PEMFC System s design and components

Transcription

1 PEMFC System s design and components Thomas Nietsch

2 Overview Part 0: Introduction FC in general Part 1: PEMFC systems and components Part 1a: Summary part 1 Part 2: IV curve modelling Part 3: Performance trade off between stack and compressor Part 4: Example for the dimensioning of a simple PEMFC system Part 5: Compressors for PEMFC Part 6: Humidification technologies for PEMFC Part 1b: Summary part 2 to 6 (in preparation) Part 7: Hydrogen production Part 8: Related subjects Diagnostics (in preparation)

3 Content Introduction AREVA / Helion Fuel cell systems PEMFC components, auxiliaries and sub systems Examples: PEMFC stacks PEMFC Systems

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9 PEMFC system H H G F E D C B EMS Vibrations Vent Pluie Température etc. Ventilation Gaz inertes Puissance électrique AiR Carburant Eau Informations Système pile à combustible Puissance électrique Chaleur Effluents Eau Informations EMS Bruit Vibrations etc. G F E D C B A PROJET Système pile à combustible Dessiné Vérifié Description des Indices Date A REFERENCE Ce document est la propriété d et ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation TNI TNi A Emission Initiale Nov 2003

10 Stationary fuel cell power systems Draft technical specifications IEC TS second edition 2008, fuel cell technologies - part 1: terminology

11 Portable and micro fuel cell power systems Draft technical specifications IEC TS second edition 2008, fuel cell technologies - part 1: terminology

12 Fuel cell vehicles Draft technical specifications IEC TS second edition 2008, fuel cell technologies - part 1: terminology

13 Hydrogen generator and PEMFC stack H H G G F E D C B AiR Carburant Eau Informations Puissance électrique Générateur H 2 Puissance électrique H 2 O Déchets AiR Gaz Informations Module à pile à combustible Puissance électrique Déchets PàC Chaleur de la PàC Informations Chaleur de reformeur Déchets générateur H 2 F E D C B A PROJET Interfaces générateur d hydrogène et pile à combustible REFERENCE Dessiné Vérifié Description des Indices Date A Ce document est la propriété d et ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation TNI TNi A Emission Initiale Nov 2003

14 Example: steam reformer for hydrogen production

15 Hydrogen production and conversion chain renewable Non renewable Primery energy Bio plants Organic wasts Sun, wind, watter Wood Natural gas Uranium Coal Crude oil CO 2 from athmospher Transformation Vermentation Vergärung Electrolysis Gasification Reformation Gasification Refinery Secondary Energy Transformation Secondary Energy Transformation Electricity productiobn Ethanol Bio gas Hydrogen Natural gas Methanol Gas / diesel Reformer Reformer Reformer Reformer Reformer Combustion Fuel cell / ICE Hydrogen IC / turbine Synthesis / electrolysis Usful Energy Heat Heat and power Heat and power

16 Hydrogen production Petroleum Transportation Fuel 40% Byproduct Hydrogen 57 Mtoe Coal Power Generation 60% Heating Fuel 35% 2236 Mtoe Miscellaneous 8% Power Generation 10% 3504 Mt Chemical Feedstock 7% (Olefins, Aromatics) Steam Reforming Gasification Petroleum 7% WORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VS ENERGY PRODUCTION «On-purpose» Hydrogen Coal 4% Electrolysis 4% Merchant Hydrogen 2.6 Mtoe 85% from natural gas Iron & Steel 20% Miscellaneous 18% Chemical Feedstock 2% (Tar, Aromatics, CO-H 2 ) Gasification Electrolysis 73 Mtoe/10,000 Mtoe = 0.8 % of world energy consumption Electricity: 12% of world energy consumption Steam Reforming Heating Fuel 73% Chemical Feedstock 7% NH3, CH3OH Refineries Sources: IEA, IGU; 2002 data Power Generation 20% Hydropower 230 Mtoe Electrolysis 0,5% Renewables 64 Mtoe 593 Mtoe Nuclear Natural Gas 2135 Mtoe

17 PEMFC module H G Informations Système de surveillance, de contrôle et détection de conditions de fonctionnement Informations H G F E D C B H AiR Système de post traitement d hydrogène Système de post traitement d air Fluide de refroidissement Stacks Système de gestion thermique Conditionnement des rejets Système de conditionnement de puissance Combustible / échappement AiR / échappement Eau de réaction Puissance électrique Fluide de refroidissement F E D C B A PROJET Système pile à combustible Dessiné Vérifié Description des Indices Date A REFERENCE Ce document est la propriété d et ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation TNI TNi A Emission Initiale Nov 2003

18 Sketch of a PEMFC stack with some auxiliaries and controls

19 Définitions de base Rendement électrique η η = U U 0 P = P g (T) f 237, 2 U0 = = = 1, 229V 2F 2 * Rendement thermique η th η th = 1 - η _ Rendement électrique max η max gf hf T s (2) T s ηmax = = = 1 _ h f h f h f Constant de Faraday F F = J/(mol V) = As/mol (3) Energie libre de Gibbs (4) g f (T) g f ( 25 C) = 237, 2kJ / mol nsommation d hydrogène voir équation (1) Consommation spécifique d hydrogène U= U( h U= U 0 H2 ) U ohm U i+ i (i in )r Aln i0 activation 0 U concentration i+ i + Bln 1 il 0 * n H 2 * n H 2 _ Pel = η h el chem H2 el = * n H2 H2 * nh2 Pel 1 P el = η h P P = η h el h 2 H2 (1) (5) (6)

20 Components, auxiliaries and sub systems Auxiliaries Compressors Humidification Controls Power conditioning Heat exchangers Valves etc Components Stacks Bipolar plates, separator plates, interconector plates, current collectors MEAs Membranes Electrodes Anodes Cathodes GDLs, GDM Joints Others (screws, end plates, )

21 Comparaison piles à combustible

22 Principe PEMFC

23 Le fonctionnement électrochimique du cœur de pile 2e - 2e- + H 2 2H + = H 2 Catalyseur 2H + 2e - Membrane + 2H + + O 2 = H 2 O Catalyseur O 2 H 2 O 2H2 + O2 2H2O

24 Principe d EME ou AME H 2 O 2e - 2H + O 2 O 2 m* => 0 H + m* => 2H + H 2 2e - Cathode Electrolyte Anode

25 This is what we are talking about... Cooling water transport on backside of the cathode bipolar plate Bipolar plates assist the transport of H 2 & O 2 and water & collect current Typical PEM cell assembly MEmbrane Assembly (MEA) Source: FACE10, 2004, AAU IET Source: Spiegel, 2007 Mads Pagh Nielsen, Aalborg University, 2008

26 PEMFC stack

27 Fuel Cell Stacks Source: FACE10, 2004, AAU IET Mads Pagh Nielsen, Aalborg University, 2008

28 Electron conduction via BPP in a PEMFC Anode 2H 2 => 4 H e - Electrolyte 4H + H 2 O Cathode Bipolar plate O 2 + 4e - + 4H + => 2H 2 O O 2 H 4 e - 2 H 2 O Anode 2H 2 => 4 H e - Electrolyte Cathode Bipolar plate O 2 + 4e - + 4H+ => 2H 2 O O 2 H 4 e - 2 4H + Anode 2H 2 => 4 H e - Electrolyte 4H + Cathode O 2 + 4e - + 4H + => 2H 2 O e -

29 Bipolar plates BPP Separator plates, current collector plates, gas distribution plates Distribute Hydrogen Oxygen Extract Water vapour non consumed gases and inerts Conduct / collect electrons Conduct / distribute heat Separate gases / Be gas tide Be inert

30 Gas- and water distribution in bipolar plates: Source: FACE10, 2004, AAU IET Mads Pagh Nielsen, Aalborg University, 2008

31 Design of planar PEM-stacks: Source: FACE10, 2004, AAU IET Mads Pagh Nielsen, Aalborg University, 2008

32 Fonction de la membrane Conduction des protons Séparateur de gaz (H2 / O2) Isolant électrique (électrons)

33 Illustration from Gore Conduct protons Separate gases (H2 / O2) Insolate electrons

34 Structure de Nafion

35 Conduction des Protons dans le Nafion

36 Nafion Electrolyte PCE (Proton Conductive Electrolyte If Humidified That Is!) - Hydration important (ionic conductivity is a function of the RH%). - Typical properties of Nafion (vary with type, thickness and water content): Density (dry): 2g/cm 3 Operating temperature: ~60-80 C (Figure Eric Stuve, 2000) Mads Pagh Nielsen, Aalborg University, 2008

37 Chemical structures of some membrane materials PSSA Nafion, TM Membrane C PESA α,β,β-trifluorostyrene grafted onto poly(tetrafluoro-ethylene) with post-sulfonation) Dow

38 Examples: PEMFC stacks ZSW Ballard

39 Example IV and PI curve of a PEMFC stack Illustration from Gore

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44 Integration of the fuel cell system into the rear of the bus Installation of Siemens fuel cell system and electric drive in the A21 low-floor bus Water/water heat exchanger Water pump Water trap Air filter (standard in A21) Fuel cell air compressor Fuel cell modules (4x30kW) Traction motors with summation gearbox (2x75 kw) Air trap

45 Integration of all the components of a fuel cell drive into a low floor city bus Low floor bus with Siemens fuel cell Power electronic for onboard power supply Braking resistor Air filter Air compressor Fuel cell stacks cooling system Compressed hydrogen storage (250 bar) Deioniser for water Heat exchanger

46 Apollo FC

47 GEMINI FUEL CELL SECTION

48 APOLLO FUEL CELL SECTION

49 Space Shuttle Fuel Cell UTC

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55 Station H2 Aéroport Munich

56 Voiture à DMFC