Wood Composites. Martin P. Ansell. Composites Science and Engineering: Woodhead Publishing Series in. Number 54. Edited by ELSEVIER P**^ ^

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 54 Wood Composites Edited by Martin P. Ansell ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON CAMBRIDGE HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING P**^ ^ k

2 Contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Preface xi xiii xvii Part One Materials for wood composites 1 1 Wood microstructure A cellular composite 3 M.P. Ansell 1.1 Introduction Cellular microstructure Moisture and the composite wood cell wall Orthotropic properties of wood 19 References 23 Further reading 26 2 Processing of wood for wood composites 27 J.R. Moore, D.J. Cown 2.1 Introduction Raw material characteristics Raw material quality requirements Peeling and slicing to produce veneers Sawmilling to produce solid timber Chipping, flaking and fibre production Nanocellulose for advanced biocomposites 41 References 42 3 Adhesives for wood composites 47 G.A. Ormondroyd 3.1 Introduction A brief history of wood composites resins Common resins for current composite technologies Other currently used resins The future of resins for composites applications Conclusions 64 References 64

3 Part Two Wood composites and their applications 67 4 Plywood and other veneerbased products 69 M. Hughes 4.1 Introduction History and market The manufacturing process Properties and performance Applications and future trends Resources 86 References 87 5 Fibreboards and their applications 91 G.A. Ormondroyd, B. Stefanowski 5.1 Introduction Hardboard Medium density fibreboard 95 References Chipboard, oriented strand board (OSB) and structural composite lumber 103 T. Nishimura 6.1 Introduction Chipboard Oriented strand board Structural composite lumber 116 References Gluelaminated timber (Glulam) 123 C.B. Ong 7.1 Introduction Manufacturing glulam Adhesives Connections Reinforced glulam Recent research and technologies Sources of further information and advice 136 Acknowledgements 137 References Cross laminated timber 141 R. Harris 8.1 Introduction CLT and the production process Materials for CLT Mechanical characteristics of CLT 153

4 vii 8.5 Jointing CLT Case studies Future trends Further information 164 References Composite section Ibeams 169 J. Porteous 9.1 Introduction Engineering principles Engineered products used in the manufacture of Ibeams Ibeams in buildings Examples of the use of Ibeams 189 References Wood polymer composites 195 M.J. Spear, A. Eder, M. Cams 10.1 Introduction Fibres and fillers Polymer matrices and processing Wood fibrepolymer interfaces and dispersion Additives for WPC compounding Mechanical properties and other useful data The global picture: Market trends by region Labelling and testing for product quality and sustainability Conclusions and future outlook 239 References 240 Part Three Advances in wood composites Preservation, protection and modification of wood composites 253 M.J. Spear 11.1 Introduction Working with natural materials Decay, moisture and weather Decay and degradation of wood and woodbased composites Water, degradation and weathering Protecting woodbased panels and structural composites from weathering Wood modification Protecting wood Treating woodbased composites Combustion and fire retardancy Conclusion 304 References 305

5 viii Contents 12 Environmental impacts of wood composites and legislative obligations 311 C. Hill, A. Norton, A. Kutnar 12.1 Introduction The forest resource and extraction and transport of timber Life cycle assessment (LCA) of wood composites Comparing wood composites with other construction materials The role of the built environment as a carbon store Wood waste and recycling of wood composites VOC emissions and wood composites Legislation Future trends Conclusions Further information 329 References Nanocomposite coatings and plasma treatments for woodbased products 335 P. Blanchet, V. Landry 13.1 Introduction Coating technologies Plasma treatments Wood protection by plasmaassisted thin layer deposition Conclusion 350 References Biomimetic composite materials inspired by wood 357 P. Alam 14.1 Introduction Hierarchy, structure and the principles of biomimetic design Biomimetic functionalisation of natural fibres Genetic engineering Biomimetic systems of motion based on plants Biomimetic timber architecture Conclusions 386 References Carbonised and mineralised wood composites 395 M.P. Ansell 15.1 Introduction to wood charcoal Introduction to mineralised wood Carboncarbon woodceramics Silicon carbide woodceramics Titanium nitride and titanium carbide woodceramics Carbon/aluminium composites 406

6 15.7 Conclusions 407 References 407 General Bibliography Hybrid wood composites integration of wood with other engineering materials 411 M.P. Ansell 16.1 Hybrid wood composites in transport Wind turbine and propeller blades Rotor blades Hybrid wood composites in sport Hybrid wood composite beams Hybrid wood composites in construction Conclusions 425 References 425 General Bibliography 426 Index 427