Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol

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1 Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol

3 Marcos S. Buckeridge Gustavo H. Goldman Editors Routes to Cellulosic Ethanol

4 Editors Marcos S. Buckeridge Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil Gustavo H. Goldman Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil ISBN e-isbn DOI / Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Introduction This book is a result of one of the workshops organized by the BioEn, the Bioenergy Program of the Foundation for Advancement of Science in the State of São Paulo (FAPESP). The BioEn was established in 2009 aiming to bring together the research in bioenergy at São Paulo State, which is the second largest producer of sugarcane in Brazil and one of the largest producers of bioethanol in the world in This book is also a product of the National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol (INCT-Bioetanol), presenting some of the results of its associated laboratories and collaborators. Brazil and US are presently the largest producers of bioethanol on Earth and motivated by the growing effect of the global climatic changes and also energy security, both countries are focusing on increasing even more the production of this important liquid biofuel for economical reasons too. The obvious way to do that using biomass feedstocks is to learn how to extract energy from the cell walls as they form up to 70% of the plant body. The valuable polymers composed of carbohydrates linked by glycosidic linkages are either left in the field for microorganisms to use them or are used for production of electricity (in the case of sugarcane in Brazil) in a not so efficient way. There is a lot to learn and the biological sciences are now in an excellent position to provide valuable information that can lead us to potentially double the production of bioethanol. However, reaching this goal is not a trivial task. As will be seen in the chapters of this book, the main targets are related to aspects concerning how to control the architecture of the plant cell walls by modifying plant genome for instance and at the same time to find microorganisms that are able to degrade the cell walls efficiently and produce free sugars that can be fermented by yeast. In order to do that, one needs to learn also about enzyme structure and how enzymes interact with carbohydrate substrates. Microorganisms have the potential to be redesigned by molecular biology techniques and soon by synthetic biology, so that efficient enzyme cocktails can be produced and introduced commercially. Also, yeast will have to be taught how to use pentoses, along with hexoses, in order to produce ethanol. The process of bioethanol production from biomass feedstocks such as maize, sugarcane and miscanthus, eucalyptus, and others will have to include also the agrov

6 vi Introduction nomical dimension of the problem that will have to be connected to the industrial processing. However, in this book the agronomical side of the story is not visited. In this book, some chapters deal with bioenergy in general, comparing the energy matrices of US and Brazil and also comparing different forms to produce bioenergy, such as gasification, pyrolysis, and biodiesel from oils. However, the main focus is on different aspects that are important to reach better ways to deconstruct biomass, i.e., cell walls. However, we did not forget to include information about the thermal route, because we believe that all means of science have to be applied in order to increase the production of renewable energy to cope with the enormous challenges that humanity is facing in this century. We hope that this book will be a contribution to help this part of science and technology to advance. Marcos S. Buckeridge Gustavo H. Goldman

7 Contents Part I Bioenergy 1 The Role of Biomass in the World s Energy System... Jose Goldemberg 3 2 Bioenergy and the Sustainable Revolution... Wanderley D. dos Santos, Edgardo O. Gómez, and Marcos S. Buckeridge 15 3 Biomass Gasification for Ethanol Production... Luiz A.H. Nogueira, Joaquim E.A. Seabra, and Isaías C. Macedo 27 Part II Plant Cell Walls, Enzymes, and Metabolismtries 4 5 Hemicelluloses as Recalcitrant Components for Saccharification in Wood... Takahisa Hayashi and Rumi Kaida Topochemistry, Porosity and Chemical Composition Affecting Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials... Adriane M.F. Milagres, Walter Carvalho, and Andre Ferraz Enzymology of Plant Cell Wall Breakdown: An Update... Leonora R.S. Moreira, Natália vg. Milanezi, and Edivaldo X.F. Filho 73 7 Enzymes in Bioenergy... Viviane I. Serpa and Igor Polikarpov 97 vii

8 viii Contents 8 Hydrolases from Microorganisms used for Degradation of Plant Cell Wall and Bioenergy Maria L.T.M. Polizeli, Emanuelle C.P. Corrêa, Aline M. Polizeli, and João A. Jorge 9 Cellulase Engineering for Biomass Saccharification Richard J. Ward 10 Genetic Improvement of Xylose Utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gustavo H. Goldman Part III Plant Cell Wall Genetics 11 Tropical Maize: Exploiting Maize Genetic Diversity to Develop a Novel Annual Crop for Lignocellulosic Biomass and Sugar Production Wendy G. White, Stephen P. Moose, Clifford F. Weil, Maureen C. McCann, Nicholas C. Carpita, and Fred E. Below 12 Improving Efficiency of Cellulosic Fermentation via Genetic Engineering to Create Smart Plants for Biofuel Production Zeyu Xin, Naohide Watanabe, and Eric Lam 13 Sugarcane Breeding and Selection for more Efficient Biomass Conversion in Cellulosic Ethanol Marcelo E. Loureiro, Márcio H.P. Barbosa, Francis J.F. Lopes, and Flaviano O. Silvério 14 Cell Wall Genomics in the Recombinogenic Moss Physcomitrella patens Michael A. Lawton and Hemalatha Saidasan Index

9 Contributors Marcio H.P. Barbosa RIDESA, Crop Science Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil Fred E. Below University of Illinois, Department of Crop Sciences, 322A Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, MC 051, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Marcos S. Buckeridge Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Bioethanol National Laboratory of Science and Technology (CTBE), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Nicholas C. Carpita Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Walter Carvalho Department of Biotechnology, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, University of São Paulo USP Lorena, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n CP 116, , Lorena, SP, Brazil Emanuelle C.P. Corrêa Departament of Biology, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), São Paulo University, Av. Bandeirantes , Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil Wanderley D. dos Santos Brazilian Bioethanol National Laboratory of Science and Technology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Andre Ferraz Department of Biotechnology, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, University of São Paulo USP Lorena, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n CP 116, , Lorena, SP, Brazil ix

10 x Contributors Edivaldo X.F. Filho Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Universidade de Brasília, CEP Brasília, DF, Brazil Jose Goldemberg University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Gustavo H. Goldman Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N CEP, Ribeirão Preto and National Laboratory of Science and Technology of Bioethanol (CTBE), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Edgardo O. Gómez Brazilian Bioethanol National Laboratory of Science and Technology, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil Takahisa Hayashi Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, , Japan Luiz A.H. Nogueira Instituto de Recussos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Brazil João A. Jorge Departament of Biology, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), São Paulo University, Av. Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Rumi Kaida RISH and Institute of Sustainability Science, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, , Japan Eric Lam The Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Michael A. Lawton Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Francis J.F. Lopes Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil Marcelo E. Loureiro RIDESA, Centro de Melhoramento da Cana-de-Açúcar-CECA, Rodovia Ponte Nova-Oratórios Km 12, Caixa Postal: 342, CEP: Ponte Nova-MG; Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil

11 Contributors Isaías C. Macedo Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Estudos Estratégicos, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Maureen C. McCann Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Adriane M.F. Milagres Department of Biotechnology, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, University of São Paulo USP Lorena, Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n CP 116, , Lorena, SP, Brazil Natália vg. Milanezi Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Universidade de Brasília, CEP Brasília, DF, Brazil Stephen P. Moose Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Leonora R.S. Moreira Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Enzimologia, Universidade de Brasília, CEP Brasília, DF, Brazil Igor Polikarpov Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 CEP , São Carlos, SP, Brazil Aline M. Polizeli Department of Chemistry, Sciences and Languages of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Maria L.T.M. Polizeli Departament of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), São Paulo University, Av. Bandeirantes, , Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Hemalatha Saidasan Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Joaquim E.A. Seabra Brazilian Bioethanol National Laboratory of Science and Technology (CTBE), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Viviane I. Serpa Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 CEP , São Carlos, SP, Brazil xi

12 xii Contributors Flaviano O. Silvério Chemistry Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Viçosa, Brazil Richard J. Ward Departamento de Química, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil Naohide Watanabe Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Clifford F. Weil Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Wendy G. White Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Zeyu Xin Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

E E. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Series Editor: Fredrick S. Hillier Stanford University

E E. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Series Editor: Fredrick S. Hillier Stanford University E E International Series in Operations Research & Management Science Series Editor: Fredrick S. Hillier Stanford University Special Editorial Consultant: Camille C. Price Stephen F. Austin State University