Regional Air Quality and Challenges

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1 Regional Air Quality and Challenges Prof. Tao Wang Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2 May 2013 PolyU Campus Sustainability Weeks

2 Acknowledgements Dr. K.S. Lam at CEE for providing some slides The regional air-quality study team at PolyU Sponsors: Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Environment and Conservation Fund, Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR Government The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Ministry of Science and Technology, China

3 OUTLINE 1 Air pollution basics 2 Air pollution level in HK and the PRD 3 Air pollution control polices 4 Challenge and Research 3

4 Air pollution essentials The atmosphere contains many gases N 2, O 2, Ar, CO 2, water vapor 40 trace gases: ozone, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen oxides Aerosols: microscopic liquid or solid particles (dust, pollen, sea salts, etc.) from land and water The Industrial Revolution changed the mixture of atmospheric gases and particles Air pollutants: substances in the atmosphere (gases and aerosols) that have harmful effects

5 Three factors determine the level of air pollution The amount of pollutants entering the air The amount of space into which the pollution is added Mechanisms that remove pollutants from the air Need to consider emission, meteorology and chemistry!

6 Local vs. regional pollution Cross-border impact Photochemical smog (O 3, PAN ) Haze, acid rain (sulfate, nitrate, SOA) Regional Regional impact Oxidation Gas-particle conversion PM SO 2 NOx VOCs Urban Sea salts Ships PM, NOx, VOCs Vehicles Biogenic sources Industries Emissions 6

7 Smog: smoke + fog

8 London smog 1952 Source: British MetOffice Report, 1952

9 Los Angeles smog (summer)

10 2013 Beijing winter smog

11 Air pollutants being monitored by governments SO 2 (coal burning and ships) NO 2 (NO x =NO+NO 2 ) CO (vehicle and biomass burning) O 3 (produced in smog) PM (particulate matter, PM 2.5, PM 10 (RSP), TSP, from diverse sources) Lead (an additive in gasoline) Have adverse effects on human health and the environment (e.g. visibility)!

12 Current air quality objectives (AQO) in HK

13 Locations of EPD stations 1. Road side : Mong Kok Causeway Bay Central 2. General urban 3. Sub-urban Tung Chung 4. Background Tap Mun

14 Key air pollutants in Hong Kong NO 2, RSP, O 3 SO 2, CO and Lead rarely exceeded the AQO

15 140 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 2011 yearly average 120 NO 2 g/m HKAQO WHO 20 0 Stations 15

16 RSP ( g/m 3 ) Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP) 2011 yearly average HKAQO WHO 10 0 Stations 16

17 FSP ( g/m 3 ) Fine Suspended Particulate (FSP) year average Proposed HKAQO WHO 5 0

18 Ozone (O 3 ) hour average High O3 in sub-urban/rural areas! HKAQO Ozone g/m Station 18

19 Trends in ambient air quality in Hong Kong Roadside 140 Causeway Bay Station NO g/m RSP SO The overall air quality at HK s roadsides has been improving Data comes from HK Environment Protection Dept. 19

20 Trends in ambient air quality in Hong Kong General 140 Shatin g/m RSP NO SO 2 Background levels have been steady Data comes from HK Environment Protection Dept.

21 Ozone has been on the rise! ( at Hok Tsui) PolyU background air monitoring station 0.52 ppbv/yr Wang et at., ACP,

22 Hours 1800 Trend of Reduced Visibility (HKO) Visibility < 8km, RH < 80% Source: Hong Kong Observatory

23 Ambient air pollutants in the region Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network Source: A Clean Air Plan, 2013, Hong Kong Government

μg/m 3 or days Results from 16 stations in the region SO 2 50 45

Exceedance Days Class 2 NAAQS(Daily): 150μg/m 3 Data comes from A

24 μg/m 3 or days Results from 16 stations in the region SO Monitoring Stations Annual Average of SO2 Exceedance Days Class 2 NAAQS(Daily): 150μg/m 3 Data comes from A report of PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network Results, 2010

25 μg/m 3 or days Results from 16 stations in the region NO Monitoring Stations Annual Average of NO2 Exceedance Days Class 2 NAAQS(Daily): 120μg/m 3 Data comes from A report of PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network Results, 2010

26 μg/m 3 or days Results from 16 stations in the region RSP Monitoring Stations Annual Average of RSP Exceedance Days Class 2 NAAQS(Daily): 150μg/m 3 Data comes from A report of PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network Results, 2010

μg/m 3 or hours Results from 16 stations in the region O 3 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Monitoring Stations Maxima Hourly Average of

27 μg/m 3 or hours Results from 16 stations in the region O Monitoring Stations Maxima Hourly Average of Ozone Exceedance Hours Class 2 NAAQS(Hourly): 200μg/m 3 Data comes from A report of PRD Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network Results, 2010

28 Trends in ambient air quality A regional station South of Guangzhou

29 But ozone pollution has worsened! Result from Wanqingsha( 万倾沙 ),

30 Summary on Air Quality Local pollution : roadside High NO 2, RSP Increasing NO2 (due to diesel vehicle) Regional smog : High ozone, aerosol, poor visibility O 3 on the rise (complex cause)

31 Control Policies

32 Control in Hong Kong Reducing emissions from: Industrial sources (SO 2, PM) since 1980s Power plants (SO 2, PM, NOx) since 1990s Vehicles fuel change, emission-reduction devices, green diesel, tightened standards (mainly in 2000s) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) - architectural paints/coatings, printing inks, consumer products (in 2000s)

Vehicle Emissions Control Vehicle Emissions

and 2008, new measures Smoke detection Env.

Green diesel Tighten standards dynamometer

trucks(09-1999) taxis using petroleum gas

for EU prophase light vehicles (09-2000); EU

ultra-low sulfur diesel (07-2000); EU phase V

33 Vehicle Emissions Control Vehicle Emissions Control In 2000, an enhanced programme In 2007 and 2008, new measures Smoke detection Env. friendly vehicles Emission reduction devices Green diesel Tighten standards dynamometer smoke test method to light rail( ) to trucks( ) taxis using petroleum gas ( ) minibuses ( ) Using EU prophase or phase I commercial vehicles.( ) particle emission deduction device for EU prophase light vehicles ( ); EU prophase heavy vehicles ( ). ultra-low sulfur diesel ( ); EU phase V diesel ( ). EU standard III ( ); EU standard IV ( ); penalty for smoky vehicles ( ). 33

34 Control in Guangdong SO 2 : desulfurization, cleaner energy ( 广东省环境保护与生态建设十一五规划 )-- Mar. 2008, other policies started earlier. VOCs: emission limits, standard in four industries ( 广东省环保厅 & 广东省质量技术监督 ) -- Oct NO 2 : SCR de-nox, low-nox burners ( 广东省十二五规划 )--Feb. 2011

35 Vehicle Emissions Control in GD Oct. 2008: Policy of Vehicle Emissions Reduction Technology 机动车排放污染防治技术政策 Sept. 2009: Comprehensive Management of Petrol Vapour Recovery Program 广东省油气回收综合治理工作方案 Sept. 2009: Regulations of Motor Vehicle Environmental Classification Marks 广东机动车环保分类标志管理办法 July 2010: Control Regulations of Motor Vehicle Emissions 广东省机动车排气污染防治条例 Documents come from Dept. Of Environmental Protection of Guangdong Province

36 Double-shifting ( 双转移 ) Policy May 2008 Promotion in Industry and Labor Transfer ( 中共广东省委广东省人民政府关于推进产业转移和劳动力转移的决定 ) Guidance to the Regional Distribution of Industrial Transfer ( 广东省产业转移区域布局指导意见 ) issued by Guangdong Economic and Trade Commission- Guangdong Economic and Trade Industry [2008]385 th

37 Specific Measures of Double-shifting Policy Labor-intensive and resource-based industries are transferred to the mountainous region of Guangdong; high-quality work force is transferred to the Pearl River Delta.

38 Specific Measures of Double-shifting Policy Labor-intensive and resource-based industries are transferred to the mountainous region of Guangdong; high-quality work force is transferred to the Pearl River Delta.

39 Challenges Roadside pollution remains serious plan to target diesel vehicles Regional photochemical smog has worsened more complex (NOx vs VOCs, long-range transport etc) Impact of relocating pollution to other places

40 Regional air quality research at PolyU

41 Studies in Hong Kong and mainland China Mt. Waliguan Beijing Mt. Tai Beijing 2005&2008 Lanzhou Mt. Heng Mt. Waliguan 2003&2006 Mt. Tai 2003~2009 Lanzhou 2006 Mt. Heng 2009 Tai O 2000~2001 Mt. Tai Mo 2010 Linan 1999~2000 Taicang 2005 Hok Tsui 1993~ Now Taicang Linan Tai O Mt. Tai Moshan Hok Tsui

42 Advanced instrumentation and models Gas Aerosol 42

43 Research Objectives Understand fundamental atmospheric processes in regional pollution in the unique Asian environment Policy relevant: Local vs long-range transport Key chemicals forming ozone and haze Source of air pollutants

44 PolyU scientists lead effort to tackle smog pollution 2010~2014 (HK$6.55M from ECF) PolyU Tung Chung Hok Tsui

45 Thank You This is the blue sky in summer

Funding:MOST ( 国家科技部 ),RMB 25 M Period:2005-2010

46 National Basic Research Project (973) 国家重点基础研究发展规划项目中国酸雨沉降机制输送态势及调控原理 Study the cause and impact of acid rain pollution in China Observations Recommend control strategy Funding:MOST ( 国家科技部 ),RMB 25 M Period: Institutions: 北京大学, 清华大学, 中科院大气物理研究所, 中科院生态研究中心, 中国环境科学研究院, 中国气象科学研究院, 北京师范大学 Simulation

47 Improving the air quality during the Beijing Olympics Vice environment minister, Wu Xiaoqing ( 吴晓青 ), visited the facility in July 2008

48 Consultancy projects from HKEPD Ozone pollution( ) Visibility( ) VOC control ( ) PRD Industrial Pollution ( ) Atmospheric oxidants ( ) HK photochemical smog ( ) Results have been used in the formulation of HK s new Air Quality Objective and air-pollution control regulation

49 Energy consumption (10000 tons of SCE ) GDP (100M RMB) HK and PRD an air pollution hot spot North America GDP in Guangdong Europe PRD Area: 41,698 km 2 Pop.:47.8M (2009) GDP: 3.21Tril Asia Energy consumption in Guangdong Low Pollution High HK Area: 1,104 km Image: University of Heidelberg 2 Pop.: 7.10M (2011) GDP: HK$ 1.89Tril. A world manufacturing center NO 2 Data for the map were obtained by SCIAMACHY onboard the European Space Agency s Envisat satellite.

50 Why has O3 pollution worsened? Long-range transport? Emission change in NOx and VOCs? Increased photolysis due to lower PM?

53 PolyU academics contributing to air-quality improvement

54 Progress of Double-shifting Policy Industrial Output Value Transferred Industries For East, West and Northern Guangdong (unit: 100 million Yuan) Data comes from the Economic & Information Commission of Guangdong Province 54

55 Impact of Double-shifting Policy NO2 and SO2: center PRD dropped; outside increased 80 NO 2 (unit:μg/m3) 80 SO center_no2 outside_no center_so2 outside_so Center area: Luhu Park, Wanqingsha, Tianh, Liyuan, Tangjia, Jinjuzui, Huijingcheng, Donghu, Chengzhong, Haogang, Zimaling Park Outside area: Jinguowan, Xiapu Data for march 55

56 Future Outlook More control on photochemical pollution! Emission trends of China Outlook: SO 2 (acid rain,pm), NO x?, VOCs O 3 SO 2 : China Statistics Yearbook; NO x : Zhang Q., et al.,2006, 2009 and Lamsal L. N. et al., 2011; VOCs: Ohara, T., et al., 2009 and Zhang Q., et al.,

57 Emission(10000 tonnes) Emission(10000 tonnes) Annual SO 2 Emissions Guangdong Year Hong Kong Year Data comes from China Statistical Yearbook and HK Environmental Protection Dept. 57

58 Emissions of major pollutants in HK Data comes from HK Environment Protection Dept. 58

59 Research 59

60 Cutting-edge research Address fundamental science in a highly oxidative subtropical environment and all essential elements in smog-pollution control

61 Core research areas (1/5) New analytical techniques (e.g., OH and NO 3 ) Improved satellite retrievals Models with new processes Inter-comparison of measurements and models Cutting-edge new instruments/methods to study the core of atmospheric chemistry previously not available in HK-PRD

62 Core research areas (2/5) Emission factors/source profiles (anthropogenic and biogenic) Model-ready emission inventory Validation and uncertainty Emission projection Most complete emission info. key to research and control

63 Core research areas (3/5) Surface and Mount-top supersites Ship-based measurements Aircraft measurements Land/Satellite-based remote sensing

64 Multi-platform Observation System Satellite Species column Aircraft Key species Ship Comprehensive species Tung Chung Mt. Tai Mo Mountain supersite Comprehensive species Surface supersite Comprehensive species The innovative system will provide unprecedented data for model validations HK-PRD air monitoring Network O 3, CO, SO 2, PM

65 Core research areas (4/5) Chamber studies Source apportionments Meteorological simulations Photochemical box model Fundamental chemistry Chemical transport models Control options The multiple models will provide most reliable source contributions and control options

66 Core research areas (5/5) Strong stakeholder engagement will ensure the translation of cuttingedge science to policy HK-PRD collaboration Public engagement Policy recommendation

67 On-going ECF funded research on ozone 2010~2014 (HK$6.55M) PolyU Tung Chung Hok Tsui 67

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

68 Vehicle Numbers (Thousands) Vehicle amount(10 thousand) Growth of Motor Vehicles Guangdong Hong Kong Data comes from China Statistical Yearbook and HK Transport Dept. 68

69 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) hour AQO Exceedance Kwai Chung Kwun Tong Sham Shui Po Tsuen Wan Sha Tin Tai Po Tung Chung Yuen Long Tap Mun Causew ay Bay Central Year CW Eastern Mong Kok

70 Ozone (O 3 ) hour AQO Exceedance Kwai Chung Kwun Tong Sham Shui Po Tsuen Wan Sha Tin Tai Po Tung Chung Yuen Long Year CW Eastern Tap Mun

SO 2 1. AQO never exceeded in Hong Kong. 2. 1990 limiting S content of industrial fuel. 3.

71 SO 2 1. AQO never exceeded in Hong Kong limiting S content of industrial fuel prohibit new coal-fire power generators mandatory ultra low S diesel Castle Peak Nox/SO 2 scrubber. 6. Control of SO 2 in HK is very successful. 71

72 30000 Carbon Monoxide (CO) hour average HKAQO

73 CO 1. CO is a toxic gas at high concentration. 2. It is emitted by combustion processes. 3. CO is about 1000 g/m 3 at roadside hour AQO of CO is g/m CO never exceeded AQO in Hong Kong. 73

74 NO 2 1. NO 2 is a toxic gas hour AQO of NO 2 is 300 g/m hour AQO of NO 2 is 80 g/m Roadside NO 2 1. > 1-hour AQO; 2. > 24 hr AQO 5. General stations NO 2 are 1. Mostly < 1-hour AQO but close. 6. TAP Mun never exceeds any AQO. 7. NO 2 is basically a local problem. 74

75 RSP 1. RSP are particulates harmful to health. 2. Annual AQO of RSP is 55 g/m Roadside RSP 1. > 1-yr AQO 4. General stations RSP are 1. < 1-yr AQO but close. 2. Could exceed AQO a few times each year. 5. TAP Mun RSP is also similar to other general stations and close to AQO. 6. There is a high level of particulate over the entire Hong Kong. 7. RSP is a regional problem. 75

76 Ozone O 3 1. Ozone is an indicator of Photochemical smog hour AQO of O 3 is 240 g/m Roadside O 3 1. Never exceed AQO 4. General stations O 3 are mostly 1. < 1-hour AQO but. 2. Could exceed AQO a few times each year. 5. Tung Chung, Yuen Long, and TAP Mun RSP are particularly high in number of exceedance. 6. TC (38 hours per year); TM (15 hours per year). 7. Photochemical smog is episodic and is a regional problem. 76

77 Trends in ambient air quality in Hong Kong Rural 140 Tap Mun Station g/m RSP 20 NO SO 2 Background levels have been steady 77 Data comes from HK Environment Protection Dept.

78 Visibility of HK Airport 78

79 Visibility 1. Number of poor visibility days has been rising in the pass 2 decades. 2. HK air quality problems are: 1. Local emissions poor roadside air quality 2. Regional emissions episodic poor visibility events smog & photochemical smog. 3. Poor roadside air quality is a local problem. 4. Smog and Photochemical smog are regional problems. 79

80 ug/m3 Local against Regional Diurnal Variation of RSP - Year Causeway Bay Tap Mun Time of Day Roadside RSP at morning hours is less than 55 µg/m 3 80

81 ug/m3 Local against Regional Diurnal Variation of NO 2 - Year Causeway Bay Tap Mun Time of Day Roadside NO 2 at morning hours is less than 80 µg/m 3 81

Alexis Lau Civil Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Satellite Informatics System for Surface Particulate Matter Distribution http://envf.ust.hk/itf-si Alexis Lau Civil Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Urban Heat Island, Coastal