Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over

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1 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: /NCLIMATE2277 Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over Belinda Arunarwati Margono a c *, Peter V Potapov a, Svetlana Turubanova a, Fred Stolle b, Matthew C Hansen a a Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States b World Resource Institute, Washington DC 20002, United States c The Ministry of Forestry (MoF) of Indonesia, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia * Corresponding author, address: bmargono@umd.edu This PDF file includes: Primary forest definitions Comparison with Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia (MoF) primary forest map Figs S1 to S4 Tables S1 to S5 References NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 1

2 Primary forest definitions In this study, we defined primary forests as all mature forests of 5 ha or more in extent that retain their natural composition and structure and have not been completely cleared in recent history (at least 30 years in age) (referring to 2,4,13,15 ). The primary forest is disaggregated into two types: intact (undisturbed type), and degraded (disturbed type). Intact primary forest has a minimum area unit of 500 km 2 with the absence of detectable signs of human-caused alteration or fragmentation, and is based on the Intact Forest Landscape definition of Potapov et al 16. The degraded primary forest class is a primary forest that has been fragmented or subjected to forest utilization, e.g. by selective logging or other human disturbances which have led to partial canopy loss and altered forest composition and structure 13,17. Natural forest within Indonesia is defined by the presence of trees with a minimum height of 5m and a canopy cover of at least 30% 2 consisting of primary and secondary types 9. Primary forest is considered intact without signs of human activities such as logging 41,42. Secondary forests are natural forests that exhibit signs of human activities, particularly logging 41,42 ; secondary forests do not include secondary regrowth from previously cleared forests 4,13,41,42. The forest class of INPE s PRODES product is defined as dense tropical forest and dense savanna woodland (cerradao) 48. The PRODES forest mask represents intact and degraded natural forest that is annually reduced in extent as these forests are cleared and converted to other land uses. INPE s DETER alarm system relies on the PRODES forest mask to identify new clearings within both intact and degraded tropical forest 49. Another INPE product, DEGRAD is used to identify forest degradation within the PRODES forest mask 50.

3 Comparison with MoF primary forest map The primary forest map of this study was compared with that of the MoF for the year This was performed to assess the primary forest reference mask, similar to that of Brazil s PRODES product. Primary forest from this study equaled primary intact plus primary degraded categories. For MoF, it equaled primary plus secondary forest categories 9,41,42. Both the generic primary forest / other land and primary intact / primary degraded classes were compared in Table S1. Figure S2 is a graphic of the comparison of primary forest / non-primary versus forest / non-forest. The primary/non-primary forests (other land) classes of our map and that of MoF yielded a 90.2% agreement with an 80% Kappa and balanced omission and commission errors. This class is the basis for calculating rates of change and for comparison with Brazilian primary forest change data. The primary intact and degraded forest subclasses agree less well, with overall agreement at 70.4% and a 42% Kappa. Our method for defining degraded primary forest results in more degraded primary forest extent than that of MoF due to the conservative nature of IFL mapping. For example, an IFL primary intact forest patch must cover a minimum of 500 km 2. An evaluation of our intact/degraded mapping used GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System) LiDAR data over Sumatra 13 found significantly different structural features between these two classes as mapped using the IFL approach.

4 Figure S1: Estimates of primary forest loss for Indonesia and Brazil.

5 Figure S2. Map of agreement and disagreement for the primary forest / other land classes of this study versus the primary forest / other land classes of the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, both for year 2000.

6 Figure S3. Primary forest extent 2000 and 2012 respectively, for major island groups of Indonesia disaggregated by lowland, wetland and upland-montane landforms.

7 Figure S4: Annual primary forest loss of Indonesia disaggregated by official forest land use and an inset of the primary forest cover loss inside and outside of official forest land use.

8 Table S1. Product comparison of results of this study and Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia data for primary forests (intact and degraded forms) / other land for 2000 and the disaggregated classes of primary intact / primary degraded forest. Assessment for agreement Primary forests (intact & degraded) Non-primary forests Primary intact forest Primary degraded forest Overall agreement Producer s agreement User s agreement Kappa statistic

9 Table S2. Annual primary (intact and degraded) forest cover loss for lowland, wetland, and aggregated upland-montane landforms for Indonesia and the island groups of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. Year Tot Primary (intact and degraded) forest cover loss (Thousand Ha) Indonesia Sumatra Kalimantan Papua Low Wet Up Low Wet Up Low Wet Up Low Wet land land Mon* land land Mon* land land Mon* land land Up Mon* Total 6,024 3,044 2, ,205 1, , *) Up-Mon: aggregated Upland and Montane landform

10 Table S3. Primary forest extent of Indonesia for intact and degraded forms for 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2012, including primary forest loss and forest degradation. Dominant forests and land cover types Year 2000 Forest Change ( ) Forest Forest Loss Degra dation Area (Million hectares) Forest Change ( ) Year 2005 Forest Loss Forest Degra dation Year 2010 Forest Change ( ) Forest Forest Loss Degra dation Year 2012 Lowland terra firma Primary Intact Forest Primary degraded Forest Total Primary Forests Wetland Primary Intact Forest Primary degraded Forest Total Primary Forests Upland and montane Primary Intact Forest Primary degraded Forest Total Primary Forests Indonesia (all forests formation) Primary Intact Forest Primary degraded Forest Total Primary Forests

11 Table S4. Criteria used to determine major landforms based on broad physiographic features (sources, summarized from 31,44,45,46,47 ) Major Landforms Broad physiographic features Criteria of elevation and slope classes Lowland Plains and terraces elevation m with slope elevation m with slope Upland Hills elevation with slope >15 0 elevation m with slope >8 0 elevation with slope Montane Mountains elevation with slope >3 0 and elevation >1500m Forest formation Dry-lowland forests Upland forests (lower montane) Montane forests (upper montane) Wetlands Water logged, and temporary or permanently inundated elevation > 0 m with water table is at or near the surface Wetland forests (Peat swamp forest, freshwater swamp forest, and mangrove forest)

12 Table S5. Patch size statistics for primary forest loss in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. Statistical nomenclature Primary forest cover loss patch sizes (ha) Lowland Wetland Sumatra 1stQ Median Mean rdQ Max 5, , , , , , Std. Dev Kalimantan 1stQ Median Mean rdQ Max 7, , , , , , Std. Dev Papua 1stQ Median Mean rdQ Max , , , , , Std. Dev

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