National Technical University of Athens School of Chem

Transcription

1 National Technical University of Athens School of Chemical Engineering Unit of Environmental Science & Technology Sustainable Solid Waste Management through the promotion of safe practices & technologies Prof. Maria Loizidou Prof. Mariawww.uest.gr Loizidou CIrCLE 2018, September 2018, Chania, Crete

2 Waste & natural resources Each year in the European Union: 7.3 billion tonnes of resources are consumed 2.7 billion tonnes of waste are generated, 40% is being re-used or recycled, the rest ends up at landfill or is partly incinerated.

3 Waste & natural resources If this quantity of waste was recycled then: the equivalent of 148 million tonnes of CO2 emissions could be avoided annually; Around 5.25 billion euro would be saved from the recovery of recyclables such as paper, glass, plastics, aluminum and steel per year. 500,000 new jobs at least would be created.

4 EU-27 physical trade balance with the rest of the world, 2011

5 Circular Economy

6 Municipal waste generated by country in 2004 and 2014 (kg per capita)

7 EU 27 MSW composition

8

9 Waste Treatment in the EU

10 Source: Eurostat, press release 33/2013 (March 2013) 1

11 In the EU during 2013, 40% of total MSW was recycled or composted 1

12 Waste Treatment in the EU EU-27, (kg per capita), Source: Eurostat

13 Biowaste Management in EU countries (Eurostat 2013) 13

14 Environmental policy on waste According to Framework Directive on Waste 98/2008

15 Basic MSW management Legislation (1/3) Framework Directive on Waste 98/2008 Priorities include: Prevention Reduction Separate collection of at least paper, glass, plastics and metals from The separate collection of organic waste is also encouraged. High reuse and recycling targets for materials (at least 50% for municipal solid waste until 2020), & energy recovery.

16 Basic MSW management Legislation (2/3) Reduction targets for biodegradable municipal waste (1999/31/EC) Substantial efforts will have to be undertaken for the fulfillment of the 50% and 35% targets of the EU Landfill Directive for diverting biodegradable municipal waste from landfill.

17 Basic MSW management Legislation (3/3) Packaging & printed paper (65% in total) 70% w/w for printed paper 92% w/w for paper packaging 70% w/w for glass packaging 70% w/w for metal packaging 70% w/w for plastic packaging 80% w/w for wood packaging Waste Stream Year Target Description Preparation for reuse / recycling % of the total MSW Mixed waste landfill 2020 Maximum 30%

18 Problems to be tackled in MSW management Collection, transport, treatment / recycling and disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW), have become a relatively difficult problem to be solved by the competent authorities in a sustainable way. High quantities of waste being landfilled, low rates of recycling and separation at source, are the main reasons for nonsustainable MSW management. EU and National legislation sets demanding targets. The solution should be sought through the decentralized solid waste management at municipality level, while the central facilities should accept much smaller quantities for final treatment.

19 Key points & benefits of sustainable decentralized MSW management Separation at source! Recyclables (constitutes ~50% of MSW) Biowaste (constitutes ~40% of MSW) Local treatment of separated wastes Minimization of transfer costs (MSW collection and transportation, is considered to be the most fuel-intensive step in waste management) Growth of local economy The decentralisation of waste management enables the population to be actively involved in organising and financing waste management services. Higher recycling rates & better quality of end products Higher prices Less management costs

20 Technologies for solid waste management (1/2) Recovery of packaging materials (Separation at source, Mechanical Separation) Recovery / utilization of the organic fraction (production of bioproducts, Aerobic treatment - Composting) Recovery /utilization of the organic fraction via energy production (anaerobic digestion) Recovery of materials that can be used as alternative fuels Energy recovery Thermal Treatment Incineration Pyrolysis Gasification Landfill of residues 20

21 Technologies for solid waste management (2/2) MSW Separation at source Mechanical Treatment Organic Fraction Paper-Plastic Metals -Glass Biodrying Residue Secondary Fuel Landfill or Thermal Recovery of Bioproducts(e.g. biopolymers) Mechanical Separation SRF Secondary Fuel Metals Glass Plastic Residue Aerobic Treatment- Composting Anaerobic Digestions Drying Landfill or Thermal 21

22 Modern Technologies for thermal waste treatment MSW Σας ευχαριστώ Thermal Treatment Incineration (1000 C) Pyrolysis ( C) Gasification ( C) Energy Carbon production Synthesis Gas 15-20% residue for landfill Quantity of 100,000 t of waste Large facilities It can be used as fuel Small & medium size facilities Combustion of synthesis gas Energy production Small and medium size facilities 22

23 Athens Biowaste ATHENS-BIOWASTE main objective was to establish and promote sustainable biowaste management in Greece using the municipalities of Athens and Kifissia as case study areas. Development of an appropriate bio-waste management software tool

24 ISWM scheme for Packaging Waste Indoor Packaging Waste Paper/paper board Glass Reusable bags Plastic & Metal MRF (mainland) Shipment Temporary storage (3 containers) Outdoor Wheelie bins 240L Collection & Transportation

25 ISWM scheme for BioWaste Indoor Outdoor ΒΙOWASTE Biodegradable bag Small bin (10 or 40 L) Wheelie bin 120L Compost Community Composting (prototype unit) Collection & Transportation

26 Decentralised composting of BioWaste Compact prototype biowaste composting unit The capacity ranges between 70 to 200 tn yr-1 (residence time 15 to 60d) Automated hydration, aeration and deodorization systems Biofilter for the treatment of emitted gases Collection and recirculation of leachates No mechanical agitation is needed

27 Overview of the ISWM scheme Composting Unit (Biowaste) Ormos Panormou Community Pyrgos Community Waste Transfer Site (Recyclables)

28 PAVEtheWAySTE This project aims to facilitate the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive in remote areas, by enabling local and regional authorities to improve their municipal waste recycling performance and thus pave the way to high resource efficiency.

29 Waste2bio The project s main objective was the development of an innovative method of producing bioethanol from Bio-waste via bioconversion.

30 Bio-waste to ethanol perspective 30

31 Ethanol Value Chain 31

32 Other Bio-based Materials that maybe produced from bio-waste 32

33 What are the main products that can be produced from petroleum and lignocellulosic biomass? 33

34 An Example of a Flow-Chart for Products from Petroleum-based Feedstocks 34

35 Analogous Model of a Bio-based Product Flowchart for Biomass Feedstocks Waste Feedstock 35

36 Typical Incineration plant moving grates Energy co-production with steam turbine Rankine Cycle Electrical Performance~ % Thermal Performance~ % In large scale 1 t of MSW produces ~300kWh electrical & 600kWh thermal energy. Source: Consonni & Vigano 2012

37 Waste-to-Energy Plants in Europe (2015) 500 plants in 23 Countries

38 Waste to- Energy plant in Brescia

39 Waste- to Energy plant in Vienna (Spittelau) MWh electric power MWh thermal power τόνοι iron scrap The thermal power that is produced in Spittelau is sufficient for the heating of more than households per year. The measured emissions are 90% below the legal limits that are set for waste incineration plants.

40 Waste to - Energy plant in Frankfurt Incineration capacity: 4 x 20 t / h Volume of flue gases: approx. 4 x Nm³tr / h Thermal power: 4 x 57 MW Auto consumption of power (no external input) SNCR, fabric filters Turbine electrical power 37,4 MWe nominal, 41,4 MWe max.

41 Waste to - Energy Paris Issy-les-Moulineaux que Pé é ri riph 3,8 ha Vo ie Seine fe r rée /R ER C The district heating network distributes 5.1 TWh of heat 50% of the heat demand from the district heating network is provided by 3 waste-to-energy plants. This covers households and over a million habitants.

42 Gasification

43 Πηγή: Consonni & Vigano 2012

44 Syngas applications Chemical industry Liquid Fuels Gas Fuel

45 Installed gasification plants Worldwide operate ~ 60 gasification plants that process MSW The countries with the most installation are China, Japan and U.S.A. At the moment gasifcation is used mainly for the production of chemicals and fuels and not for CHP.

46 Ebara gasifier Schematic illustration of the lowtemperature liquefied gas in a liquefied bed (LTFBG) Two step oxidation proposed by Ebara. Gaseous emissions are led to a heat recovery steam generator that feeds a conventional Rankine steam cycle to produce power Gasification takes place in a low temperature fluidised bed, about 600 C, to avoid fusion of low melting metals such as aluminum. This allows the extraction of most of the metals to the bottom of the gasifier in an unoxidized and thus easily marketable form.

47 Ener G gasifier High temperature gasifier (HTGG), designed to reproduce the technology proposed by Ener-G. Gaseous emissions are led to a heat recovery steam generator that feeds a conventional steam Rankine cycle to produce power. the operation of the grill gasifier at about 900 C gives an almost complete conversion of the solid fuel into syngas. This complete conversion is important to carry out combustion under homogeneous conditions, with high exhaust gas recirculation (30% of flow at the HRSG outlet), which records the temperature profiles and limits NOx production.

48 JFE Direct Smelting Gasifier In the JFE Direct Smelting reactor, the feed particles are fed through the top of a vertical axis The MSW are first chopped and converted to SRF / RDF waste by removing glass and metallic particles, drying the organic fraction in a rotating kiln and then extruding the product under pressure over a 20 mm diameter with a diameter of 15 mm cylindrical particles.

49 The Mitsui Recycling 21 Process In the Mitsui Recycling 21 process the wastes are gasified at 450 C in a rotating drum reactor Products are predominantly divided into gas and carbon which after separation and recovery of iron, aluminum and other residues are burned in a separate chamber at 1,300 C where ash is melted into slag. The residence time in the gasification reactor is about 1 hour, Iron and aluminum can be separated from the carbon residue before combustion of the latter at 1300 C. This allows higher metal recovery than in the burning of moving grates.

50 GIPO Technology Garbage In Power Out Source: Prof. Marco Castaldi

51 Plasma gasification plant - Eco-Valley, Japan 220 tonnes-per day of MSW or up to 165 tonnes per day of a 50/50 mixture of MSW and auto shredder residue The EcoValley facility was the first plasma gasification facility created to process MSW and/or ASR (April, 2003). The facility was designed primarily as a waste destruction facility and secondarily as an electricity production facility. It was not optimized for electricity production. When operating at capacity, the facility exports 1.5 MW of electricity to the grid. Source: Willis et al., 2010

52 Covanta CLEARGAS, Tulsa Oklahoma Has been tested extensively on an industrial scale (330 t/day). Two stage process Gasification takes place on a moving grate The two-stage process of gasification followed by syngas combustion also enables better control of NOx generation by properly designing the air injection to the syngas combustion chamber. Source: Lusardi et al., 2014

53 Gasification Products Environmental Impact Air Emissions: Mainly CO, H2 and light H/C that are burnet for energy production. Need for existence of antipollution control systems for air emissions. Simpler than in the case of incineration Solid Waste: Solid stabilized residue composed of inorganic materials that can be utilized (vitrified solid). Its quantity is relevantly small. Wastewater from the cleaning of gases after the combustion of the synthesis gas 53

54 Pilot gasification / vitrification unit Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο 54

55 Υαλοποιημένο υπόλειμμα Vitrified Residue Αερόψυκτο Air Cooled Υδρόψυκτο Water Cooled

56 mg/m3 60,00 CO CO, mg/m3 CO limit, mg/m3 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 Time(sec) 0, CO 60, mg/m3 mg/m3 0 CO 60,00 50,00 50,00 CO, mg/m3 40,00 40,00 CO limit, mg/m3 CO, mg/m3 30,00 30,00 20,00 20,00 10,00 10,00 Time(sec) 0, CO limit, mg/m3 Time(sec) 0,

57 mg/m3 SO2 60,00 50,00 40,00 SO2, mg/m3 30,00 SO2 limit, mg/m3 20,00 10,00 SO2 0, Time(sec) mg/m3 mg/m3 0 SO2 SO2, mg/m3 SO2 SO2 limit, mg/m3 60,00 60,00 50,00 50,00 SO2, mg/m3 40,00 SO2 limit, mg/m3 30,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 20,00 10,00 10,00 Time(sec) 0, Time(sec) 0,

58 mg/m3 ΝΟx 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 NO, mg/m3 50,00 NO limit, mg/m3 SO2 0, Time(sec) mg/m3 mg/m3 0 ΝΟx 250,00 250,00 200,00 200,00 150,00 NO, mg/m3 ΝΟx 150,00 NO limit, mg/m3 100,00 100,00 50,00 50,00 NO, mg/m3 NO limit, mg/m3 Time(sec) 0, Time(sec) 0,

59 Thank you very much for your attention!