Democratic Developments in England

Transcription

1 SECTION 5 Standards-Based Instruction Standards-at-a-Glance History-Social Science Students have learned about ideas on the law in Greece and Rome, and in Judaism and Christianity. Now they will learn how changes in traditional English government led to the development of Parliament. Analysis Skills HR4 Students construct and test hypotheses; collect, evaluate, and employ information from multiple primary and secondary sources, and apply it in oral and written presentations. English-Language Arts Writing 2.4 Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Write the word parliament on the board, and ask students what branch of the United States government is similar to it. (Congress) Have students tell what they know about Parliament as it exists in England today. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, The King s Court Ask What does this document tell you about relations between the monarchy and the Church? (Some hostility existed.) Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 5 Assessment answers.) Preview Have students preview the Section Standards and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Have students read this section using the Paragraph Shrinking strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have students fill in the chart showing multiple causes of three broad historical changes. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p Growth of Royal Power Causes: Vocabulary Builder Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 7; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 High-Use Word dominate, p. 41 Democratic Developments in England Standards Preview H-SS List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791). Terms, People, and Places feudalism William the Conqueror Henry II common law King Henry II (left) argues with Archbishop Thomas Becket (right). Evolving Traditions of Government Causes: absolute monarch Oliver Cromwell habeas corpus limited monarchy Reading Skill: Recognize Multiple Causes As you read, look for the causes of the broad historical changes described in this section. Create a chart like the one below showing at least two causes for each broad change. Triumph of Parliament Causes: WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO The King s Court King Henry II of England exerted control over the church through a document issued in 1164 in which he detailed certain recognized customs and rights of the kingdom : Clergymen charged and accused of anything shall, on being summoned by a justice of the king, come into his court, to be responsible there for whatever it may seem to the king s court they should there be responsible for. In the end, however, the clergy joined with English nobles to form the early Parliament, which served to counter the power of the monarchy. Focus Question How did Parliament emerge victorious in the struggle for political power in medieval England? In medieval England the Christian church, the nobility, and the monarchy all had considerable wealth and influence. Theoretically, monarchs held supreme authority over the church and the nobility. Yet in reality, the three groups maintained an unsteady balance of power. Growth of Royal Power In the face of invasion by Vikings and other warrior peoples, European monarchs proved too weak to maintain law and order. People needed protection for themselves, their homes, and their lands. In response to this basic need for security, a new system evolved, known as feudalism. Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords. In exchange, these lesser lords, or vassals, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord. For example, vassals would provide knights, or mounted warriors, to fight their lord s battles. The greater lords, in turn, pledged loyalty to even more powerful lords. The greatest lord, the king, occupied the highest point on the feudal pyramid. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Feudal monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society, but most had limited power. While they ruled their own domains, they relied on vassals for military support. Nobles and the church had as much power as the monarch and sometimes more. Both nobles and the church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own Definition and Sample Sentence vt. to rule or control by superior power or influence The invaders used their advanced weapons to dominate the region. 40 Sources of the Democratic Tradition

2 armies. They jealously guarded their rights and privileges against any effort by rulers to increase royal authority. Strong Monarchs in England During the early Middle Ages, Angles, Saxons, and Vikings invaded and settled in England. Although feudalism developed, English rulers generally kept their kingdoms united. In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward died without an heir. Two men, William and Harold, laid claim to the vacant throne. To settle the dispute, William sailed across the English Channel from Normandy to battle Harold, Edward s brother-in-law. At the Battle of Hastings, William and his Norman knights triumphed over Harold. William the Conqueror, as he was now called, ascended the throne of England. Although William s French-speaking nobles, or barons, dominated England, the country s Anglo-Saxon population survived. Over the next 300 years, Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions gradually blended. William exerted firm control over his new lands. He required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him rather than to any other feudal lord. Realizing that knowledge is power, William had a complete census taken in The information he gathered helped him and later English monarchs build an efficient system of tax collecting. Royal wealth and authority continued to increase. Common Law In 1154, an energetic, well-educated king, Henry II, inherited the throne. He broadened the system of royal justice. As a ruler, the king could not simply write new laws but had to follow accepted customs. Henry found ways to expand customs into law. He then sent out traveling judges to enforce royal laws. The decisions of the royal courts became the foundation of English common law, a legal system based on custom and court rulings. Unlike local feudal laws, common law applied to all of England. It served to standardize laws and punishments. In time, people chose royal courts over those of nobles or the church. Because royal courts charged fees, the treasury benefited from the growth of royal justice. Under Henry II, England also developed the idea that local citizens should take part in trials. When traveling judges visited an area, local officials gathered some men to form a jury, or group of people sworn to speak the truth. (The word jury comes from the French juré, meaning sworn to oath. ) These men determined which cases should be brought to trial. As such, this early jury was the ancestor of today s grand jury. Another kind of jury evolved later. Composed of 12 neighbors of the accused person, it was the ancestor of today s trial jury. England s establishment of common law and a jury system set the stage for further advances on the road to democratic rule. Standards Check What new practices did strong monarchs introduce in England? H-SS Vocabulary Builder dominate (dom e NATE) vt. to rule or control by superior power or influence Royal Courts Royal judges who journeyed around England beginning around 1100 enforced the laws of Henry II. The decisions of these judges became the foundation of English Common Law. Teach Growth of Royal Power H-SS Instruct Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Then have them read the section title and the two headings on the previous page. Ask them to predict who dominated the government of England during much of the medieval period. Teach Point out that after the Battle of Hastings, the power of English monarchs grew. Ask How did William the Conqueror increase royal power? (He required all vassals to swear first allegiance to him; he also built an efficient tax-collecting system that increased royal wealth and authority.) Quick Activity Form the class into an early royal courtroom, in which a group of local men would determine which cases should be brought to trial. Assign to students the roles of jury members, a traveling judge, and local officials to briefly present the cases (suggested cases: a man stole a chicken, a group of children cut down a local family s only apple tree). Have the jurors try to agree on which case or cases should go to trial. Independent Practice Ask pairs of students to conduct research on the Bayeux Tapestry, which tells the story of William the Conqueror s victory at the Battle of Hastings. Monitor Progress As students fill in their charts, circulate to make sure they understand the causes and effects of the changes described in the text. Note Taking Transparencies, 53 Check to make sure that students have located information on the tapestry. Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Remind students that they can use text headings to get an idea of what a section is about. Have them read the section title and all the headings in the section. Ask them to use the headings to answer this question: Did the Parliament s triumph in England come easily or with great difficulty? Have them refer to the headings to explain their answer. Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills. Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 14 Adapted Section Summary, p. 15 Answer William the Conqueror required vassals to be loyal to him, and he introduced a census for tax purposes. Henry II set up a justice system that came to rely on common law and juries. Chapter 1 Section 5 41

3 Evolving Traditions of Government H-SS Instruct Introduce Point out the illustration of the Magna Carta on this page. Tell students that the Magna Carta was a turning point in the evolution of democracy because it marked the beginning of limits on royal power. Teach Explain that England s strong monarchy began to weaken under Henry II s son John. Ask What is the Magna Carta? (It is a document that affirms the nobles feudal rights and some rights of townspeople and the Church.) Why did the nobles impose it upon John? (John angered the nobles with oppressive taxes and other abuses of power.) How did the Magna Carta limit the king s power? (It listed rights that the king had to respect, and it declared that the king had to consult the Great Council of lords and clergy before raising taxes.) Why is the Magna Carta considered to be a cornerstone of the democratic tradition? (It asserted that people had rights and that the monarch must obey the law, both key principles in democratic governments.) Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 5: The Key Principles of the Magna Carta. Use the lesson suggestion in the transparency book to guide a discussion of principles that contributed to the development of the democratic tradition. Color Transparencies, 5 Independent Practice Primary Source To help students better understand traditional feudal rights in England, have them read the selection from The Magna Carta and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 13 Monitor Progress To review the section so far, ask students to reread the black headings and summarize the information under each one. The Magna Carta, 1215 According to one account, King John, seeing that he was inferior in strength to the barons,... granted the underwritten laws and liberties, and confirmed them by his charter.... Primary Source (38) In future no official shall place a man on trial upon his own unsupported statement, without producing credible witnesses to the truth of it. (39) No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled... except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. (40) To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay right or justice. (45) We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or other officials, only men that know the law of the realm and are minded to keep it well. History Background Clash Between Church and State The church leader murdered in the quarrel with Henry II was Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. The two men had once been close friends, but when Becket fought the king s attempt to grab more power at the Church s expense, Henry s fury exploded. What a pack of fools and cowards I have nourished, he cried, Evolving Traditions of Government Henry s efforts to extend royal power led to a bitter dispute with the church. Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts. Church officials fiercely opposed the king s move. The quarrel ended in the murder of a church leader. Later English rulers repeatedly clashed with nobles and the church. Most battles developed as a result of efforts by the monarch to raise taxes or to impose royal authority over traditional feudal rights. Out of those struggles evolved traditions of government that would influence the modern world. The Magna Carta Henry s son John was a clever and greedy ruler. He earned his bad reputation in part through failed struggles with the French king and the pope. King John is best remembered, however, for a momentous power struggle with his own nobles. John angered them with oppressive taxes and other abuses of power. In 1215, a group of rebellious barons cornered John and forced him to accept the Magna Carta, or Great Charter. In this document, the king affirmed a long list of feudal rights. Besides protecting their own privileges, the barons included a few clauses recognizing the legal rights of townspeople and the church. Among the most significant of these was a clause protecting every freeman from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions, except by legal judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. This famous clause formed the basis of the democratic right now known as due process of law. The king also agreed not to raise new taxes without first consulting his Great Council of lords and clergy. Many centuries later, American colonists would claim that those words meant that any taxation without representation was unjust. In 1215, though, neither the king nor his lords could have imagined such an idea. The Magna Carta contained two very important principles that in the long run would shape government traditions in England. First, it asserted that the nobles had certain rights. Over time, those rights were extended to all English citizens. Second, the Magna Carta made it clear that the monarch must obey the law. The rule of law became a key principle in the democratic tradition. Development of Parliament In keeping with the Magna Carta, English rulers often called on the Great Council for advice. During the 1200s, this body evolved into Parliament. Its name comes from the French word parler, meaning to talk. As Parliament acquired a larger role in government, it helped unify England. In 1295, Edward I summoned Parliament to approve money for his wars in France. What touches all, he declared, should be approved by all. He arranged for representatives of the common people to join with the lords and clergy. The commons included two knights from each county and delegates from the towns. This assembly set up the framework for England s legislature. For this reason, it later became known as the Model Parliament. In time, Parliament developed into a two-house body. Nobles and clergy met in the House of Lords. Knights and middle-class citizens met in the House of Commons. that not one of them will avenge me of this turbulent priest. Four hot-headed knights took Henry at his word. In 1170 they murdered the archbishop in his own cathedral. The political struggle between church and state and the personal struggle between Henry II and Thomas Becket are brought to life in the awardwinning 1964 film Becket. 42 Sources of the Democratic Tradition

4 Parliament Gains Strength England and France battled each other over land claims, politics, and other issues off and on for centuries. Between 1337 and 1453, they fought a series of especially destructive conflicts known together as the Hundred Years War. Once fighting started, economic rivalry and a growing sense of national pride made it hard for either side to give up the struggle. By the end, England had lost nearly all of its lands in France. The Hundred Years War changed England politically. During the war English rulers turned repeatedly to Parliament for funds, which helped that body win the power of the purse. That is, it won the right to approve any new taxes. With that power, Parliament could insist that the monarch meet its demands before voting for taxes. In this way it could check, or limit, the power of the monarch. Later, most democratic governments would incorporate similar checks on power into their constitutions. Standards Check How did the English Parliament limit the power of the monarch? H-SS Triumph of Parliament From 1485 to 1603, the Tudor dynasty ruled England. The Tudors, including Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth I, shrewdly recognized the value of good relations with Parliament. They continued the tradition of consulting Parliament, especially on issues related to finances. During this time, Christians throughout Europe launched protests against questionable church practices. The resulting religious reform movement became known as the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church resisted these protesters, who eventually split off to form various Protestant groups. In England, Henry VIII broke with Rome to form the Church of England. Elizabeth I died in 1603 without a direct heir. The throne passed to her relatives the Stuarts, the ruling family of Scotland. The Stuarts were neither as popular as the Tudors nor as skillful in dealing with Parliament. The ongoing battle between the Stuart monarchs and Parliament resulted in a century of revolution. Triumph of Parliament H-SS Instruct Introduce: Key Terms Ask students to find the key term absolute monarch (in blue) in the text and define it. Ask How do you think members of Parliament would react to a king who behaved like an absolute monarch? (They would not accept the king s behavior, because an absolute monarch by definition would usurp the established power of Parliament.) Teach Have students create on the board a chronological list of English rulers, including the Tudor and Stuart monarchs named in the text, as well as Oliver Cromwell. Then ask students to provide one or more key events, with dates if available, associated with each ruler. Ask volunteers to use the list to present an oral summary of the triumph of Parliament. The Royal Challenge The first Stuart monarch, James I, agreed to rule according to English laws and customs. Yet he behaved like an absolute monarch, a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people. James rejected the demands of Puritans, a group that wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic practices. He clashed regularly with Parliament over money and foreign policy. In 1611 and again in 1614, James angrily dissolved the Parliament, sending its members home. James s son, Charles I, also claimed absolute power. He imprisoned his foes without trial and squeezed the nation for money. By 1628, though, his need to raise taxes forced Charles to summon Parliament. Before voting for any funds, Parliament insisted that Charles accept the Petition of Right. It prohibited the king from raising taxes without the consent of Parliament and banned imprisonment without just cause. Charles signed the petition, but he dissolved Parliament the next year. Henry VIII and Elizabeth I Both Henry VIII and Elizabeth I continued the tradition of consulting with Parliament in hopes of preserving the power of the monarchy. Elizabeth s successors the Stuarts, however, were not as skillful in dealing with Parliament and their reign marked the end of absolute monarchy in England. Solutions for All Learners L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Many traditions of the United States Congress have their roots in the practices of the British Parliament. Interested students may wish to research the two legislative bodies in order to compare and contrast their customs and procedures. To report their findings, students might write a report, draw a chart showing similarities and differences, or prepare a multimedia presentation comparing the two bodies. Answer Parliament s power of the purse, or right to approve taxes, allowed it to force the monarch to meet its demands to obtain funding. Chapter 1 Section 5 43

5 Quick Activity Display Color Transparency 6: The Key Principles of the English Bill of Rights. Ask How did the Bill of Rights contribute to the development of the democratic tradition? (It restated the traditional rights of English citizens. Although the Bill of Rights did not create a democracy, it established a limited monarchy, in which Parliament and the monarch governed in a partnership.) Color Transparencies, 6 In 1640, Charles needed funds to combat a rebellion in Scotland, so he summoned Parliament. When it met, however, Parliament launched its own revolt. The Long Parliament, which lasted until 1653, triggered the greatest political revolution in English history. In a mounting struggle with the king, Parliament tried and executed the king s chief ministers. It further declared that the Parliament could not be dissolved without its own consent. Charles lashed back. In 1642, he led troops into the House of Commons to arrest its most radical leaders. They escaped through a back door and soon raised their own army. The clash then moved to the battlefield. The English Civil War The civil war that followed lasted from 1642 to Many wealthy nobles supported Charles. Rural landowners, towndwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy backed Parliament, whose forces were led by a skilled general named Oliver Cromwell. In a series of decisive battles, Cromwell s army defeated the king s troops. By 1647, Charles I was in the hands of parliamentary forces. INFOGRAPHIC Many of the democratic rights and freedoms included in the American Bill of Rights (1791) trace their origins to two landmark documents in British history: The Magna Carta (1215) and the English Bill of Rights (1689). These two documents confirmed the principles that governments need to be limited in their power and that individuals have rights that government cannot take away The Magna Carta In 1215, barons living under King John 1 were tired of the king s military campaigns and heavy taxes. They wrote the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, to bring an end to arbitrary acts by the king and to establish in writing the fact that the power of the monarch was not absolute. The Magna Carta established three key rights: The right to a trial by a jury of one s peers, 2 the right of due process, or protection from the arbitrary taking of life, liberty or property, 3 and the right to private property History Background British Redcoats During the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell proved himself to be an excellent military strategist. He was responsible for the wellknown brilliant red color of the English soldier s uniform. In the heat of battle, the bright red coats helped soldiers distinguish between friendly forces and enemy forces. The red color also camouflaged any blood stains from wounds, thus helping to keep morale high. 44 Sources of the Democratic Tradition

6 Two years later, Parliament set up a court to try the king. It condemned Charles to death as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy. The king s execution sent shock waves throughout Europe. For the first time, a ruling monarch had been tried and executed by his own people. The parliamentary forces had sent a clear signal that in England, no ruler could claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law. The Commonwealth After the execution of Charles I, the House of Commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England. Parliament also declared England a republic, known as the Commonwealth, with Cromwell in charge. A series of threats led Cromwell to impose military rule in Under the Commonwealth, Parliament exiled Catholics to barren land in the west of Ireland. Puritans gained influence throughout the government and society. Puritan preachers tried to root out godlessness and impose a rule of saints. They also encouraged greater religious observance and restrictions on various forms of entertainment. Independent Practice Have students work together in pairs to write two newspaper opinion pieces from the year One essay should support what would later be called the Glorious Revolution. The other should oppose it. Monitor Progress As students write their opinion pieces, circulate to make sure they understand why some people would have supported the Glorious Revolution and why others would have opposed it Model Parliament In the years between the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights, some monarchs respected the principles and rights of the Magna Carta and others ignored them. English rulers often called on the Great Council, or Parliament 5 for advice Hundred Years War Parliament began requiring the king to meet their demands before they would allow the king to raise new taxes to fund the war Petition of Right In 1628, when Charles I 7 asked Parliament for more money in taxes, Parliament refused until he signed the Petition of Right. The petition limited the king s power in several ways. Most importantly, the document demanded that the king no longer imprison or punish any person but by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land The English Bill of Rights In 1688, after years of turmoil, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary of Orange. In 1689, Parliament drew up a list of demands to which William and Mary had to agree. This document, The English Bill of Rights, repeated some of the demands listed in the Magna Carta and Petition of Right and added several new key rights: no cruel punishment, 8 no excessive bail or fines, the right to bear arms, 9 and the right to petition or bring one s case to the king without fear of punishment Thinking Critically 1. Draw Inferences How did the 100 Years War help Parliament gain more power over the king? 2. Synthesize Information Agree or disagree with the following statement: The result of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights was the establishment of a clear principle that even a monarch must obey the law. H-SS Connect to Our World Civic Responsibility Two decades before the Puritans gained power in England, a group of settlers established a Puritan society at Massachusetts Bay, across the Atlantic. The Puritans knew that to assure survival of their beliefs and culture, they would have to educate their children in their own ways. For this reason, the Puritans set up public schools to help train children to become good citizens of their community. The United States would, over time, adopt the Puritan public school tradition. A literate, well-informed citizenry continues to be a major aim of American schools today. Ask students to list other institutions that help young people learn civic responsibility. (Scouts, youth groups, places of worship, and volunteer organizations) Answers Thinking Critically 1. It was a costly war, and this forced the king to ask Parliament for the money to pay for it. Parliament then used this as leverage to gain more power from the king. 2. Sample: Disagree; both documents did far more than require the monarch to obey the law. They established certain democratic principles, such as the right to due process, the right to private property, and the right to petition. Chapter 1 Section 5 45

7 Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete the Section Assessment. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 6 To further assess student understanding, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 5 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 15 Adapted Reading and L1 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 15 Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 15 Extend L4 Have groups of students update, to the present day, various aspects of English society and politics introduced in this section, including the court system, the monarchy, Parliament, and the Church of England. Answer The Bill of Rights ensured the superiority of Parliament, required the monarch to summon Parliament regularly, gave the House of Commons the power of the purse, prohibited the monarch from interfering in parliamentary debates or suspending laws, barred Roman Catholic monarchs, abolished excessive fines and cruel or unjust punishment, and affirmed the principle of habeas corpus. Standard H-SS H-SS E-LA W 2.4 Assessment 2, 3 2, 4, 5 Quick Write Section 5 Assessment 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term and person listed at the beginning of the section. 2. Answers should refer to the Magna Carta, power of the purse, Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights. L2 L2 William and Mary of Orange William and Mary accepted the English Bill of Rights before they could be crowned as king and queen. 5 Terms, People, and Places 1. For each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section, write a sentence explaining its significance. 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Multiple Causes Use your chart to answer the Focus Question: How did Parliament emerge victorious in the struggle for political power in medieval England? 3. Royal courts, with their standardized laws and punishments, gradually replaced the courts of nobles or the Church. 4. The Magna Carta affirmed due process of law as well as the idea that the monarch was subject to the rule of law. 5. The English Bill of Rights gave Parliament much of the power that it had demanded for so long, thus ensuring the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. Oliver Cromwell died in Soon after, the Puritans lost their grip on England. Many people had tired of military rule and strict Puritan ways. In 1660, a newly elected Parliament restored the monarchy by inviting Charles s son to rule. From Restoration to Glorious Revolution The new king, Charles II, shared his father s faith in absolute monarchy and secretly had Catholic sympathies. Still, he accepted the Petition of Right and shrewdly avoided his father s mistakes in dealing with Parliament. Charles s brother, James II, inherited the throne in James lacked his brother s good sense. He suspended laws at whim and flaunted his Catholic faith. He even appointed Catholics to high office. Many English Protestants feared that James would restore the Roman Catholic Church. In 1688, alarmed parliamentary leaders invited James s Protestant daughter, Mary, and her Dutch Protestant husband, William III of Orange, to become rulers of England. When William and Mary landed with their army late in 1688, James II fled to France. This bloodless overthrow of the king became known as the Glorious Revolution. English Bill of Rights Before they could be crowned, William and Mary had to accept several acts passed by Parliament in 1689 that became known as the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. It required the monarch to summon Parliament regularly and gave the House of Commons the power of the purse. A king or queen could no longer interfere in parliamentary debates or suspend laws. The Bill of Rights also barred any Roman Catholic from sitting on the throne. The Bill of Rights restated the traditional rights of English citizens, such as trial by jury. It abolished excessive fines and cruel or unjust punishment. It affirmed the principle of habeas corpus. That is, no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime. The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights did not create a democracy. They established a type of government called a limited monarchy, in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch s powers. English rulers still had much power, but they had to obey the law and govern in partnership with Parliament. Standards Check What principles did the English Bill of Rights establish? H-SS Comprehension and Critical Thinking 3. Draw Inferences How did Henry II s innovative system of justice contribute to the growth of royal power? 4. Determine Relevance Why is the Magna Carta considered a source of traditional democratic principles? 5. Test Conclusions How do the democratic principles in the English Bill of Rights demonstrate the triumph of Parliament? Standards Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: mza-0155 Writing About History Quick Write: Choose Strongest Argument Parliament has chosen you to persuade William and Mary to accept the Bill of Rights. List several arguments that you might use to persuade them, and then choose the strongest argument. Explain why it is the strongest. Writing About History Responses should include several possible persuasive arguments and a clear explanation of why one of them is the strongest. For additional assessment, have students access Standards Monitoring Online at Web Code mza Sources of the Democratic Tradition

8 The English Bill of Rights H-SS ; Analysis Skills HR4 When the Catholic king James II was forced from the English throne in 1688, Parliament offered the crown to his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange. However, Parliament insisted that William and Mary submit to a Bill of Rights. This document ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy while spelling out basic rights and freedoms. A continuation of the struggle between the crown and Parliament, the English Bill of Rights summed up the powers that Parliament had been seeking since the Petition of Right in W hereas, the late King James II... did endeavor to subvert 1 and extirpate 2 the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom... and whereas the said late King James II having abdicated 3 the government, and the throne being vacant.... The said lords [Parliament]... being now assembled in a full and free representative [body] of this nation... do in the first place... declare: 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal That levying money for or to the use of the crown by pretense of prerogative 4 without grant of Parliament... is illegal; 5. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. 6. That... raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law That election of members of Parliament ought to be free That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be challenged or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted And that, for redress 5 of all grievances and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently subvert (sub VURT) v. undermine the principles of 2. extirpate (EKS tur payt) v. destroy 3. abdicate (AB dih kayt) v. give up power 4. prerogative (pree RAHG uh tiv) n. right or privilege 5. redress (rih DRES) n. satisfaction or compensation for wrongs done The English Bill of Rights Members of the British Parliament offering the crown to William and Mary The English Bill of Rights Thinking Critically 1. Determine Relevance Why was item 9 especially important to Parliament? 2. Analyze Information Did the English Bill of Rights leave the monarch powerless? Explain. Standards-at-a-Glance Analysis Skills HR4 Students construct and test hypotheses; collect, evaluate, and employ information from multiple primary and secondary sources; and apply it in oral and written presentations. Also covered H-SS Build Background Knowledge Ask students to recall and describe the purpose of the earlier English documents that took power away from the king. (The Magna Carta and the Petition of Right both affirmed that the people, or at least the nobles, had certain rights.) Then invite students to read the introduction and the selection. Instruct Ask students to restate, in their own words, each of the listed rights. Monitor Progress Ask students to point out which of the listed rights specifically concern increasing or affirming Parliament s power over the king. (rights number 1, 4, and 6; but accept other responses that students can justify) History Background Thinking Critically 1. Sample: To do their job, members needed to be able to speak freely and honestly about issues without fear of retaliation by anyone outside of Parliament, such as the monarch. 2. No. According to the items listed here, certain of the monarch s powers were not eliminated but were limited mainly by the need to gain the consent of Parliament before acting. 47