WP 3.1 Compact Chemical Heat Storage

Transcription

1 WP3 Space heating

2 WP 3.1 Compact Chemical Heat Storage

3 Approach/Near Future Plan Initial characterisation and understanding of MgSO 4 Tests include = TGA(+RGA), DSC, SEM, Vapour Sorption Completed cycle and heating rate tests Development and characterisation of composite materials Created and tested on a small (~10mg) scale Zeolite+MgSO 4 (Xwt%) composite materials same test methods as above. Identify suitable method to develop pellet TCES materials. Tested different methods (agglomeration, rolled, pellet press)- pellet press = best. Develop (~200g) experimental setup to test the de/hydration characteristics of TCES material s. Optimise the pellet development method tested 4 different possible pellet development methods (Mix 1,5 & Impreg 1,5). Tested on a large scale (200g) within custom built experiment setup. Tested on a small scale see above experimental methods. Assess the feasibility of a TCES+VFPC system. Enhance the TCESM pellets Increase the energy density and power output Currently ~here Trial and test different wt% composite materials with different absorbents. Test on a 200g and small (~10mg) scale using above test methods Design and Develop a larger scale reactor system prototype design. Select and test a TCESM (possibly several) within newly developed system.

4 13x adsorbent cheaper, with promising properties Tested in different forms and mixtures Surprisingly 13x+MgSO 4 (12.9wt%) has the lowest energy and mass loss Pore Blocking? Below shows TGA mass loss with time Characterisation of alternative materials

5 200g Tests vs. DSC Tests Summary Results from 200g Tests to date. Minimum Scaling losses from 13x+MgSO 4 sample. 13x pellets expected to perform well considering DSC results (~600J/g) and should not experience pore blocking

6 Feasibility Study Changes 1. Added Vacuum Tube Collector(VTC) and Flat Plate Collector (FPC). Below shows comparison of energy savings from each system. Location Loughborough VFPC systems clearly most beneficial. Change in TCES material has limited impact on the overall energy savings

7 WP3.1: Compact Chemical Heat Store Potential as per proposal: Inter seasonal or long term heat storage Original timescale: Year 2 - Year 4 Achievements / outputs to date: Conference presentation at the UKES conference, Birmingham, 2 Journal papers drafted, 2 prototype lab scale systems developed, materials characterised and methods of matrix impregnation developed. Revised or restated potential: The potential to store heat for long duration in a compact volume with minimum loss enables increased utilisation of renewables for example solar thermal or excess electricity generated by wind turbines. If large scale cost effective systems can be realised this technology will be disruptive. This technology is still at a low TRL. Synergies with other WPs: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.3 Recommendations: Continued Targets / deliverables for 3 rd annual report or elsewhere: 2 papers accepted for publication, route/options for scale up identified

8 WP 3.2 Compact Latent Heat Storage

9 Research Aim Design, develop and test a 10kWh prototype latent heat storage container to meet domestic daily space heating demand backed up by a heat pump; Design and develop a latent heat storage system to meet 2-4 hours of peak district heating demand using near industrial waste heat demand; Design and develop a latent heat storage system to meet daily district heating demand backed up by a solar thermal collector array; Approach Screening and material characterization of candidate PCMs: C Space heating; C District heating; C medium temperature thermal applications; Calibration of the numerical models with experimental work; Design and numerical modelling latent heat storage containers for: Domestic space heating; Backed up by a heat pump; District heating in progress Constant heat supply (industrial waste heat); Varying heat supply (solar thermal);

10 Material Review Organic compounds are less interesting than Salt Hydrates below 100 C; Below 200 C Urea mixtures seem promising; Z1 Z2 T melt H melt E density Price Eutectics % C kj/kg kwh/m 3 /kwh /m 3 Water Formic Acid Dipotassium Phosphate Trihydrate Sodium Sulfate Decahydrate Disodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate Mg(NO3)2.6H2O - MgCl2.6H2O Trisodium Phosphate Dodecahydrate Urea - NaNO Magnesium Nitrate Hexahydrate Urea - NH4Cl Oxalic Acid Dihydrate Urea NaCl Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate NaNO3-Ca(NO3) FeCl3-LiCl HCOONa HCOOK

11 Material Review Eutectics Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 T melt H melt E density Price % C kj/kg kwh/m 3 /kwh /m 3 Below 500 C Chloride, Carbonate and Sulphate mixtures seem promising; FeCl3 - KCl LiCl Sodium Formate K2CO3 - Li2CO3 LiOH KCl - NaCl - MgCl Ba(NO3)2 NaCl KCl - MgCl NaCl - MgCl CaCl2 - NaCl - SrCl CaCl2 - KCl - MgCl2 NaCl K2CO3 - MgCO Fe2(SO4)3 - NaCl - Na2SO KCl - MgCl CaCl2 - CaSO4 NaCl CaCl2 NaCl Na2CO3 - Li2CO KCl - NaCl - SrCl

12 Container analysis + Model calibration Tube in tube Packed bed Staggered cylinder

13 Heating Demand modelling The UK s Detached and semi detached dwellings represent the vast majority (around 70% according to Summerfield et al. [4]) of the British household market; The study considered improved dwellings (better insolation, air tigh, etc.) Figure 5 - Typical UK semi-detached house topographic view (A) and photo of its south façade (B), retrieved from [4]. For space heating purposes, the typical UK radiator has 600mm height; Figure 6 - Typical UK detached house topographic view (A) isometric view (B). [4] -A. J. Summerfield, T. Oreszczyn, I. G. Hamilton, D. Shipworth, G. M. Huebner, R. J. Lowe, and P. Ruyssevelt, Empirical variation in 24-h profiles of delivered power for a sample of UK dwellings: Implications for evaluating energy savings, Energy Build., vol. 88, pp , Feb

14 Daily heat demand Profiles were calculated using the outside temperature and the global daily energy consumption for space heating; Figure 8 - Daily variation of the total electrical demand in the winter months Figure 9 - Adjusted heat demand profile accounting 19 C of internal temperature for detached (A) and semi-detached (B) dwellings. On the 15 th January for Leicester coordinates weather, the amount of energy spent daily: For detached dwellings: kwh W/K; 0.70 W/(m dweling area 2. K) For semi detached dwellings: kwh W/K W/(m dweling area 2. K)

15 WP3.2: Compact Latent Heat Store Potential as per proposal: Short term compact heat storage Original timescale: Year 1 - Year 2 Achievements / outputs to date: Extensive range of materials characterised. Lab systems fabricated and experiments performed. Simulation models developed. Conference paper presented at Eurosun, 1 journal paper in review, 2 journal papers drafted. Revised or restated potential: Design, develop and test a prototype system scalable to meet 2-4 hours of maximum winter space heating load. Such a storage system would enable significant peak electrical load management if heat pumps are deployed in large numbers. Synergies with other WPs: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.3 Recommendations: Prototype systems indicate that required energy storage capacities and charge/discharge rates are achievable. Additional research to develop new heat exchangers and stores that provide the required output which are suitable for manufacture is required. Estimated time to a product that can be commercialised 3-5 years. Continued Targets / deliverables for 3 rd annual report or elsewhere: 2 papers accepted for publication. New heat exchanger designs, other application temperatures

16 WP3.3 Advanced electric heat pump (Ulster) Concept Strategy Targets for 3 rd Annual Report Summary

17 Heat Pump Concept Electric heat pump and energy storage displacing natural gas boiler Phase 1.1: Heating a home with heat pump and energy storage (Y1) Phase 1.2: Demand Side Response/Pricing Cycles (Y2.5) Phase 2.0: Advanced Heat Pump & Advanced Thermal Store (Y2.5-Y5)

18 Model of Operation Controllable heating modes via 2 3-PV: 1. Direct heating of house via electrical heat pump (DIRECT) 2. Heat pump stores heat in 600 litre tank (STORING) 3. Heating of house from storage tank (INDIRECT) 1. DIRECT 2. STORING 3. INDIRECT

19 Mode of Operation Actual System electricity demand for NI HP Storing HP Using

20 Modified DSM control Typical week of DSM control Mon 14 th - Sun 20 th March 2015 DSM of storing only - stored heat used at first call for heat until exhausted HP Storing RPi Controlled 1 st Heat demand supplied from storage until exhausted Actual System electricity demand for NI

21 Overall Performance HP Storing HP Direct Heating: High HP electric consumption to get house up to heat Using stored heat: HP low impact on evening electric peak demand HP electricity consumption (storing morning using evening) Household electricity consumption

22 An measurement in homes? Electricity Low cost Temperature - Low cost Flow Low cost? Detecting vibrations as flow rate changes

23 01/01/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /06/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /08/ /08/ /09/ /09/ /09/ /10/ /10/ /11/ /11/ /11/ /12/ /12/ /12/ /01/ /01/ /02/ /02/ /02/ /03/ /03/ /04/ /04/ /04/ /05/ /05/ /06/ /06/ /06/1947 kwh 65C Energy Market Model 4 PLEXOS common model workflow y = x x R² = June, 2014 Energy Exemplar Average heat demand per household Temperature

24 Energy Market Model Extrapolating to 20% of 2.5M Homes?

25 WP3.3 Advanced electric heat pumps (Ulster) Original intentions and timescale: Heat pump displacement of gas boiler in space heating Thermal Storage has been integrated and managed by Current Night Time Tariffs Demand Side Response Achievements to date: Heat pump and thermal storage installed End-user satisfaction Different run-charge/discharge strategies operated in Terrace Street Energy Market Model developed Data acquisition system developed for characterisation of home energy use

26 WP3.3 Advanced electric heat pumps (Ulster) Outputs to date: 5 papers in a mixture of in press and published Market simulations for wind curtailment & DSR with Heat Pumps and Storage Has the effort been justified? Ulster has a test facility to demonstrate New Heat Pumps New Energy Storage Business models for DSR Yes! Synergies with other WPs : Gas heat pumps, Storage, Radiators, New business models Recommendations - is it worth continuing? Yes New heat pumps to come Yes New compact heat storage to come

27 WP3.3 Advanced electric heat pumps (Ulster) Targets / deliverables for 3 rd annual report or elsewhere 1. Tests on new working fluids with near zero GWP 2. New heat pump for home based on best fluids 3. New thermal storage integrated into homes 4. Revised market models 5. Feed into domestic heating vision 6. Ulster leading UK participation in IEA Heat Pump Annex 46: Domestic Hot Water Heat Pumps

28 WP3.4 Next generation gas powered heat pump (Bob Critoph) Concept Strategy Targets for 3 rd Annual Report Summary

29 Heat Pump Concept Box-for-box exchange for conventional gas boiler consumer acceptance Air source universally applicable 30-40% reduction in gas consumption good payback (3 years) Inside Outside (evaporator unit)

30 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Evaporators Top valve assembly Generators Bottom valve assembly Gas heat exchanger Burner

31 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Case Previous design 10 kg steel Top valve assembly Generators Evaporators COP 1.29 New design 2 kg steel 1.35 Gas heat exchanger Bottom valve assembly Burner

32 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Case Previous design 10 kg steel Top valve assembly Generators Bottom valve assembly Evaporators COP 1.29 New design 2 kg steel 1.35 Gas heat exchanger Burner New domed end flange design reduces the mass of steel from 10kg to 2kg Now manufactured and installed on the machine

33 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Case Previous design 10 kg steel Top valve assembly Generators Bottom valve assembly Evaporators COP 1.29 New design 2 kg steel 1.35 Gas heat exchanger Burner New domed end flange design reduces the mass of steel from 10kg to 2kg Now manufactured and installed on the machine

34 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Case Previous design 10 kg steel Top valve assembly Generators Bottom valve assembly Evaporators COP 1.29 New design 2 kg steel 1.35 Gas heat exchanger Burner New domed end flange design reduces the mass of steel from 10kg to 2kg Now manufactured and installed on the machine

35 Two strand strategy: 1. Prove existing prototype system / compare against predictions to demonstrate ability and feasibility. 2. Evaluate alternative materials and generator designs to further reduce size and capital cost Original version, Pre i-stute Tested May 2011 Case Previous design 10 kg steel Top valve assembly Generators Bottom valve assembly Evaporators COP 1.29 New design 2 kg steel 1.35 Gas heat exchanger Burner New domed end flange design reduces the mass of steel from 10kg to 2kg Now manufactured and installed on the machine Monolithic Carbon Silane bonded Carbon ENG matrix Carbon Density Specific heat Conductivity Contact Resistance Porosity Stability Shell and tube simulation Optimised Shell and tube Design Design choice Finned tube simulation Optimised Finned tube Design

36 Targets for past six months: Monolithic Carbon Silane bonded Carbon ENG matrix Carbon Density Specific heat Conductivity Contact Resistance Porosity Stability Shell and tube simulation Optimised Shell and tube Design Design choice Finned tube simulation Optimised Finned tube Design

37 WP3.4 Next generation gas powered heat pump (Bob Critoph) Original intentions and timescale: The carbon reduction potential remains unchanged: at an average present consumption equivalent to 3tCO2 per year savings in the medium term (10 million units by 2035??) will be well into the Mt range. Commercial target is the 1.5 million p.a. replacement boiler market, and initially the 450,000 p.a. non-combi market. Products could be available 5 years from POC. Hoped to have prototype fit to inspire industry by 2016! Achievements to date: 2-bed machine with high thermal mass tested and validated computer model 2-bed machine with domed (light) ends completed and under test Extensive testing of alternative adsorbents completed Simulation models of current design and finned tube design completed Finned tubes optimal design nearly complete ThermExS test facility commissioned after much effort

38 WP3.4 Next generation gas powered heat pump (Bob Critoph) Outputs to date: 5 papers presented to Friends of Sorption one to be in Renewable Energy Shell and tube, Finned tube simulations available as design tool for better generator Has the effort been justified? We still have a machine that is more compact than any other adsorption machine (Viessmann, Vaillant) and which could be smaller than Robur absorption The new design offers low capital cost with reliability. Yes! Synergies with other WPs : Electric heat pumps, Storage, Radiators, New business models Recommendations - is it worth continuing? Yes test out new generator design at LTJ level before building replacement generators for testing in ThermExS lab

39 WP3.4 Next generation gas powered heat pump (Bob Critoph) Technology: Reasonably optimistic for a 30-40% lower running cost boiler replacement. Report on new design potential within six months Consumer: Aiming at box-for-box replacement so low risk of adoption issues. Will need investment but payback will only be 1-2 years more than existing choice. Policy: Would qualify for existing RHI and would meet existing certification standards. Expected to survive without future subsidy Commercial: Industry structure & capabilities exists to commercialise this. Other stages of value chain as per current.

40 WP3.4 Next generation gas powered heat pump (Bob Critoph) Targets / deliverables for 3 rd annual report or elsewhere 1. Tests on existing prototype completed 2. New design tested benchtop scale in LTJ 3. Energy rating predictions 4. Feed into domestic heating roadmap