Valoración ambiental y económica de la infraestructura verde en las ciudades de Estados Unidos y su replicabilidad en Ciudades Chilenas

Transcription

1 Valoración ambiental y económica de la infraestructura verde en las ciudades de Estados Unidos y su replicabilidad en Ciudades Chilenas David J. Nowak USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station Syracuse, NY

2 Overview US Forest Service Urban forest benefits i-tree: assessing local ecosystem services from trees International collaboration

3 US Forest Service National Forests State & Private Forestry International Programs Research and Development Urban Forests / Ecosystem Services

4 US Forest Service Why Urban? 100 million acres of urban and community land > 80% of US population lives in urban areas 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% In 1920, the urban and rural population were about equal R U

5 Urbanization

6 Urban Vegetation Benefits (Top 10)

7 Urban Vegetation Benefits (10) Oxygen production

8 Oxygen Production US Urban Forests = 67 million tons annually 2/3 US population consumption Negligible effect Wikipedia.org

9 Urban Vegetation Benefits (9) Products Oxygen production

10 US Urban Forests ~1 billion tons of above ground total dryweight biomass nationally At 2% annual mortality = 20 million tons of biomass available per year for products Products: timber, palettes, fiber, chemicals (ethanol) Fruit and nut production

11 Urban Vegetation Benefits (8) Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

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13 Urban Vegetation Benefits (7) Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

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15 Urban Vegetation Benefits (6) UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

16 Trees leaves absorb 95% of UV radiation

17 Urban Vegetation Benefits (5) Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

18 Tree Effect Trees remove carbon through growth US average storage = 76.9 tc/ha cover Value = $78.5/t $6,037/ha cover

19 Urban Vegetation Benefits (4) Water quality improvement Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

20 From Pike 1998

21 Urban Vegetation Benefits (3) Air quality improvement Water quality improvement Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

22 Human Health Impacts PM2.5 removal New York City No. Value Acute Bronchitis 4.5 $398 Acute Myocardial Infarction 1.4 $129,347 Acute Respiratory Symptoms 2,931 $287,280 Asthma Exacerbation 1,919 $156,020 Chronic Bronchitis 2.4 $681,773 Emergency Room Visits 8 $3,326 Hospital Admissions, Cardiovascular 1.2 $46,150 Hospital Admissions, Respiratory 0.7 $22,684 Lower Respiratory Symptoms 55.7 $2,892 Mortality 7.6 $58,708,876 Upper Respiratory Symptoms 45 $2,019 Work Loss Days 504 $92,089 Total na $60,132,856

23 Urban Vegetation Benefits (2) Socio-economic / Aesthetics Air quality improvement Water quality improvement Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

24 Aesthetics Social formations Reduced stress

25 Urban Vegetation Benefits (1) Cooler air temperatures / energy effects Socio-economic / Aesthetics Air quality improvement Water quality improvement Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

26 Air Temperature Cooling Source: NASA: Bright red = 65 o C; Dark green / blue ~ 25 o C Increased air temperatures: o F Maximum: + 20 o F

27 Temperature and Smog (LA) Source: Lawrence Berkeley Lab

28 Air Temperature and Power Use Source: Lawrence Berkeley Lab

29 Research Goal Develop free tools to: Assess ecosystem services and values Improve forest management

30 What is i-tree? Free tools to quantify effects for individual trees or tree populations for any area (urban or rural)

31 Public-Private Partnership USDA Forest Service Davey Tree Expert Co. National Arbor Day Foundation Society of Municipal Arborists International Society of Arboriculture Casey Trees SUNY - ESF

32 i-tree: Released in Fall 2006 >20,000 users with new web tools; version 5.0: October 2012

33 Known projects with i-tree Eco

34 Urban Vegetation Benefits (i-tree) Cooler air temperatures / energy effects Socio-economic / Aesthetics Air quality improvement Water quality improvement Greenhouse gas reduction UV radiation reduction Wildlife habitat Noise reduction Products: timber, food, fiber, ethanol Oxygen production

35 Model Framework Structure Function Value

36 Assessing Urban Forest Structure Ground-based Aerial

37 Assessing Urban Forests Top-down Produces good cover estimates Can detail and map tree and other cover locations Bottom-up Provides detailed management information No. trees, spp. composition, tree sizes and health, tree locations, risk information Provides better means to assess and project ecosystem services and values Air pollution removal, carbon storage

38 Top-down Approaches High resolution imagery (UTC) Photo-interpretation

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41 UTC Advantages Accurate, high-resolution cover map Complete census of tree canopy locations Integrates well with GIS Allows the data to be summarized at a broad range of scales Locates potentially available spaces to plant trees Disadvantages Can be costly if the data are low quality or incomplete Requires highly trained personnel along with specialized software Significant effort and time needed to produce quality maps Change analyses can locate false changes due to map inaccuracies Does not include ecosystem services reporting (i-tree Landscape*)

42 Photo-interpretation Advantages Low cost Accuracy can be easily increased Can produce sub-area analyses Multi-date paired imagery to assess change Disadvantages Does not produce detailed cover map Photo-interpreters can create errors though misclassifications Leaf-off imagery can be difficult to interpret i-tree Canopy interpretation limited to Google images Resulting data cannot be summarized at multiple, user-defined scales

43 Change Analysis

44 Tree Cover 60,0% Tree Cover Change in Cities Year 1 Year 2 50,0% 40,0% 30,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0%

45 Bottom-up Approach Advantages: Provides good estimates of basic forest information needed for management (e.g., number of trees and locations, species composition, tree sizes, tree health, risks) Provides estimates of numerous ecosystem services and their values Can be used for monitoring changes in forest composition and values Disadvantages: Must collect accurate field data using technical metrics Cost of data collection

46 What is i-tree? A suite of tools for forest assessment Canopy

47 i-tree: Data Needs Users Inputs Tree information in study area Cover maps or information (PI) Free Data user must download Stream flow data* Digital elevation maps* Data within program Local hourly pollution data Local hourly weather data Local exotic/invasive spp. information Value information * For hydrologic program (Hydro)

48 What is i-tree? Quantify effects for individual trees or tree populations (core programs) All or any trees Street trees Google Maps Canopy

49 What s are they using? i-tree Eco assesses: Structure Function Energy Air pollution Carbon Rainfall Interception VOC emissions Human health Value Management needs Pest risk Tree health Exotic/invasive spp.

50 i-tree: Results Tree Populations Baltimore 2009

51 i-tree: Results Carbon Effects Carbon Storage (Baltimore) 522,000 tc ($41 million) Carbon Sequestration (Baltimore) 16,800 tc/yr ($1.3 million/yr)

52 i-tree: Results Air Pollution Removal Baltimore, MD 413 tons/yr ($3.1 million/yr) Added human health impacts in v. 5.0

53 i-tree: Results Energy Savings $3.7 million / year in residential energy savings in Baltimore

54 i-tree: Results Monitoring change 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 Baltimore, MD Syracuse, NY 1,000,000 Baltimore 500,

55 Syracuse Population Change * * * * * invasive

56 What is i-tree? Quantify map or cover data or effects Google Maps NLCD data Canopy Photo-interpretation

57 Design Easily estimates ecosystem services of trees in your yard using Google Maps and i-tree

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59 Vue Uses national cover maps to estimate and project future benefits

60 Canopy Determines % tree cover Easy & Fast World-wide Web-based

61 What is i-tree? Specialized programs Canopy Species selection Stream flow and quality

62 Species Easily determine best species for desired tree benefits

63 i-tree Tools

64 Gwynns Falls Watershed, Baltimore Hydro Current vs. Management Scenario Quantifies effects of: Tree cover Impervious cover on: Hourly stream flow Water quality

65 i-tree: Demonstrating Tree Value

66 i-tree: What s new in Version 5.0? Highlights: Web-based data collection system for mobile devices Google Maps-based sample plot generator PM 2.5 and VOC estimates Rainfall interception reporting Benefit forecasting in Design Increased functionality of all tools

67 Risk to Insects and Diseases Baltimore 2009 i-tree is a Cooperative Initiative

68 Invasive Tree Species Trees on Maryland Invasive Species List within Baltimore Species % of Population No. Trees Tree of heaven ,000 Norway maple ,700 Callery pear ,200 Total ,900

69 Human Health Impacts and Values Link to EPA BenMAP program Estimates health impacts and values due to tree effects on air quality via pollution removal Health Effects O 3 NO 2 SO 2 PM 2.5 Acute Bronchitis Acute Myocardial Infarction Acute Respiratory Symptoms Asthma Exacerbation Chronic Bronchitis Emergency Room Visits Hospital Admissions Lower Respiratory Symptoms Mortality School Loss Days Upper Respiratory Symptoms Work Loss Days

70 i-tree: Where are we heading? Improved Spatial Mapping i-tree Design link to Google Maps i-tree Landscape link to UTC Pollution Conc.

71 Air temperature mapping (2013) - - Wildlife habitat (2013)

72 Temperature Mapping Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS

73 Temperature Mapping Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS

74 Temperature Mapping Heat Island Baltimore, Maryland - - Source: Heisler et al., USFS

75 Time Series Projections Simulate effects tree growth, mortality, planting and regeneration Climate change projections Development scenarios

76 Regional Scale Local Scale i-tree 2 nd Generation (3 Flagship Programs) On-line Mapping tools Google Maps Growth / Mortality / Influx rates Field Data Land / Tree Cover Maps Projected Development Digital Cover Maps

77 International Versions Can use model as is with limitations Limitations can be overcome with international input Looking for international partners to help build international versions International version can make full use of most i-tree capabilities Australian and Canadian versions in v. 5.0

78 i-tree Eco Schematic Field Data Species DB (~6,400 spp.) Location DB (Every US city) Weather Data Pollution Data

79 i-tree International Issues Field Data Species DB (~6,400 spp.) Location DB (Every US city) Weather Data Pollution Data

80 Summary Urban trees can provide substantial benefits to society Tools are available to aid in assessing ecosystem services and values

81 Questions? nrs.fs.fed.us/units/urban