Breeding to Save Our Ash (From Emerald Ash Borer)
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- Abigayle Greer
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1 Breeding to ave Our Ash (From Emerald Ash Borer) The Continental Dialogue on Non-Native Forest Insects & Diseases Nov , 2016 UF Northern esearch tation Jennifer Koch Kathleen Knight, Therese Poland, Dave Carey Mary Mason (The Ohio tate University) Jeanne omero-everson (University of Notre Dame)
2 Genetic variation has been the basis for applied tree improvement programs since the early 1950 s EAB first identified in urban/suburban areas Horticultural cultivars, i.e. clonal (little genetic diversity) Few genotypes planted many, many times BUT Natural stands have LOT of genetic diversity Combinations of rare allelic variants may confer level of defense against EAB No selective advantage without EAB! Other known examples beech bark disease, white pine blister rust, etc.
3 Definition of esistance: (chneider & Ayres Nature eviews, 2008, ) esistance: the ability of a host to limit pathogen (or insect) growth Tolerance: the ability of a host to survive a given pathogen/insect load relative to a susceptible tree esistant trees live longer than susceptible trees!
4 Genetically Diverse Population: ange of Phenotypes Types of esistance usceptible Tolerant esistant (Common) (Infrequent) (are) Highly usceptible Less usceptible 1. Complete esistance ingle gene Different alleles Not durable 2. Quantitative esistance: Polygenic Durable Tolerant to complete resistance
5 Enrichment of Genetic esistance Natural stand with lots of genetic diversity Increasing population level resistance in each generation
6 esistance Can Provide A OLUTION!!! Host-esistance + EAB Population = (selection & breeding) (biocontrol) ustainable Ash esources in North America
7 election Criteria for Lingering Ash 1. >95% ash mortality trees 2 years ago 2. Tree large enough to have been EAB infestation ( >10cm dbh) 3. Healthy canopy 4. ~0.1 to 1.0 % of ash trees
8 EAB Egg Bioassay Assessed after 8 weeks or 1 year Coffee filter with eggs affixed to bark Three grafted replicates of each genotype (2-3 years old)
9 8 Week Bioassay of Lingering Ash Grafted ramets 2-3 years after grafting Destructive assessment - 8 weeks after egg attachment Metrics - Egg hatched (Y/N) - Larval outcome - L1, L2, L3, L4 - host-killed - dead-other - Larval weight - Pupal outcome Live larva Host-killed larva 9
10 A ample of the 2012 esults: Green Ash ** Larval outcome Wild control ** ** Host-killed L1-L2 L3-L4 imilar lingering ash healthy canopy phenotypes Different larval outcomes (high host-killed, low larval weight)
11 1 Year Bioassay of Lingering Ash Grafted ramets 2-3 years after grafting Lingering Ash Larval outcome: 29% parasitized 37% woodpecker predation 7% exit hole (adult) Host tree survival rate: 47% usceptible Controls Larval outcome: 29% parasitized 35% woodpecker predated 17% exit hole (adults) Host tree survival rate: 26% 2-fold higher rate of survival! *Evidence that biocontrol + resistance needed!
12 Pyramiding allelic variants of genes that influence different defense responses. Best larval growth inhibition Highest larval kill
13 ..results in some progeny with more effective defenses! Best growth inhibition Highest larval kill Many.. Gene A Gene B Gene C Further improvement with each generation!
14 EAB & Ash Population Dynamics Common Garden tudy, Novi MI % Ash urvival ebek et a., 2008 Environ. Entomol. Herms D Chp. 3. FHTET Mancana Egg Bioassay: Mancana Fall Gold Northern Treasure Bioassay data correlates with field performance!!! High Egg Dose Low Egg Dose
15 Cross Between Two Lingering Ash Parents: PE-L38 PE-L41 F1 Progeny Worse than parents (N=5) Like parents (N=11) Better than parents (N=6) Northern Treasure
16 Urgent Need to Identify and Preserve Lingering Ash mount a defense response that can extend life for 4-7 years (and counting), but they can still die. Forest Health Call with K.Knight will provide guidelines to NFs for monitoring and identifying lingering ash. March 7th
17 Funding: U Forest ervice Forest Health Management : pecial Technology Development Program American ecovery & einvestment Act (AA) UDA APHI UDA NI Competitive Grants NF IO Koch Group yan Mark Jennifer Mary Dave eynolds Miller Koch Mason Carey Collaborators: Jeanne omero-everson University of Notre Dame Margaret tanton University of Tennessee John Carlson University of Pennsylvania Dan Herms The Ohio tate University Jordan Marshall IUPUI Andrew torer Michigan Tech University Charles Tubesing The Holden Arboretum
18 PC2: 13% variance Differential Gene Expression in Lingering and usceptible Green Ash LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA ID Location* PE-L19 W MI PE-L21 W MI PE-L22 W MI PE-L24 NW OH PE-L36 NW OH PE-UM MN TEATMENT Control EAB EAB-Infested 8 weeks (1,210 DEGs) PC1: 63% variance Uninfested (1,640 DEGs) * All trees located in different stands Meg taton, University of TN, Lane et al., BMC Genomics
19 Dynamic Conservation of Ash (continuation of co-evolutionary process/natural selection) Host-esistance + EAB Population = teady (selection & breeding) (biocontrol) tate % Ash urvival ebek et al., 2008 D. Herms, FHTET Autumn Applause Patmore Defense responses allow ash to survive longer under low EAB pressure. defenses, live even longer.
20 Genetic substructure of green ash Andrea Noakes, PhD The University of Notre Dame Northern Cluster outhern Cluster 20 Atlantic Cluster
21 F. nigra Fall Gold F. mandshurica Mancana Dead EAB Northern Gem Northern Treasure 8922 F1 Hybrids (Wilbert onald Morden esearch Centre, Canada) F2 Hybrids No evidence supporting dominant single gene resistance
22 Lingering Ash elections to Date pecies # selected # accessioned White 8 8 Green White or Green^ 6 6 Black 4 3 Blue 1 1 ^some trees intermediate for species phenotypes Installation of two grafted replicate field trial in 2017 in collaboration with the Holden Arboretum, Kirtland, OH
23 EAB-Ash Population Dynamics Kathleen Knight, esearch Ecologist
24 electing Lingering Ash in Natural Forest Areas Kathleen Knight, U Forest ervice Dan Herms, The Ohio tate Univ. E MI: ~1500 ash trees 14 lingering ash 0.8 % NW OH: ~900 ash trees 1 lingering ash 0.1 % wan Creek Cluster: ~11,000 ash trees 2010:111 lingering ash 1.0 % 2014:51 remain alive 0.4 % Helicopter survey: Jordan Marshall, IUPUI Andrew torer, MTU
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