/s Cold climate Solar canopy advertisement Tropic climate Skin whitening advert.
6 Office case study in Bangi, Malaysia: GEO BUILDING
7 GEO Building (formerly ZEO) in Malaysia Key data: Gross Floor Area: 4,000 m² Energy Index: 64 kwh/m²/year (excl. PV) Energy Index: 30 kwh/m²/year (incl. PV) Additional construction cost: 18% (excl. PV) Additional construction cost: 33% (incl. PV) Greentech Malaysia office, Bangi, Malaysia (Occupation Oct 2007) EE Features: - Daylighting (almost 100%) - EE lighting + task lights - EE office equipment - EE server room - Floor slab cooling - EE ventilation - Controls & Sensors - Double glazing - Insulation
8 Energy Design Concepts of GEO Building Concept no. 1 Zero Energy Building Concept no. 2 Shift load to the night, hence, reducing peak demand for power utilities
9 kwh / m 2 year Concept no. 1: Zero Energy Building Electricity production Electricity consumption Normal office building Planned GEO building Actual GEO building
10 GEO building: Latest energy measurements 2014 (Aug) 40% drop (inverter problem) No change
11 Concept no. 2: Shift load to the night Electricity demand curve Malaysia (2012) Building integrated photovoltaic (91 kw p ) BUY electricity from the grid SELL electricity to the grid Floor slab cooling (18 C) and Phase Change Material tank (10 C) TABS (19 C) How? Thermal storage Solar PV
12 Radiant Cooling allows Higher Air Temperature
13 Efficient High Temperature Cooling
14 Schematic Design of Cooling System GEO building Trickling roof PCM CHILLER FCU Metal ceiling AHU Floor slabs PCM: FCU: Metal ceiling: AHU: Floor slabs: Trickling roof: Phase Change Material (thermal storage tank with 10 C ice ) Fan Coil Units Radiant cooling metal ceiling Air handling unit Concrete floor and ceiling slab cooling (TABS, thermally activate building structure) 7 tilt flat roof flooded with condenser water at night to eject heat (replaces cooling tower)
15 Cooling Storage in Floor Slabs and PCM Tank Embedded water pipes Cool Floor Slab 22 C 22 C 19 C 21 C High COP Phase Change Material (PCM) Tank 10 C Small AHU with heat pipe Chiller 15 C 11 C AHU Cool Dry air C
16 Rainwater Collection and River Roof (alternate cooling tower) ~ 25 o C ~ 95% RH ~ 35 o C Radiation Sky Radiant Temperature o C at night Convection PV Roof Evaporation 7 o ~ 30 o C Chiller Pump Drain Rainwater Tank Chiller Condenser (heat rejection) Toilets, Irrigation Gutter
17 The River Roof of GEO Building to be operated at night only Video 1: Gutter for cooling tower water & rainwater Video 2: Manifold splashing water onto PV roof Video link: Video link:
18 River roof cooling primarily through sky radiation
19 Phase Change Material Tank Melting point: 10 C Total storage capacity: 580 kwh Charged with 7 C water (night time) Used for dehumidification of air: 19 8 g/kg Dimensions: ~ 3 x 3 x 2.5 meters
20 Energy Recovery Wheel Latent and sensible recovery Photographed at building during construction
21 Energy Recovery Wheel Latent and sensible recovery Example for the GEO Building:
22 GEO building: Floor Slab Cooling PEX pipes Embedded in concrete slab Supply temperature: C Return temperature: C Night time operation only
23 GEO building: Floor Slab Cooling
24 GEO building: Floor Slab Cooling
25 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling GEO Building Computer modeling of GEO Building by Transsolar using TRNSYS
26 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling GEO Building Computer modeling of GEO Building by Transsolar using TRNSYS
27 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Weekend ZOOM IN See next slide Monday - Friday Weekend
28 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Slab cooling 12:00 0:00 12:00
29 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Outdoor Indoor Indoor Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
30 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
31 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Increase computer power from 30 W to 100 W Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
32 Measured Concrete Slab Core Temperature Roof slab of GEO Building Increase computer power from 30 W to 100 W Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend Tuesday - Friday Weekend Monday - Thursday
33 Thermal Comfort for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Computer wattage: 30 W (normal) Thermal comfort zone C Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
34 Thermal Comfort for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Computer wattage: 100 W (high) Thermal comfort zone C Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
35 Measured Temperature for Open Plan Office But people complained about lack of air-movement. We had to install FCUs
36 Measured Dew Point Temperature for Open Plan Office
37 Energy Model for Metal Ceiling Cooling GEO Building Computer modeling of GEO Building by Transsolar using TRNSYS
38 Energy Model for Metal Ceiling Cooling Day time operation Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
39 Thermal Comfort for Metal Ceiling Cooling Day time operation Thermal comfort zone C Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend
40 Simulated & Measured Energy for GEO Building Good correlation
41 Split Window Design
42 Daylight Measurements Lighting consumption: 0.56 W/m 2 Code requirement: 15 W/m 2 25 times more efficient
43 Daylight factor in atrium about 1 1.5% Nice light pattern through PV atrium roof
44 Office case study in Bangi, Malaysia: GEO BUILDING
45 Winner of 2012 ASEAN Energy Award (ST Diamond Building, Putrajaya, Malaysia) Architects: Soontorn Boonyatikarn (Thailand) and NR Architect (Malaysia) Energy efficiency and sustainability: IEN Consultants Mechanical & Electrical: Primetech Engineers Contractor: Putra Perdana Construction Client: Malaysian Energy Commission
46 ASHRAE Technology Award 2013 (2 nd place) (ST Diamond Building, Putrajaya, Malaysia) Architects: Soontorn Boonyatikarn (Thailand) and NR Architect (Malaysia) Energy efficiency and sustainability: IEN Consultants Mechanical & Electrical: Primetech Engineers Contractor: Putra Perdana Construction Client: Malaysian Energy Commission
47 ST Diamond juxtaposed with Sarawak Longhouse (in the book The Cooperation, 2012) Book available free online:
48
49 1/3 Energy Consumption (ST Diamond Building) 2012 ASEAN energy award Winner
50 Measured Energy Break-down Note: o District cooling has been converted to electricity using SCOP of 3.8
51 3-minute video Sustainable Features of ST Diamond Building. Available at YouTube:
52 Self-shading facades Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc
53 Atrium daylighting Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc
54 Atrium Daylight Design Tannenbaum reflector panel on levels 4 and 5 The atrium has been carefully designed optimize daylight utilization for each floor employing the combination of the following three strategies: 1. Automated blind with six different configuration to maintain the appropriate daylighting levels at all times. The blinds with 30% light transmittance are adjusted every 15 minutes and follow a three different control strategies for morning, mid-day and evening 2. The windows size becomes larger deeper into the atrium to cater for lower daylight levels 3. A band of Tannenbaum reflector panels are applied to 4 th and 5 th floor to deflect daylight across the atrium to 1 st and 2 nd floor where daylight levels are the lowest. The christmas tree profile reflectors have an inclination of 10 and reflect about 85% of the light in semi-diffuse manner, hence, avoiding visual glare issues for the building occupants.
55 Façade daylighting Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc
56 Façade Daylight Design The building is 50% daylit. The façade daylighting system consists of a mirror lightshelf and a white painted window sill. Both deflect daylight onto the white ceiling for improved daylight distribution until 5 meters from the façade + 2 additional meters of corridor space. Installed office lighting is 8.4 W/m2, but 1-year measurements show consumption of only 0.9 W/m2 showing high reliance on daylighting Diffuse light deflected into room by lightshelf and window sill LIGHT REFLECTIONS FROM: Lightshelf + Window sill FACADE Self-shaded facade from direct sun Mirror lightshelf with fixed louver Lightshelf only Window sill only
57 Day-Lighting- Office Mirror lightshelf Fixed blinds for glare control Daylight reflected onto ceiling Typical Cross Section
58 Daylight Skylight through Roof Take in diffuse light only
59 Lighting Levels No need to switch on lights automatically: Save energy
60 0:20 2:50 5:20 7:50 10:20 12:50 15:20 17:50 20:20 22:50 1:20 3:50 6:20 8:50 11:20 13:50 16:59 19:29 21:59 0:29 2:59 5:29 7:59 10:29 12:59 15:29 17:59 20:29 22:59 1:29 3:59 6:29 8:59 11:29 13:59 17:04 20:04 22:34 1:04 3:34 6:04 8:34 11:04 13:34 16:04 18:34 21:04 23:34 2:04 4:34 7:04 9:34 12:04 14:34 17:04 19:34 22:04 0:34 3:04 5:34 8:04 10:34 13:04 15:34 18:04 20:34 23:04 kw cooling Floor Slab Cooling in ST Diamond Building Floor slab cooling system embedded in RC slab Illustration courtesy of: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc Thermographic image of floor slab cooling in ST Diamond Picture courtesy of: PS Soong, Pureaire Floor Slab Cooling Air handling units AHU Energy 26/9-2/10 FSC 26/9-2/ Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 0
61 ST Diamond Building: Floor slab cooling measurements Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc 1 month of measured data
62 Floor Slab Cooling: Condensation accident! Due to manual override of supply temperature to floor slabs
63 Floor Slab Cooling: Measured Correlation Clear correlation between ceiling surface temperature and Cooling energy
64 Final slide: Lessons from Radiant Cooling 1. Radiant cooling can save energy - higher COP - lower transport energy - off-peak cooling 2. Indoor air velocity must not drop, or people will feel uncomfortable from stuffy air or lack of air movement 3. Condensation is a challenge that can be overcome if design and building usage is correct
65 Thank you I will be happy to you the presentation Gregers Reimann Managing director, IEN Consultants gregers@ien.com.my Singapore Malaysia China
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