1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IWACO. West Java Rural Water Supply Project

Transcription

1 Government of ndonesa Mnstry of Publc Health Drectorate General of Communcable Dsease Control and Envronmental Health Government of The Netherlands Mnstry of Foregn Affars Drectorate General of nternatonal Cooperaton Consultancy for the development of the rural water supply of the Kabupaten ndramayu, Provnce of West Java, Republc of ndonesa. FNAL REPORT. West Java Rural Water Supply Project WACO Consultants for Water & Envronment Head Offce: P.O. Box AD Rotterdam The Netherlands 076 sector Rotterdam July 985

2 Government of ndonesa Mnstry of Publc Health Drectorate General of Communcable Dsease Control and Envronmental Health Government of The Netherlands Mnstry of Foregn Affars Drectorate General of nternatonal Cooperaton Consultancy for the development of the rural water supply sector of the Kabupaten ndramayu, Provnce of West Java, Republc of ndonesa. FNAL REPORT. West Java Rural Water Supply Project ' 0:. l WACO Consultants for Water & Envronment Head Offce: P.O. Box AD Rotterdam The Netherlands 0 76 Rotterdam July 985.

3 CONSULTANCY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY SECTOR OF THE KABUPATEN NDRAMAYU, PROVNCE OF WEST JAVA, REPUBLC OF NDONESA. FNAL REPORT Acknowledgements Summary Glossary. ntroducton.. Republc of ndonesa, West Java Provnce..2. Kabupaten ndramayu..3. Hstory of the OTA Project and ts sub-project, SDK Programme... The set-up of the SDK Programme. the Organzaton, Manpower Development and Management. 2.. The Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of the Kabupaten ndramayu "Learnng by Dong" 2.3. Know How Transfer Vllage Level Kabupaten and Kecamatan Level Natonal and Provncal Level. 2.. Management. 3. Communty Partcpaton. 3.. Method of Communty Partcpaton Development and nnovaton The Sukareja Case Recommendatons... ntroducton..2. Elements for a Programme for Water Supply and Santaton..3. Fundng... General Approach for Kabupaten Projects..5. Development of Know How..6. Mappng..7. Vllage Credt Scheme..8. Technologcal Development / Research..9. Management and Control Systems Annex Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex Annex 5 Annex 6 Status Quo of Realzed Systems n ndramayu. Regonal Budget (APBD ) for RWS of the Kabupaten ndramayu. Concrete (techncal) Results and Evaluaton. Evaluaton of Per Capta nvestments of the SDK Programme, (ncludng fnancal report) Ferrocement Water Towers n ndonesa. The MCKS 500, a small scale ntegrated water supply and santaton system.

4 Acknowledgements. Ths report s the result of the effort of a lot of people, related to the RWS&S Sector Development Programme n ndramayu, West Java, and ts mother project, the West Java Rural Water Supply Project The Sector Development Programme n the Kabupaten of ndramayu (SDK Programme) s the consequence of the vst pad by the Dutch Ambassador, Mr. L.B.J. van Gorkom, to ndramayu to the ste of the frst "MCKS" - an ntegral water supply and santaton scheme - n the vllage of Clardak. The Bupat of hdramayuj Mr. H.A. Djâharj SH., suggested to the Ambassador that ths system could be the pvot around whch to set-up the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton. Hs man argument was the approprateness of the system; staff of hs own servces at Kabupaten level, together wth people from the vllage constructed ths plant. A project proposalfor the development of the RWS&S sector was formulated and approved by the Dutch Drectorate General of nternatonal Cooperaton and the ndonesan Drectorate General of Communcable Dseases Control and Envronmental Health (CDC&EH). We would lke to express our thanks to Dr. Adhyatma, Drector General of CDC&EH, who has always been very nterested n the developments n ndramayu. We would lke to thank both Mr. van Gorkom and Mr. Djahar for the opportunty to further develop ths knd of technology. Through ths project we had the possblty to test nnovatve methods for vllage development. The Ambassador fully backed the SDK-programme, and the Bupat pushed actvely to make the programme a success. Drs. M.H. Dol from the Dutch Embassy and r. B. van Bronckhorst, then projectleader of the West Java Rural Water Supply Project "OTA-33" have done a lot for the promoton of the approach of the SDK Programme, as well as r. A.R. Bergen, project supervsor of "OTA". ndeed many people have worked hard to make ths project a success. Not only the project offce of OTA n Bandung - led by ng. W.R. van Kerkvoorden and Drs. A.Santoso- but also the OAMP offce n ndramayu- led by Mr. Batha Nusantara, BA. A specal word of thanks to Mr. Agus Ruchmat, SH and Adl Fnoraldy, BSc, who solved many ndramayunese problems, and of course Har Sswoyo Aj, BSc and Dr. Mara Ulfah Asmun, who ntroduced us to the Vllage Head of Clandak, the vllage where t all started.

5 Fnally a word of thanks to WACO B.V., Consultants for Water and B Envronment, Rotterdam, who took care that funds where always avalable for project mplementaton and provded techncal backstoppng. WACO, together wth the ndonesan frm Unsystem Utama Ltd., s the - consultant for the West Java Rural Water Supply Project OTA-33. t Caspar L.P.M. Pompe Projectleader Sector Development Programme Kabupaten ndramayu.

6 S U M M A R Y The Sector Development Programme n the Kabupaten of ndramayu (SDK) s a sub-project of the West Java Rural Water Supply Project OTA 33 n the Republc of ndonesa. Wthn the framework of the cooperaton between the Dutch and the ndonesan Governments, the counterpart agences are the dutch Drectorate General of nternatonal Cooperaton (DGS) and the ndonesan Drectorate General of Communcable Dseases Control and Envronmental Health (CDC&EH). The consultants are PT UNSYSTEM UTAMA, Jakarta and WACO BV, Rotterdam. The SDK Programme started n Januar 982 and termnated n May 98. Kabupaten ndramayu s one of the Kabupatens n the northern coastal plan of West Java. n 982 average ncome s about US$ The area has a hgh occurrence of communcable dseases. Ths s why ndramayu s chosen as one of the areas assgned to the OTA Project. The general objectve of the SDK Programme s the development of the Sector of Rural Water Supply (and Santaton) at Kabupaten level. The actvtes of the SDK Programme are concentrated on the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of the Kabupaten of ndramayu; the OAMP. The set-up of the OAMP ames at decentralzaton of RWS actvtes. n order to develop the OAMP, a "Learnng by Dong" approach s adopted. Complexty of management of the OAMP s gradually ncreased n several steps. The vehcle for organzaton development s the actual constructon of vllage water supply schemes. The OAMP s now able to survey, desgn, and construct smple pped systems. However, operaton and mantenance (O&M) s not yet taken care of at a regular bass, due to lack of funds and personnel. Regulatons, that are requred for a regular and functonal water qualty control (WQC), are not yet ssued. Sklls are mostly avalable, whle lttle addtonal nvestments are needed for the set-up of a decentralzed WQC. Addtonal consultancy s urgently requested, especally n order to set-up systems for both O&M and WQC. A pragmatc method of communty partcpaton s developed. For ths purpose a mappng team produces a map of the vllage n close cooperaton wth the vllage admnstraton and members of the communty. Durng the process a baselne survey s conducted. Vllage meetngs and ntervews make that vllagers are nvolved almost ndvdually n the project takng place n ther vllage. Durng all stages of the project, labour from the vllage s pad normal wages. A vllage water team s establshed n the vllage to run the scheme. The process of communty partcpaton s llustrated wth the case of the vllage of Sukareja.

7 n ths case, the Kabupaten Admnstraton used the servces of the m SDK Programme (mappng team and water supply scheme) n the mplementaton of ther ntegrated vllage development project. The JÊ project was fully ntated and coordnated by the Kabupaten Admnstraton of ndramayu. _ t s recommended that the method of survey annex communty partcpaton be further consoldated, and possbly ntegrated wth the newly devced programme on prmary health care of the Health j Mnstry. A mappng team that takes care of storage of data and updatng may be establshed. These actvtes may be coordnated by fl Bappeda. Producton of a map of a vllage of about 3000 people takes about a month at a cost of about US?,000.-, ncludng the m baselne survey. The makng of such maps may be contracted to local consultants. The Dutch and ndonesan Governments have commtted themselves to go * on wth ther cooperaton n the feld of RWS&S n West Java. For ths purpose, several elements of a programme for RWS&S are dscussed. n a ntult-kabupaten programme, stll the turnng pont wll lay at kabupaten level. Now, several Kabupaten Programmes are coordnated by a RWS&S Organzaton at Provncal Level. Each new { RWS&S Organzaton at Kabupaten Level wll start small, but wll evolve nto a full fledged Servce for RWS&S eventually. ^ ' t s recommended strongly to fnance the Programme wth T.A. funds j manly, snce procedures that are requred for Project Ad may hamper M proper mplementaton serously. \ m Detals on the several techncal unts that have been realzed durng the SDK Programme are provded n Annexes, as well as a fnancal * evaluaton. Per Capta nvestments (PC) are used for the _ evaluaton. The average PC for hardware of the SDK Programme s US? 9.38, but ths fgure s msleadng and should not be compared wth fgures of other programmes. PC fgures are nfluenced by the elements that make-up the systems. The PC fgures are also a functon of the way of mplementaton and whether overhead s j ncluded or not. PC of a typcal surface water treatment scheme of M the SDK Programme, as budgetted by standards of Publc Works, bult! by a local contractor and ncludng overhead of the prncple, would amount to about US? 25.- (MCKS 3000, 985). The OAMP realzes such a system by themselves at a PC of US?.50 (985), excludng overhead. m The total budget of the SDK s Dfl 568,000.- excludng consultancy. (US? 72,000.- at US? = Dfl 3.0)

8 G L O S S A R Y t ':.V' APBD APBD APK ATPU BANGDES BAPPEDA BAPPEDA BAPPENAS BPAM Bupat CDC&EH DAGR DEPKES DNKES Desa KK WACO Kabupaten Kecamatan LKMD MCKS OAMP OPAMDES OTA 33 PC PDAM PU PU-CK PU-K RWS RWS&S SDK SPPH UNSYSTEM Wayang Regonal Budget, provncal level Regonal Budget, kabupaten level Academy of Santary Engneerng (Mnstry of Health) Academy of Santary Engneerng (Mnstry of Publc Works) Vllage Development Organzaton Provncal Plannng Board Kabupaten Plannnng Board Natonal Plannng Board Kabupaten branch of Provncal Water Supply Project of PU Admnstrator of Kabupaten (Drectorate General) of Communcable Dseases Control jmd Envronmental Health Admnstrator of Kecamatan (Mnstry) of Home Affars Department-of Health (Natonal Level) Health Servce (Provncal and Kabupaten Level) Vllage (5th admnstratve level) Small Ctes Water Supply Project Consultants for Water and Envronment, Rotterdam, Holland Regency (3rd admnstratve level) Sub-dstrct (th admnstratve level) Vllage Resllance Organsaton ntegrated Rural Water Supply and Santaton Scheme Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of Kabupaten ndramayu Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of Kabupaten Karawng West Java Rural Water Supply Project OTA 33 Per Capta nvestments Kabupaten Water Supply Company Publcs Works (Department or Mnstry) PU-Cpta Karya; Department of PU responsable for WS&S Publc Works Servce of Kabupaten Admnstraton Rural Water Supply Rural Water Supply and Santaton RWS&S Sector Development Programme of Kabupaten ndramayu Hghschool of Santary Engneerng (Mnstry of Health) Engneerng and Management Consultants, Jakarta, ndonesa Tradtonal Puppet Play

9 , NTRODUCTON. From Januar 982 untl May 98, the West Java Rural Water Supply Project OTA 33 provded servces to the Admnstraton of Kabupaten ndramayu n the form of a sub-project, enttled: Consultancy for the development of the Rural Water Supply Sector of the Kabupaten ndramayu, Provnce of West Java. Ths sub-project, the Sector Development Programme Kabupaten ndramayu (SDK Programme), had ts offce n the captal cty of the Kabupaten ndramayu. The man actor, at Kabupaten level, was the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton; the OAMP. Pvot of the SDK Programme s an ntegrated vllage water supply scheme wth a capacty of about 3 /sec; the "MCKS 3000". The scheme s operated by the Water Supply Team of the vllage where the system s located. Expendtures for daly operaton s covered from consumer fees of House Connectons and Publc Stand Posts. No subsdes are gven for ths purpose. Besdes ths scheme, that uses surface water as water source, other types of schemes are provded as well. A common characterstc of these schemes s that santary facltes are always ncluded. Durng mplementaton, the vllage communty s nvolved closely, from survey untl montorng. As much as possble goods and servces from nsde the Kabupaten are purchased. At the tme ths report s wrtten, about a year after the programme termnated, most of the schemes, that are realzed under the programme, are stll functonng. n partcular the schemes, that cover a whole vllage, are stll n use, because the Vllage Head s motvated to montor the functonng of the Water Supply Team. The hgher level of servce, through the provson of House Connectons, s mportant to make the schemes functons well. n ths way a contnuous water supply to Publc Stand-^posts s ensured as well. Annex provdes nsght nto the status quo of the systems as per Aprl 985. Although many systems stll functon, proper mantenance s not yet taken care of due to lack of funds and personnel. Last year lttle actvty s undertaken by the QAMP, besdes rregular mantenance of the systems. However, for fscal year 86-87, the OAMP plans constructon of about new schemes.

10 Hopefully, ths report may ntate further assstance to the OAMP. g The Bupat states that two more years of assstance would be needed to make the OAMP strong enough. Most mportant n ths assstance s M know-how transfer, and consultancy to the further development of the OAMP. Funds may already be avalable through the regonal budget (APBD ).(see annex 2) Funds, however should not be allocated for constructon only, but mantenance should also get a regular fundng. The SDK Programme dd not have the possblty to set-up a well _ functonng mantenance secton wthn the OAMP. Obvously ths should be a major feld of attenton n the future. The frst chapter s devded nto four sectons. The frst and second sectons deal wth the geographcal settng of the project, the Regency of ndramayu n the Provnce of West Java, as well as the JÉ water supply problems n ths area. A short hstory s gven n secton three. The fourth secton provdes nsght nto the set-up of the programme. Chapter two deals wth organzaton development of the OAMP. Aspects m such as Man Power Development, Know How Transfer and Management are dscussed n ths chapter. Chapter three s conceptonal and deals wth communty partcpaton and rural development. n chapter four S recommendatons for further actvtes are gven. All techncal and factual nformaton s gven n Annexes, of whch Annex 3 and are of specal nterest. Annex 3 s a lstng of all the systems that have been buld by the OAMP durng the SDK Program. _ Each system s explaned techncally and some nterestng ponts related wth each system are dscussed. Annex s a fnancal evaluaton of the SDK programme. Performance of the OAMP s M llustrated wth fgures. A break-even analyss of the water supply scheme of the vllage of Lobener s ncluded n ths annex.

11 .. THE REPUBLC OF NDONESA, WEST JAVA PROVNCE. The archpelago of the Republc of ndonesa conssts of more than 3 thousand slands over an area as large as the Unted States. Provnce of West Java. Project areas of OTA-33. Fgure.: Locaton of the programme. Kabupaten ndramayu Area MCKS programme. More than 5 ml-lon people lve on ths "rbbon of emeral" as ndonesa s called because of ts evergreen tropcal slands. However, about 60% (85 mllon) of ts people lve on the sland of Java, whch has a land surface of only 6,9% of the total ndonesan land surface. The Provnce of West Java has 33 mllon nhabtants wth a concentraton n the metropoltan area of Jakarta wth 7 mllon nhabtants. Drvng along Javanese roads one sees on both sdes an endless sequence of houses, people, mosques, markets, etc. From a "brd'seye" vew you would dstngush the dark green strng of settlements along roads and borderng water arters, former rver basns and beach leves. n between, lght green rce paddes glmmer and gltter n the sun. On the northern coastal plans the populaton densty has an average of about 650 nhabtants per square klometer. The coastal plans of Java are of (geologcally) recent date. Brdfoot shaped rver deltas are constantly extendng ther flood plans nto the Java Sea, wth materal eroded from the volcanc mountan rdge whch forms the spne of the ndonesan archpelago. After dranage ths hghly fertle flood plan s made nto rrgated rce paddes. '

12 MAOMATC OELT tooo looo. ' O0 s NDAN OCEAN XX \ Í X! B soutuznt MWtTMH! : «< > u A L! A Jm8g88&$m. '''"'^""YÍVrtYíín CONTNENTAL CRUST NTtAHONTANe BASN 8 A N a * X >l X \ r A W Q K U e >t N P E R A t y ll ' *.V /U.UVML coasml pt>«/ PEUMEtf! 0E.T PLANS [. ASS0C - t TON sx X r J >U > j Pll X W ***** SKA *^- -0O0 t PLATE SU8DUCTON V >t \ X \ X 0 0 Km.

13 Orgnally settlements were mostly found along the rvers. Of the 0 thousand people lvng n the ndramayu part of the Cmanuk water shed n the begnnng of the 8th century, only 7 thousand people lved on the coast or n the hlls. Wth the extenson of the rrgaton system, settlements were also set-up along ts channels. However, the major part of the populaton stayed near the rver. The effectve populaton densty n the resdental areas n the vllages ncreased enormously, snce the farmers, wth mostly small landholdngs, do not want to sacrfce rce paddes to settlements. The type of growth encountered here may be called Densty Growth. The exstng envronment wll eventually get overloaded and damaged. To cope wth these changes the Javanese communty wll have to mprove the qualty and quantty of nfrastructure and facltes n ther vllages and ctes. WEST JAVA, WATER RESOURCES. West Java has a tropcal monsoon clmate; n the wet season heavy rans sweep over the plans and soak the mountans, whereas n the dry season the sun evaporates water from the ponds and wells and cracks the fertle land. n the rany season man may be drowned n floods, n the dry season he may have to pay a hgh prce for water snce t becomes scarce. The pcture of water resources n West Java s broadly dvded nto two: one of the mountan areas and one of the (coastal) plans. The hlls around the volcanoes are beng terraced up to a reasonable heght for rce paddes and for spce- and vegetable cultvaton. The hghest areas are occuped by human settlements. People of these mountan settlements fetch water from deep dug wells (to 80 m deep) or use seepng water whch s part of the hydrologcal cycle; rrgaton dtches, fsh ponds wth mounted tolet, rce paddes, wells, etc. t s not ths part of West Java where the water problem s most severe. Stream Kaü Ecologcal chan. Fgure 2.: Ecologcal Chan n Mountanous Vllages.

14 n the coastal plans access to (safe) water forms a bg problem. Utlzaton of deep groundwater s only possble after a consderable H nvestment, sometmes deep groundwater s salty. Shallow groundwater s often bracksh n the dry season. rrgaton water and rver water s avalable durng most months of the year, however, t s not only a source of water but also a source of dseases. The channel s used for all purposes of water usage, ncludng excreta dsposal. Stll t «s the water resource most people n the coastal plan are dependent upon. Ths s also the reason people settle as near as possble to these water arteres. M However, n both regons, hlly and flat, most surface water that s used s contamnated bacterologcally, a problem that s growng more and more acute as populaton densty ncreases the contamnaton load. For West Java t may be stated that 8% of ts rural ^ populaton has no access to safe drnkng water (Department of Health, 98..)..2. NDRAMAYU. As part of the northern coastal plan, ndramayu manly conssts of flood plans. Eroded materal s carred by the Cmanuk rver and settles n the brdfood shaped delta. Every year ca. ha. (0.000 m^) of new land s bult out nto sea. n the Western part of ndramayu water may be taken from deep wells n the eastern part shallow groundwater s predomnantly bracksh. n that area people are manly dependent up on channels, rvers and some shallow groundwater from former rverbeds and beach leves. These groundwater sources however are very lmted. One problem s that the rrgaton system fed by water from the H Cmanuk water shed has only a partal water supply. For a perod of two months a year dstrbuton s ntermttent and for up to two months a year the canals are dry. n these perods water scarcety s a realty and people have to walk klometers for good water, or buy m- water from carrers wth at a prce of ca. US $ 0.5 per 0 lters (US $ 3.75/ m 3 ). S m M 8

15 The hydro-geologcal condtons also explan Why the water-artery related settlements are densely populated along the Cmanuk rver. Along the road from ndramayu to Kertasemaya, followng the course of the rver, a belt of vllages stretches that has "urban - rural" characterstcs. n these densely populated areas nfrastructural systems are very much nterwoven. Water supply wth no adequate relaton to a dscharge system wll mmedately cause healthhazardous stuatons, such as cesspools and flooded areas. Especally n the vllages, the only way to fght waterborne dseases s by emphaszng the complete chan of water supply water usage water (and waste) dsposal. The technques and technologes, however, should ft the socoeconomc envronment of the vllages. At least operaton and mnor mantenance should be covered from consumer fees. As much as possble local labour and materals should be utlzed durng constructon. Operators are to be recruted from the vllage, therefore the system should be as smple as possble. Another condton may be that;.the schemes must be constructed under gudance of staff of regonal, organzatons by local contractors or the lke. Decentralzaton of mplementaton of water supply programmes s a consequence of sheer numbers. The total populaton of ndramayu amounts to about people. They lve n 350 vllages and 20 Kecamatans. Only a small number of people lve n the cty of ndramayu (0.000). The economy s manly agrcultural. ndramayu s the Kabupaten wth the hghest rce producton of West Java. Average ncome s about US $ 250 per capta n 982. ndramayu stll has a hgh occurrence of water related dseases such as cholera..3. HSTORY OF THE OTA PROJECT AND TS SUB-PROJECT; THE SDK PROGRAMME. The SDK programme s a sub-project of the West Java Rural Water Supply Project "OTA-33". OTA started n 976. The Dutch Mnstry of Development Cooperaton and the ndonesan Mnstry of Health were the counterparts at governmental level. The Drectorate General of Communcable Dseases Control of ndonesa and the Dutch Drectorate General of nternatonal Cooperaton were the executng agences. They were represented by the Health Servce (Dnkes) of the Department of Health at provncal level. The Consultancy frms WACO B.V., Rotterdam, and P.T. Unsystem Utama, Jakarta, were charged wth executon of the project. n short terms, OTA-33 was run by WACO/Unsystem and Dnkes, wth a project offce n Bandung, the captal cty of the Provnce of West Java.

16 OTA frst started developng technques ( ), the Bandung Pump, and ferrocement ranwater tanks. Both are now wdely adopted through, amongst others, the "NPRES" programme, a programme for B vllage development on specal presdental nstructon. More detals on the results of OTA are provded n ts Fnal Report, dated May 985. The next step, set by OTA, was the development of technologes, n «the sense that technology s the mplementaton of technques n a certan envronment. Two surface-water-treatment plants were desgned, both usng ferrocement and Bandung Pumps as mportant ngredents (980, 98), bult together wth people from the regency. One of those systems was the water treatment scheme that was bult around an ancent (holy) water pond n the vllage of Clandak, M Kabupaten ndramayu. The system was baptzed "MCKS-2000". t was * totally constructed wth locally avalable materals and labour from the vllage. Ths frst MCKS was fnanced by a combnaton of Dutch T.A. funds and local funds from the Kabupaten and the Vllage. The thrd step was Organzaton Development and Sector Development. 0 OTA asssted n the set-up of RWS-organzatons n two Kabupatens, Karawang and ndramayu. These organzatons were set-up and staffed flj wth part-tmer staff from several relevant agences. A concept that proved not to be very successful, because of ts complcated structure of decson makng. Then the Dutch Ambassador vsted the MCKS-scheme as a guest of the m Bupat (Head) of the Regency of ndramayu n October 98. Durng ths vst, t was consdered that the nnovatve concept of the MCKS could be the pvot around whch the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton (OAMP) n ndramayu could be revtalzed. Snce a new project would need too many procedures, the project was formulated as a sub-project of "OTA-33", although the counterpart organzaton was the Regency Admnstraton. Thanks to the flexbl- ^ ty of the Drector General of Communcable Dseases Control, the backng of the Ambassador and the Bupat, the project started very soon after ts ncepton. OTA tred as well to mplement several systems at once. They learned that the process of tenderng was a very trouble some. The frst reason was that the Departement of Health was not experenced wth tenderng procedures of cvl works. A second reason beng the lack _ of sklled local contractors at Kabupaten level. One may draw the concluson that the nfrastructure for effectve mass mplementaton by tenderng to local contractors s not yet refned enough. Tenderng, however, s one of the condtons of (ted) loans. 0

17 The SDK programme, that was fnanced from Dutch T.A.-funds, meant to ndcate an alternatve way for mplementaton of programmes that consst of a large number of small scale unts. For these programmes the process of tenderng at Provncal Level would be too much of a burden. The SDK programme would follow the requred procedures at Kabupaten Level. New technques and technologes should be further developed together wth the development of nsttutonal concepts. Possbly n 985 the fourth step may be taken, namely to bult-out the organzatonal structure of rural water supply at provncal level and to extend the actvtes to other Kabupatens. t may be advsable to see whether the extended new project for RWS&S for West Java can ressort under the Mnstry of Health. Such a set-up may very well be n-lne wth the Drectves of the three Mnstres nvolved n ths matter (Bal, 982).. THE SET-UP OF THE SDK PROGRAMME. The offcal ttle of the SDK programme was: "Consultancy for the development of vllage water supply sector n the Kabupaten of ndramayu". Ths broad ttle was necessary to allow enough flexblty. n the begnnng of the programme t was not clear whether the orgnal set-up would prove to be workable. ndeed, changes had to be made n the organzaton and more agences at Kabupaten level got nvolved towards the end. The man objectve of the programme was the further development of the OAMP. More specfcally; development that was requred for buldng, operatng and mantanng water supply systems wthn the framework of exstng agences. The programme conssted of three actvtes:. Appled research n whch several tems are tred-out n feld condtons: a. Up Flow Fltraton; b. Vllage-Map and Masterplan; c. More actve nvolvement of Vllage Leadershp n very small scale schemes. nstead of the development of solar stlls, as was planned, an array of other small scale systems was desgned and constructed, n close cooperaton wth the vllage communtes (see Annex 3). Ths part of the programme was fully fnanced from Dutch funds.

18 2. The second actvty, and most vsble one, s the constructon of water supply systems, executed by the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton. The man motvaton for mplementaton of "hardware" was a "Learnng by Dong" approach. Sometmes, appled methods faled or had to be mproved. The queston was whether agences at Kabupaten level and below could mplement a vllage water supply JÊ programme effectvely. * Startng wth only one small system, staff of the organzaton learned the prncples of the constructon, the functonng and mantenance of such a system. After ths frst system three more small systems were planned. Admnstraton of constructon actvtes had to be set-up. Desgns had to be made. Logstcs management became more mportant. After the small systems were realzed, the desgn and constructon of sx large MCKS systems was planned. mportant durng ths phase was that t demanded full scale logstcs management, fnancal management, ncreased the workload both n desgn and n the M feld. A good coordnaton between offce, desgn secton and feld secton, and later the secton for operaton and mantenance was needed. The "hardware" of the SDK Programme was partly funded M by ndonesa and partly by The Netherlands. Not all planned hardware was realzed. Only fve out of the sx larger MCKS systems that were planned, were bult. (see Annex ) The water supply schemes are completed wth santary facltes» because, for mprovement of health condtons n rural vllages the whole chan of supply use dsposal should be consdered. Ths s "translated" nto the "MCK-X" concept. The "MCK" s a santary unt consstng of a handpump, wth a washng floor, one or two bathrooms, one or two tolets, a septc tank and a dscharge gutter. The "X" may be any type of water supply, groundwater or treated surface water.(see Annex 3) * 3. The thrd actvty of the programme was the organzatonal development of the OAMP. The OAMP started n 980 as a mult- sectoral work group. Ths, however, was not a workable set-up, because part-tme staff could not be reled upon. Soon the Bupat put the organzaton under hs drect command (May 982). The OAMP M was not the only actor at play n the feld of RWS&S n the Kabupaten. Other agences had programmmes as well. Consequently, the Consultant was asked to provde servces to those agences as well. Organzaton development s dscussed under chapter 2. 2

19 Two aspects of RWS made up the back ground of the SDK Programme; nvolvement of the vllage communtes n the mplementaton of the programme, and the relaton of the programme wth other development actvtes n the area. The Sukareja case was an example of the role of RWS n more ntegrated vllage development actvtes. These two aspects are dealt wth under chapter 3. Consultancy was provded by a lawyer and a cvl engneer, asssted by two santary engneers (BSc) and a techncan n the feld. 3

20 2. ORGANZATON, MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT The man objectve of the programme was to further develop the» Vllage Water Supply Organzaton. For ths purpose a "Learnng by Dong" approach was adopted. ntally (Jan. 982) the organzaton conssted of the staff from m other agences. However, when the staff had to do somethng for ther g own agences, they were gone. The managng board conssted of the heads of these agences. The consequence of ths set-up was that the jb purchase of "every screw" had to be approved by all members of the board. Ths s why the Bupat, soon after the frst system had been completed, (May 982) reformed the organzaton nto a workable unt. n the begnnng of 982 the Organzaton was headed by a manager,. and two techncans. Medo 98 the Organzaton had about 5 staff members. The consultant was represented at that tme by a BSc-santary engneer and a BSc accountant, both ndonesan. n the frst secton of ths chapter the development of the OAMP s m dscussed n a hstorcal way. Then, n secton 2.2, the "Learnng by Dong" approach s llustrated wth the aspect of manpower development. Know-how transfer s another aspect n organzaton development, whch s dealt wth n secton 2.3. Fnally, a short remark wll be made on the management approach that was appled for mplementaton of the SDK Programme. 2.. THE VLLAGE WATER SUPPLY ORGANZATON OF THE KABUPATEN NDRAMAYU. The OAMP was establshed n the begnnng of 980 by the Bupat, conform the set-up as desgned by OTA. t was an extra structural, mult-sectoral organzaton drectly resortng under the Bupat. The OAMP was supervsed by a Managng Board, consstng of the mm representatves of all agences at Kabupaten level related wth RWS&S. Staff of the OAMP conssted of a secretary and an offce boy. Most actvtes conssted of the constructon of ferrocement ranwater tanks as promoted by OTA. The agency most nvolved n the OAMP was the Health Servce. The Head of the Dvson of Hygene and Santaton was also the man motor of the OAMP at that tme. However, the OAMP n the orgnal set-up never developed nto a very " actve organzaton. mm

21 Most mportant reason for the low level of actvty of the OAMP was ts multsectoral set-up. Ths hampered flexblty of the organzaton and the ablty to take decsons. Of course, most agences, havng ther own nterests, were not very motvated to push ts development. Also, funds avalable for ths new organzaton were not abundant. Constructon of the frst MCKS systems, n Clandak (98) and Pawdean (982), learned that a more accurate organzaton was requred. The Managng Board was gven the status of Councl, and a full tme manager and techncan were added to the OAMP (may 982). The structure of the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of the Kabupaten of ndramayu per December 983 s depcted n underneath graph. Fgure 3: Organzaton Scheme ton (OAMP). of Vllage Water Supply Organza- At long term, the ntenton of the Natonal Government s to establsh servces for both Urban and Rural Water Supply and Santaton at Kabupaten level. n the begnnng however, RWS&S s dealt wth by a separate organzaton that starts small and grows gradually. Three alternatves for the ntal organzatonal set-up may be possble at Kabupaten level:. Workng Unt drectly under command of the Bupat, that wll be changed nto a Servce for RWS&S. The Workng Unt s extra structural. (OAMP, ndramayu, OPAMDES-980, Karawang) 2. Secton for RWS&S under PU-K. 3. Devson for RWS&S under BPAM or PDAM (Karawang and Taskmalaya 985). Mr. A.Koesman, Vce-governor n charge of RWS&S, stated that t s up to the Bupat's to choose one of the optons. After some tme a fnal decson wll be taken by the Provncal Government. 5

22 At the end of 983 the OAMP was stll an "extra structural" Organzaton. The Provncal Admnstraton was asked for permsson to gve the OAMP the status of a servce, that s part of the Kabupaten Admnstraton. So far, ths request was not yet granted. The Bupat preferred ths set-up over the status of a secton of the PU-K, because the status of servce provded staff of the Organzaton, and, especally t's head, a hgher status. n the dscusson on the approprate structure for the ntal organzaton of RWS&S at Kabupaten level, t s also suggested to extend the BPAM for ths purpose. The Bupat of ndramayu choose the OAMP opton due to the exstng regulatons for the BPAM. The regulatons dctate that after some years the BPAM has to become a "PDAM", whch s a self-suffcent company. That s why Vllage Water Supply Schemes are not very attractve for ths PDAM, because not all Vllage Schemes are self-suffcent. The PDAM of ndramayu currently runs two urban water supples n the Kabupaten. The OAMP should be able to mplement RWS&S programmes, especally those concernng vllages of 500 to 3000 people. Plannng of actvtes of all mplementng agences for RWS should be coordnated by Bappeda. After completon, Operaton and Mantenance of all mplemented schemes should be coordnated by the OAMP. Background of the new set-up of the OAMP (May 982), was the "Top down / Bottom-up" approach as promoted by the Bupat. Programmes that are parachuted Top-down proved to have a hgh falure rate. However, programmes that are pure Bottom-up lacked mplementng power and plannng. The 'Top-down / Bottom-up" approach of the Bupat gave the Kabupaten a brdge functon between both approaches. Level.PtlMlnq TOD Down Bottom Up MMtgemflt Agenda Natonal Provncal Drvtlocnnt plan Budgets Programng Polcv Drectves, nstructon* Bppens 3 Mnstres Bpptda- 3 Departacnt Kabuptun Physcal Plannng Coordnaton Control Bappeda- PDWOArP Recamatan Vllaoe Preoartton Plan/Proposa) Sunervon [(coton. fgure. Top-down/Bottom-up approach. ranch offce lter Supply Tea.HMD. 6

23 Apart from the practcal motvaton for a decentralzed approach, there was a strong manageral motvaton as well, because of tme constrants. For the comng perod of fve years, the ndonesan Government plannned to provde 60% of the rural populaton wth safe water supples and 0% wth mproved santaton facltes. The Bottom-up/íop-down approach meant that the organzaton at Kabupaten level dealng wth rural water supply and santaton had to fulfll three functons: a. polcy as formulated by the Natonal Government should be appled at lower levels of Admnstraton; b. needs as seen at vllage level should be assessed and; c. detaled programmes n whch both Polcy and Needs are consdered should be formulated. (Bappeda ); d. mplementaton by several agences, (techncal approval PU-K) e. Operaton and Mantenance by the OAMP. Kabupaten level had an ntermedary functon, n between Top and Bottom. The process of mplementaton of RWS&S programmes at Kabupaten level may consst of the followng steps:. Needs assessment- coordnated by Bappeda, by extenson workers of several relevant agences; 2. ndcaton of the techncal optons for the vllages; 3. Devson of tasks for mplementaton: a. Larger pped systems (KK's) by PU-CK; b. Hand pump programme by Health; d. Rehabltaton of small tradtonal systems by BANGDES; e. Small pped systems by OAMP.. Yearly plannng by relevant agences, conform specfc regulatons. 5. Approval of yearly plans by Bappeda ; 6. Approval of techncal desgns by PU-K; 7. mplementaton by relevant agences, conform specfc regulatons; 8. Tranng and set-up of Water Supply Commttees n the vllages, ressortng under the OAMP. The SDK Programme worked together wth the agences playng a role n the mplementaton process. Desgns were approved by PU-K. Sector plans for RWS for three Kecamatans were prepared n cooperaton wth Bappeda, and a good contact was establshed wth the Health Servce. Cooperaton wth PU Cpta Karya resulted n the constructon of the MCKS system n the vllage of Plumbon, that was connected to the raw water man of the water treatment plant of the cty of ndramayu. 7

24 At the tme ths report s fnalzed, the OAMP plans two programmes for a. A regular programme (Rp ) for mantenance, extenson, and constructon. b. A specal programme n cooperaton wth PU-K, PU-CK, Health and Bangdes for water supply of some vllages around a beach resort. M (Rp ,000.-) t s not probable that the whole budget wll be approved, _ nevertheless only 30 % wll already provde the OAMP wth enough opportuntes for further development. The Bupat stresses however, that assstance of a consultant s needed for two more years. Bappeda of ndramayu s currently executng a needs assessment survey wth the ad of the methods of the SDK Programme. Ths s an nterestng development, snce the budget s requested at Kabupaten level (APBD ). The establshment of a capable organzaton at Kabupaten level ntated -unthought-of- sources of fundng for RWS actvtes. However, last year almost no budgets were avalable to the OAMP, wth the result that operaton and mantenance was ll montored. Many schemes are n an alng state of operaton. Ths may be a sgnal that contnued montorng of the OAMP s urgently requred. (Because ths problem was antcpated, slow sand flters are appled for surface water treatment. Ths type of flters s relatvely easy to recuperate after ll treatment. j 2.2 "Learnng by Dong"; t was the task of the SDK Programme to assst the Bupat and hs admnstraton to translate the Top-down / Bottom-up approach nto realty. The OAMP had to be developed nto an effcent tool n the 8 hands of the Kabupaten admnstraton. Plannng methods had to be desgned n order to enable Bappeda to coordnate the RWS&S _ actvtes of the several agences more effectvely. However, development of the RWS&S sector at Kabupaten level was a learnng process. The SDK Programme started slowly and at a small scale and gradually ganed more momentum. The followng steps were taken subsequently:. Through the constructon of a small water supply system techncal know how was transferred to two part-tmers of two agences related wth the OAMP-old verson. (MCKS 500, Pawdean, Jan.-May 982). Ths water supply system for 500 people was desgned by the consultant. Constructon was also very closely supervsed by the consultant. 8

25 2. Three small scale systems were constructed at the same tme? the MCKS 500 n Kal Mat and two MCKP 500's n Pekandangan (medo 982). By the tme the OAMP was made nto a workng unt, resortng drectly under the Bupat. The new OAMP got full-tme staff members. They ganed experence n survey, desgn, plannng, communty nvolvement and budgettng. Durng ths perod, the new staff - three people- of the OAMP learned to work wth a foregn consultant. The consultant on hs turn, had to learn about the area, the vllages, the way n whch staff at Kabupaten level behave -and not behave. One could say that ths second step was a perod of mutual learnng. 3. Durng the thrd step the OAMP was gven full responsblty for the techncal mplementaton of a large MCKS 3000 system (Lobener). All techncal aspects came nto pcture; provdng nformaton to the communty, mappng, survey, desgn, approval by Publc Works of the Kabupaten (PU-K), constructon n an agrcultural settng and n a monsoon clmate, tranng of an operator and ah., admnstrator. "Dong" was completed wth "Learnng" through evaluaton meetngs and "classes" on theoretcal background of practcal problems encountered n the feld or n the offce.. Around February 983 the fourth step was started. More and more tables were placed n the offce of the OAMP. The organzaton had about ten staff members at that tme. The frst head of the OAMP was replaced by a manager, who knew very well the rules of the game at Kabupaten level. Full responsblty was gven to the OAMP for fnancal management. Every month budgets had to be requested, fnancal statements had to be ssued. A fnancal reportng system was developed for use by the feld workers. For the purpose of cash management the "Permanent Balancng Tabular Method" was appled. Ths PBT method enabled the manager to control whether booked expenses matched wth the amount of money n cash. The PBT method proved to be an essental tool for project management wthn the SDK Programme. 5. Durng the ffth perod, attenton was pad to a more systematc approach of the communty. A method for base-lne survey and mappng was developed through whch the vllage communty was nvolved n the actvtes as from scratch on. The Sukareja case s an example of how ths method was adopted by the Kabupaten admnstraton for a more ntegrated mplementaton of ther development programmes. 9

26 Contnued efforts were put nto mprovement of the performance of the OAMP. A good workng relaton had to be establshed between the offce and the feld. Emphass was gven to work plannng, both theoretcally by the plannng devson, and practcally durng constructon of the systems. Attenton was pad to proper workmanshp and a tdy workste. 6. Towards the end of 983 assstance was asked for by Bappeda and a Bangdes, to formulate a sector plan for RWS. Staff from dstrct level, sub-dstrct level and vllage level executed a needs assessment survey frst. Data from ths survey was utlzed for sector plans for RWS for three Kecamatans. Based on ths assessment, programmes may be formulated that can, wholy or partally, be mplemented wth funds from several governmental programmes of provncal and natonal level. Evaluaton of the nvestments per capta through the SDK Programme shows the development of the performance of the OAMP. After a perod of learnng, the OAMP ; worked effcently. An evaluaton based on the Per Capta nvestments of the SDK programme s ncluded n Annex of ths report. t should be stressed that all above mentoned steps were only the begnnng of a long way to go. Contnued assstance s urgently _ requred n order to further strengthen the fral result of the Programme. So far the Programme faled to set-up a well functonng O&M secton wthn the OAMP. Funds and personnel were not made avalable suffcently for ths purpose. Water Supply Teams n the vllages had to be montored systematcally and logstcs for mantenance had to be set-up. Also t s advsable to set-up a specal secton wthn the OAMP to take care of marketng of house connectons, because of ther vtal role n mantanng RWS schemes. Ths has been tred by the Programme, but the efforts faled under the m, pressure to fnalze the plannng of constructon actvtes KNOW HOW TRANSFER. An mportant aspect of the development of the OAMP and other related agences at Kabupaten level, was the transfer of knowledge to the staff of these agences. Not only at Kabupaten level, people had to _ be traned, also at Kecamatan and vllage level ths was requred. An enormous amount of tme was devoted to ths aspect. Besdes, t was stressed as an element of programme management to create a pool of people possessng the sklls requred for effectve programme mplementaton. 20

27 n the end local staff could buld a water supply system of ferrocement n a planned way. That s the result of a lot of n-the-feld tranng. The desgn secton of the O&MD s currently makng the desgn of some new MCKS-systems, beng the result of two years nthe-offce tranng. No manuals on the desgn of the system were avalable n the begnnng. Now a desgn manual s wrtten by a graduate of the Academy for Santary Engneerng n Jakarta. After partcpatng n the project he wrote the manual. n ths way some other manuals are wrtten by staff members themselves. The followng subsectons wll report on the manpower development actvtes of the project at several levels Vllage Level. The appled technology s a combnaton of technology already avalable n the vllage and "mported" technology. Water Supply Technology s adapted to vllage technologes, such as: earth movng work, plasterng, brckworkhg, knowledge of desel engnes and smple admnstraton methods. Know-how on ppe-fttng- and layng, ferrocement technology and water treatment s added to exstng knowledge. * Kartub and Kodr from the vllage of Pawdean learned how to weave chcken wre mesh for the constructon of a ferrocement tank. They learned the mouldng technque and the way of plasterng of ferrocement. They on ther turn taught these technques to many others. * D'hul learned the technque of ppefttng from the techncan of the consultant. Now he s often asked to transfer hs knowledge to others whle actually makng small ppe systems. * Agus Htam and Sanur added knowledge on the functonng of a slow sand flter to ther know-how of desel engnes. Ths latter knowledge was upgraded by Hassan from the dealer of ths type of pump n the dstrct captal town. He was gven a mantenance contract durng some months. * Nurzamal had worked frst wth an nternatonal contractor that made a dam next to hs vllage. After that he taught staff of the CAMP how to bult the bamboo scaffoldng for the watertower. Hs experences were very useful. 2

28 ^ r»'».- -??:- 'PB V \ ) * T* "- ^ H A fc B a Development; method of map makng, above 982, below 98. t

29 * The method for admnsterng revenues and expendtures of the Water Supply Scheme as used n Lobener was taken over by other vllages. The Vllage Admnstraton developed ths method by themselves. * A network of hajpty men has grown that learned new technques and passed on ths knowledge to yet others Kabupaten and Kecamatan Level. At Kabupaten level new knowledge was added to the sklls of the staff of several servces. The Vllage Water Supply Organzaton learned: * management of n house mplementaton, staff of the offce learned how to nteract effcently wth feld staff. How to mpose the desgn and plannng nto feldstaff, but of course, also how to make desgn and plannng realstc. * a bookkeepng method was devsed n a way that the flow of funds and materals could be controlled. The several journal books n the feld had to comply wth the central book, especally to facltate an mmedate control of avalable funds the bookkeepng system was adapted to the practces n the feld and at a Kabupaten offce. (The PBT method) Every month a fnancal report was produced conform the rules of the fundng agency, the Drectorate General for nternatonal Cooperaton (DGS). t s obvous that a lot of learnng was nvolved to get on grps wth ths fnancal management system. * Techncal sklls of both feld- and offce staff were mproved. The survey and desgn secton learned to desgn water supply systems themselves, they learned to make a detaled budget and barchart plannng. They learned mappng vllages and how to use them to nvolve vllage communty durng plannng and desgn. They also learned the several steps of mplementaton: survey, desgn, constructon and O & M. The desgns had to be approved by Publc Works of the Kabupaten. They learned how to nteract wth the vllages to get a well accepted desgn. * The assstant to the consultant learned how to coordnate staff of several servces, and the vllage leadershp to produce a Vllage Masterplan. 23

30 * Staff of those servces learned that plannng was very useful for a more effcent mplementaton of ther programmes. n partcular staff of the Regency Plannng Board was very eager to learn of B those new plannng tools. m * Extenson workers of the servces for Health Care, for Vllage Development and for Plannng were nvolved n the producton of Masterplans for water supply of several Kecamatans. Ths actvty «was fully funded from the budget of the Kabupaten. The Consultant only provded some coachng and techncal nputs Natonal and Provncal Level. Although the SDK Programme was orented towards Kabupaten and lower levels, also exchange of knowledge took place at Natonal and Provn- cal level. The assstants to the consultant were recruted from freshly gra- duated Bachelors of Scence of both the Academy of Publc Works (ATPU) and the Academy for Santary Engneerng (APK). These acade- m mes have a natonal scope. Because the graduates stll had good relatons wth the academy an exchange of experences took place. A group of the APK vsted ndramayu and studed the programme. The results were exhbted durng the exhbton n honor of the unversty of the APK n Jakarta. Scale models of the varous systems were shown, ncludng suggested mprovements. n ths secton on know how transfer, the Hgh School for Santary Engneerng (SPPH) should also be mentoned. Ths hghschool, organzed by the Provncal Health Department, traned the extenson workers of the Puskesmas. Through guestlectures experences were dscussed wth future extenson workers. Excursons to ndramayu were organzed. A maquette of an mproved MCKS system was dsplayed at an exhbton of the school. t should be noted that sklls for mantenance of the systems were not yet very developed. Ths wll requre a major effort of an eventual extenson of the consultancy to the OAMP. m

31 2.. MANAGEMENT The OAMP was -and s- an organzaton n development. To start-up such an organzaton at Kabupaten level, a lot of human energy was requred. t proved to be mportant that the team of consultants rented a guest house n the cty of ndramayu. After offce hours the actvtes could go on. People from several vllages and from other agences was gven techncal advse. A good atmosphere was stmulated through the avalablty of a meetng place for all people nvolved n the programme. t was felt that the daly presence of the consultant n the Kabupaten played a vtal role n gettng thngs started. Fve aspects of development of the organzaton were stressed n the management of the programme;. Development of (techncal ) sklls (see Manpower Development). 2. Development of organzatonal structure. Together wth the Bupat and the OTA offce n Bandung, ths aspect of the OAMP was dscussed wth the Provncal Government. The structure of the organzaton was extended gradually, each tme the need for reorganzaton was felt. n the end the OAMP conssted of three sectons, ) survey and desgn, 2) mplementaton and 3) organzaton. t was the ntenton that ths last secton would supervse Water Supply Teams at vllage level. Unfortunately the assstancy termnated before a good set-up was developed. 3. Development of management and ts tools. Wth the ncrease of tasks to the OAMP, the complexty of the management ncreased as well. When requred, new management tools were added to the exstng ones. Often the conventonal tools had to be adapted to the stuaton at Kabupaten level.. Development of the process of programme mplementaton. t was esteemed mportant to establsh a fxed process for project mplementaton at Kabupaten level. Funds were made avalable to the OAMP, only when certan condtons were fulflled. For example, desgns had to be approved by PÜ-K, before the work could start. However, all steps of the procedure took place at Kabupaten level. 5. Development of the market. n many formal and nformal ways the market for Vllage Water Supply was developed. The most mportant way of market development was by settng examples. People and authortes of several vllages were stmulated to see the plant n Lobener. 25

32 Whle ntally t was hard to fnd customers for house connectons, n the end people came to ask for them. Also at the supply sde of the market efforts were undertaken. As a result APBD funds for the constructon of new systems were requested by the Bupat from the Kabupaten Councl. t s probable that ths request wll be awarded partly, whch means that a new source of fundng RWS s found. At both supply and demand sde of the market people wanted to know what they get _ for ther money, before spendng t. The Councl could only spend local funds, when a local organzaton was avalable. Every frst week of the month a staff meetng was organzed durng whch the several aspects were evaluated. n ths way the staff of the OAMP were made conscous of the developments that were gong on. At the end of 982 the Bupat named a new head of the OAMP, who was a _ manager of professon. That was felt as an mportant step forward. The personal attenton the new head pad to the staff of the organzaton was n lne wth the approach of the consultants team. A good atmosphere was the result. The fact that the consultants' team conssted of 'outsders', JÊ nfluenced the programme n a postve way. Ths was useful to start up actvtes and processes. Towards the end, however, foregn consultancy was more and more demnshed. The personal push of the consultant was then replaced by motvaton of the staff of the OAMP, and by a set of clear procedures. M Further consultancy s urgently requred n order to set-up a proper organsaton that wll montor Operaton and Mantenance, both physcally and fnancally. Water Qualty Control should complement such an O&M scheme. For ths purpose, a duth student n santary engneerng looked at the possbltes of the executon of WQC at Kabupaten Level. She worked _ together wth the Laboratory of the Kabupaten. Ths laboratory, that ressorts under the Kabupaten Health Servce, already executed water qualty tests. Staff of the Laboratory was even gven tranng at the Borromeus Hosptal. t turned out as well, that very smple tests could even be executed at the Prmary Health Centers at Kecamatan Level. Santarans of these centers could do the ndcatve tests, whch would be attractve, snce testng should be done as soon as possble after the samples are taken. The ndcatve testng at the Health Centers could tell whether further testng at Kabupaten Level would be requred. 26

33 n order to set-up a WQC system t was experenced that a set of regulatons, ssued by the Kabupaten Admnstraton, concernng water qualty control n the area, are a prme condton for startng-up a WQC system. Every producer of potable water n the Kabupaten should be checked regularly. WQC would not requre much fundng, snce potable water producers could be charged to cover the costs, whle nvestments n equpment would not be excessve. The ssue of these regulatons were a condton for ntal fundng of a WQC system n ndramayu by the SDK Programme. Unfortunately, the Programme termnated, before the proposed regulatons were approved by the Admnstraton. 27

34 3. COMMUNTY PARTCPATON. n order to reach the communty, t s mportant to act through the vllage authortes. For mplementaton of development programmes, the vllage authortes (Vllage Head and hs staff) and the Vllage Resllance Organzaton(LKMD) are asssted by several extenson _ workers at Dstrct level. Consequently, followng the offcal lnes down to the 'target group' s not only a matter of followng the rules of the admnstraton. t also s a matter of provdng learnng-by-dong opportuntes to extenson workers and vllage authortes. Another aspect of actvtes for partcpaton of the vllage communtes, s that the number of staff of the several sectons of the servces at Kabupaten level s very lmted. Personal relatons play an mportant role n nter - servce relatons. The feelng of togetherness s strong amongst the staff of the admnstraton. «Actvtes can only become a success f ths aspect s well envsaged. Ths chapter on Communty Partcpaton dscusses the actvtes of the SDK programme n ths feld. Although ths aspect of RWS was not the man objectve of the programme, due attenton s pad to an actve nvolvement of the vllage communty. Ths dd not always happen n a professonal way, because staff of the OAMP were not _ traned on ths ssue. Although they could deal very well wth the vllage heads and ther staff, ntally, they tended to make quck deals, wthout proper nformaton to the vllagers. As a result the ntended short cuts turned out to be labyrnths. However, after the OAMP had some experences wth project mplementaton, they establshed a -more or less- standard approach to nvolve the B communty. The assstent to the consultant, had had a good tranng n communty partcpaton and provded the necessary nputs to the OAMP. The OAMP also learned from experences of the kabupaten-branch of the Vllage Development Organzaton (BANGDES). The method as appled by the OAMP s descrbed n secton 3. of ths chapter. Secton 3.2 s a short note on the hdden objectves of the SDK programme. The case of the vllage of Sukareja s an example of the 'Master Plan method n whch the actvtes of the OAMP were ntegrated wth the development actvtes of other agences at Kabupaten level. Ths case s descrbed n secton 3.3. J 28

35 3.. METHOD OF COMMUNTY PARTCPATON. For each vllage, suppled wth water, the communty was gven the opportunty to partcpate actvely n the project. n the begnnng of the Programme, communty partcpaton happened qute haphazardly. n the end, however, knd of a process was evolved. Although not always strctly followed, several steps n the process of project mplementaton could be dstngushed at whch vllagers were nvolved;. Mushawarah Desa; Frst nformaton to the vllage; 2. Base-lne survey and Mappng; ndvdual nvolvement; 3. Mushawarah Desa; presentaton of the results of mappng and survey/ suggestons for mprovements of the vllage;. Desgn for the water supply system; 5. Mushawarah Desa; presentaton of the prelmnary desgn; 6. Constructon of the scheme wth employment of vllage labour and subcontractng of the constructon of santary unts and publc stand posts to "fcükangs" from the vllage, (a "tukang" s a handy man wth many sklls.); 7. Promoton of house connecton n cooperaton wth the LKMD and the Vllage Admnstraton; 8. nstallaton of a Water Supply Team by Vllage Admnstraton; 9. Tranng of Water Supply Team on operaton, mantenance and admnstraton; 0.nformaton to the consumers, hygene educaton;.mushawarah Desa; offcal openng of the system; 2.Montorng of Water Supply Team and consumers. When a vllage was selected to get a water supply system, the frst step was to nform the vllage communty on the planned actvtes. Durng a Mushawarah Desa, a Vllage Meetng, the process of project mplementaton was explaned. All the famly heads (KK's) were gathered, as well as the members of the LKMD, the Vllage Resllance Organzaton. The meetng was presded by the Vllage Head. Not only men partcpated n the meetng, also women from the PKK, the women programme wthn the LKMD, attended the mushawarah. Staff of the OAMP were nvted to explan the plans and the expected nputs and possble actons to be undertaken by the vllage communty. The Vllage Head put forward some wshes and questons from the vllage. The presdent of the LKMD explaned the actvtes undertaken by ths organzaton, that mght be of nterest to the OAMP. Frequently, durng ths frst meetng, deas on the development of the vllage were already exchanged. n some cases, the extenson worker of the Health Servce was nvted as well, n order to be nformed on the actvtes n one of hs vllages. t 29

36 The Mushawarah Desa was always a very lvely happenng, takng place n the "pendopo" of the Vllage House. t started after sunset, after all people had taken ther daly bath, prayed, and had ther meal. Only after such a mushawarah, the actvtes mght eventually become a success. Only after the communty was duly nformed durng such a meetng, the survey started. Mappng was the vehcle of the survey. The method of mappng s explaned step by step under Annex 3. of ths report. Durng the mappng process, the people from the vllage got the opportunty to m present ther deas ndvdually. Especally the women, who happened to be at home when the survey was executed. One of the surveyors, recruted from the vllage, explaned the meanng of the actvtes takng place around her house. She was also ntervewed personally. Her suggestons for mprovement of the neghbourhood, and often other ssues on her mnd, were taken note of, especally those n relaton wth health and water related problems. Ths knd of approach proved to be very nformatve to get an mpresson of the possblty «of cooperaton wth the vllage communty. How much s a mother of fve chldren, lvng n a bamboohouse, wllng to pay for water. And n what form? n a lot of vllages the "prelek" system of payment was appled for communal servces. Wth ths system, every day a spoonful of rce was put apart. Ths amounts to a klo a month, representng about US$ When the survey was fnalzed and the map was coped on blueprnt _ paper, another mushawarah desa was organzed. Durng ths second meetng, often representatves of other agences were nvted. Results and suggestons from the (anonmous) vllagers were dscussed. A possble set-up of the water supply system was forwarded. Agan, the nputs and actvtes by the vllage were dealt wth. The next step conssted n makng of the techncal desgn by the OAMP, sometmes some extra contact was requred wth the vllage admnstraton durng ths process. Durng a fnal mushawarah, the desgn was dscussed agan wth the communty. The fnancal consequences were made clear. The vllage had to make a fnal decson. Often ths fnal decson was not taken durng the meetng together wth the representatves of the OAMP. n ndonesa, all decsons wth fnancal consequences for the vllage have to be approved by the LMD, the Vllage Councel. 30 J

37 The vllage communty was nvolved drectly n the process of constructon. As much as possble, vllage labour was employed. Durng harvest tme, ths approach caused delays of some weeks, because all hands were needed to get the rce off the sawahs. Ths was most crtcal wth earth movng work. Small parts of the system were subcontracted to tukangs from the vllage. For example the santary unts were bult by tukangs and frends from ther neghbourhood. After a frst unt was constructed by the OAMP, the tukang just coped t. n ths way, the project of the OAMP was also ncome generatng for the vllage Together wth the LKMD, the OAMP promoted the applcaton of house connectons. Ths was not always very easy, because the orgnal prce of US$ 30 was consdered as expensve n the vllage. A house connecton was made that was as smple as possble. The type of HC as appled n ndramayu was constructed wth local brcks. The prce of the frst HC's n ndramayu was brought down to US$ 5, that could be pad at once, or n three tmes US$ n ths set-up, the OAMP only fxed the ' ppng and valves, when the consumer had constructed the bf-ckwork basn at own cost. n ths way, the consumers felt they were not charged too much for ther connecton. Back draw of ths approach was, that the number of HC's dd not grow very fast. Also the OAMP was not yet well organzed for a proper marketng of HC's. A Water Supply Team was establshed by the Vllage Head. Supervsor of the team was the presdent of the LKMD. The operator was choosen among young vllagers, who had already worked wth desel engnes, for example n rce hullers.the admnstrator was ether the admnstrator of the vllage admnstraton or the LKMD. Not only ths Water Supply Team was traned for ther new tasks, but also the care takers of the santary unts were traned. The vllage admnstraton was nstructed on ther role n the whole set-up. n some cases, cooperaton was sought wth the extenson worker of the regonal health centre, n order to organze knd of hygene educaton. Anyhow, the OAMP nstructed the future consumers on the background of clear water supply, durng constructon of the santary unts. Constructon of those unts took about a week, n whch every occason was used to nform bystanders on the benefts of clear water supply. The vllagers were also nstructed how to clean the tolet etc., beng part of the unt. One of the operators told the people, that clean water would wash ther brans. n a certan sense, he was very true. 3

38 The one but last actvty n Whch the vllage communty was closely nvolved, was the ceremony n whch the system was handed over to the vllage admnstraton. A "selamatan" was organzed. Everybody shared food wth everybody. A "wayang" show evaluated the process of how the project came nto realty... but also nformed the future consumers on ther dutes and ther rghts. The water supply System was offcally started up by the Camat, head of the sub-dstrct. " Montorng was regarded as one of the actvtes, also n the process of communty partcpaton. The OAMP montored, whether the Water Supply Team executed ther task well. t was stressed, that the team looked after a proper mantenance of the santary unts. Ths was a cumbersome actvty, because the OAMP, nor the Water Supply Team were not yet very servce orented. Also, the people n the vllage dd JÊ not always treat the santary unts n a proper way. Maybe a ^ regularly reportng system would help to make the new organzatons more servce orented DEVELOPMENT AND NNOVATON. The red thread through the SDK Programme was nnovaton of the methods of programme mplementaton, n order to get endogenous M development. nnovatons made products, e.g. maps, surveys and water supply systems, cheaper, and thus more affordable. The MCKS 3000 of the vllage of Lobener was a sample of such _ nnovatons. The total nvestments n 985 prces was about 52,000 US $. Expendtures for operaton and mnor mantenance s covered by revenues from the 22 house connectons and the 8 publc stand posts. Famles wth a house connecton pay a flat rate of two and a half dollar per month. Consumers from publc stand posts are expected to pay 35 cents, but n practce only part of these fl consumers pay ther bll. Nevertheless the scheme s stll n ^ operaton. O & M costs are brought down to a level at whch vllagers are wllng to pay. Consequently the servce s provded contnuously. Demand has ncreased and now meets supply. The decreased level of requred nvestments has set n moton m somethng that may become a new trend? the Kabupaten Admnstraton has appled for local budgets (APBD ) for RWS, to be mplemented by ther own agency, the OAMP. B Techncal nformaton on the MCKS 3000 can be found n Annex 3, whle a fnancal evaluaton s gven n Annex. 32 H

39 fg. 5. MCKS 3000 n the vllage of Lobener; nnovaton n RWS. n the second project year the Bupat ordered Bappeda to execute an ntegrated Vllage Development Project n the vllage of Sukareja. Experences» wth mappng and n formulatng a masterplan for a vllage,ganed by OAMP, proved a usefull vehcle for ths ntegrated project. Ths case s an example of an approach n whch nnovatons resultng from the SDK Program are used by the Bupat and hs Admnstraton. These nnovatons helped to set n moton new developments at vllage level. t should be stressed that the Sukareja project was not offcally part of the SDK Programme. t was an actvty of the Kabupaten Admnstraton n whch the SDK team, as advsors to the OAMP, also partcpated. ndonesan staff of the team was very much nvolved n the process of communty partcpaton. 33

40 3.3.THE SUKAREJA CASE. A Vllage Masterplan as a frame for an ntegrated Vllage Development Project. The regency of ndramayu on the north coast of West Java s devded nto 20 dstrcts. The vllage of Sukareja, n the dstrct that bears the same name as the regency, s a fshermen vllage. Only tertary rrgaton canals reach the vllage. n the rany season ranwater shallow wells and rrgaton water are used for daly consumpton. n the dry season, however, the only source of water s the bg pond of the State Ol Company PERTAMNA, located at about half a mle from the vllage. fg. 6. Locaton of Sukareja. «*" vsj"~ «JA People n the vllage are poor, lvng n shabby houses and under poor santary condtons. Most are nourshed; only salted fsh and rce for ther daly meal, amountng to less than 2000 calores. H.A. Djahar, SH., Bupat (Head) of the regency, selected the vllage of Sukareja to run for the champonshp of the vllage development competton n 983. The competton s organzed yearly by a department of the Mnstry of Home Affars, that deals especally wth vllage development. The Bupat choose Sukareja because the vllage s stuated n one of the depressed dstrcts of ndramayu, but also because the Camat, Head of the dstrct (Kecamatan), s very actve and able to motvate hs people. All agences and servces of the Regency were asked to partcpate. Among them the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton, a new organzaton establshed by the Bupat. The Masterplan for Rural Water Supply of the Dstrct, that was compled by the new organzaton, showed that the cost of a water supply scheme for Sukareja would be about US $ 9.000,-. That amount ftted well nto the budget avalable to the Organzat on. 3

41 How dd Sukareja become champon for 983? The frst step n ths ntegrated vllage development project was data collecton. But up to date maps were not avalable. Makng aeral photographs c.q. maps would be too expensve. The only possble way was to make a map wth a terrestral method. Staff of the Water Supply Organzaton, together wth three members of the vllage admnstraton, made a map of the vllage. The method of map makng, as descrbed n Annex 3, s adapted to the sklls of the staff at regency level, avalable for ths job. At frst they went from house to house to project them on the map. Everybody around was nterested n what was gong on. The dscusson started and people gave ther opnon of what the problems n the vllage were, and what they suggested to be done. Staff of the vllage admnstraton, that asssted n makng the map, dscovered ther vllage. A lot of useful deas were put forward by the vllagers. Besdes detaled nformaton about physcal features of the vllage, such ajs the drecton of the waterflow through the quarternary canals,.. 7 also nformaton was gathered on the people. A lst of the houses was made, wth the number of the house that was also put on the map. The name of the man occupant was noted, the number of people lvng n the house and whether the famly was engaged n famly plannng and other useful data. When all the nformaton n the feld was gathered and the raw map was ready, the work was coped to drawng paper from whch a blueprnt copy could be made. On the next page an example of a secton of such a map s depcted. Copes were dstrbuted to the several agences that were nvolved n the project of Sukareja. The vllage admnstraton also got a map, wth the request to dscuss possble mprovements wth the people n the vllage. Shortly afterwards a meetng was organzed wth representatves of the people n the vllage (n whch also a representatve of the Women Cooperatve) and the partcpatng staff of the nvolved agences from Kabupaten level. The assstant to the consultant, presded the meetng and noted every suggested actvty. Of course n one meetng t was not possble to get a sound plan, but the consultant had an dea of the possbltes and the wshes lvng amongst both vllagers and staff of the agences. Based on ths nformaton the consultant made a knd of a multsectoral plan that was named "Masterplan Desa" (desa s ndonesan for vllage). 35

42 :A

43 Obvously not the entre plan could be mplemented, but based on the plan, part of t was adopted by the several agences. Every agency had projects allocated n the vllage.. The regonal branch of the Department of Publc Works mproved the man vllage road, about mle, wth labour nputs from the vllage.. The Vllage Development Organzaton (Bangdes), under the provncal Department of Home Affars, had a programme for upgradng houses n the vllage. The selected houses, ndcated on the map, were mproved. For better ventlaton at least one wndow was nstalled, the bamboo mattng partly replaced by new mattng or brckwork, chaulked and panted n fresh colors.. The regonal branch of the provncal Department of Health Care, together wth the santary extenson workers of the Health Servce of the Regency and the Dstrct had a score of projects: -,:.' m * - a rabbt-rasng project amed at ncreasng protene n the det of the people; some people receved credt n the form of a couple of rabbts. From the offsprng that was produced pretty soon, they had to pass on two rabbts to other people n the vllage (the system s part of a programme that s backed by Presdent Suharto personally, who hmself rases rabbts n hs backyard); - staff of the dstrct health centre together wth ts doctor, Mara Ulfah, organzed a campagn amongst the women of the vllage to partcpate n the famly plannng programme. They yelded a lot of new subscrbers; - there was also a programme that provded pt latrnes to a number of famles (around 50); - women were gven tranng how to cook the newly ntroduced food stuffs such as the rabbt meat and vegetables, because: other extenson workers of ths health centre promoted the cultvaton of vegetables. Ths programme s called "apotk hdup" or, "drugstore for lfe". 37 v. Actually, ths last actvty concded wth the project to fence the plots, 'pagarsas, of the Vllage Admnstraton, that suddenly made the vllage nto knd of a bungalow park.

44 The Vllage Water Supply Organzaton suppled the vllage wth water. For ths purpose the Bupat arranged that permsson was gven by Pertamna to use the water from the bg ranwater pond that s the only relable source of water n the vcnty. Wth the ad of a desel drven pump water s transmtted to a slow sand flter, located n the vllage. People can take the water m from the system wth a handpump that s connected to the ppe lne runnng through the vllage. Ths central ppe s _ connected wth the clear water reservor of the sand flter. v. The Servce for Admnstraton of the Regency strengthened the leadershp of the vllage? v. Catnat Mulyono, Head of the Dstrct, motvated and pushed the mplementaton of the several projects. v. Economc Affars- of the Regency helped to set-up a women cooperatve that opened a shop sellng the better foodstuffs that are produced n the vllage; x. From the "NPRES" Programme for schoolng, mplemented through the Regency Admnstraton, the buldng of the prmary school was mproved. Ths whole array of actvtes was mplemented n one year. Ths s an mportant fact, snce all people nvolved were contnuously motvated, especally the vllagers themselves.» As a result the people were very much wllng to cooperate n the projects of the regonal governmental agences. Ths on ts turn had an encouragng effect on the staff of the agences. Pak Toro, head of the Water Supply Organzaton, pad a vst to the vllage every day to see the progress of the constructon of the water supply plant. Another mportant aspect s that the staff of the agences know each other well, t s one bg famly (ths s a specal characterstc of a regency admnstraton, but wll not be eluded further, although _ ths aspect of admnstraton deserves more attenton). At vllage level a close cooperaton exsted between the two key leaders; the head of the vllage and the presdent of the "LKMD". The "LKMD" s an offcal vllage communty organzaton. "LKMD" stands for "Lembaga Ketahanan Masyrakat Desa" that s formally translated nto "Vllage Resllance Organzaton". Snce 978 ths body s an mportant force n vllage development, through whch a lot of vllage development programmes are mplemented, especally knd of grass-roots level programmes. Food cooperatves, famly plannng, women organzatons etcetera. m 38

45 The head of the vllage s elected by the vllagers and s a government offcal of Home Affars. He presdes over the vllage admnstraton/ takng care of the regular servces, such as rrgaton water dstrbuton, wthn the vllage admnstraton and, most mportant, admnstraton of the budget of the vllage. To the commttee that evaluated the development of the vllages that partcpated n the Vllage Development Competton ths close cooperaton between the two leaders of Sukareja was an mportant factor to elect our vllage as number one. Another pont that added much to the champonshp of Sukareja was the mproved water supply and santaton, that rased the qualty of lfe n the vllage. Fgures 8, 9 and 0 show the slow sand flter of Sukareja, formng the man part of the water supply scheme, constructed by the vllagers themselves. The OAMP provded the desgn and the supervson. Labour was recruted from the vllage and pad normal wages. The basn of the flter s desgned n brckwork, n order to facltate constructon by unsklled vllage labour. Note. Ths descrpton of the Sukareja case s a bt too optmstc, a bt more shny than t was n realty. However, realty s not too far from what s wrtten. ndeed, the Bupat and hs Admnstraton dd a very good thng n Sukareja. The Programme only provded some tools and ther cooperaton. The staff of the Kabupaten Agences and the people n the vllage skllfully made use of these servces. The result s, concernng water supply, that the scheme stll s functonng well and the Water Supply Team s actve, although not yet montored as t should be. t s fun to look at chldren playng wth clear water at a santary unt. People enjoy the mprovements n the vllage and as a consequence contnue to pay ther water bll. t s not the ntenton of ths case hstory to "sell" ths ntegrated approach as a well consoldated one. The method may be tred out n other vllages, before the approach s mature enough for wder mplementaton. Therefor t s proposed to apply ths approach durng the new RWS/S programme of the Dutch and the ndonesan Governments. n every Kabupaten one vllage may be covered n ths way. Only then the method can be analyzed systematcally and be mproved for further mplementaton. The Health Department of the Provnce of West Java expressed ts nterest n the approach, snce t may renforce the ntegrated approach they have recently adopted for ther prmary health care programs. 39

46 Fg. 8 Stow Sand Flter of Sukareja, a brckwork constructon combned wth ferro cement". Fg. 9 Santary Unt. Fg. 0 Ppe-layng wth local labour.

47 . RECOMMENDATONS...NTRODUCTON. The Dutch and the ndonesan Government wll contnue ther cooperaton n the feld of rural water supply and santaton. Currently actvtes are stll gong on, but n Aprl 986, a new programme wll be started. The cooperaton wll concentrate on organzaton development and nsttuton buldng. For ths purpose, a coordnatng team n the provncal captal, Bandung, wll supervse several subprog r anmes at Kabupaten level. The SDK-programme was a frst step n ths drecton, through whch the OTA-team has ganed a lot of experence^ Based on these experence^, some recommendatons wll be put forward that may be useful for the future GON-GO cooperaton n the feld of RWS. Ths chapter wll, however, not gve a full outlne of a future programme, but deal wth several elements that make-up a programme. The word "programme" s used here, snce t s recommended that the cooperaton s based on a mult-year commtment n whch several actvtes are executed coherently. Recently a proposal s submtted for consultancy servces for the development of the RWS sector of the Provnce of West Java. Concernng the speed of mplementaton the proposal s less far-reachng than the recommendatons of ths report. The amount of funds that can be expected from the Dutch and ndonesan Governments has been the lmtng factor n wrtng the proposal.

48 .2. ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAMME FOR WATER SUPPLY AND SANTATON. A programme for water supply and santaton for rural areas should am at the development of both publc and prvate sectors n the feld. To do so, the programme should contan JÊ the followng elements:. Fundng. The way n whch funds are made avalable for programme M mplementaton should be n accordance wth the scale of the actvtes and the level at whch the actvtes take place. t s advsable to apply T.A. funds for the M process of development of organzatons, whle P.A. funds may be used to promote fundng by lower level agences. n secton".3 a suggeston s put forward on how fundng may be arranged. 2. Organzatonal development.. At all admnstratve levels organzatons are to be setup. The functons of these organzatons are outlned n table.. These organzatons may start as workng groups under exstng agences, or as non-structural unts. n the end t could be advsable to create one servce for both urban- and rural water supply and santaton (see secton..). 3. Hardware mplementaton. ** No organzaton can be set-up wthout the realzaton of hardware, c.q. water supply and santaton schemes. The jh volume of work has to be attractve and should be a "» stmulus of the development of the organzaton. Hardware and software are nterdependent, because a suffcent speed of mplementaton cannot be reached wth a weak structure of organzaton. A certan speed of M- mplementaton s requred, n order to fulfll the targets of the ndonesan Government concernng RWS/S. Because many small schemes have to be buld, procedures for fundng have to be kept as smple as possble. When procedures consume too much tme, mplementaton wll not gan suffcent momentum. (secton..). m 2

49 . Plannng. The actvtes of the several agences currently at work n the feld (P.U.; Health, Dagr) should be planned and coordnated by Bappeda and. Sector plans should be formulated, n whch tasks are assgned to the several agences that have programmes n RWS/S. (see secton..). 5. Manpower Development:. ndonesa has already a wde range of educatonal nsttutes n the feld of RWS/S. They range from the TB department for santary engneerng, applcaton courses by P.U., Health and Dagr, to the techncal hghschools. The currculae of the nsttutes at natonal and provncal level could be updated wth new experences. Students could be gven the faclty of practcal experence. A lot of specfc tranng s requred for the formaton of staff at kabupaten, kecamatan and desa level, whch at the moment s almost non-exstant. On the other hand local consultants and contractors should be traned n order to nvolve them n the programme (see secton.5.). Resumng, four ways of Man Power Development may be consdered; ) Adaptaton of exstng curculae; 2) Specal Tranng Packages; 3) Practcal Tranng; ) Fellowshps. 6. Communty Partcpaton. The communty, or the consumers, are the most mportant element of the programme. Wellbeng s the man motve behnd RWS/S programmes. Care should be taken that women, chldren, and men partcpate n the process of mprovng ther envronment. The way n whch ths can be acheved s descrbed under chapter 2 of ths report. n order to reach the ndvdual people, that make-up the -anonymus - communty, the method as descrbed was very effectve. The provson of house connectons was a step forward n 'publc relatons', but also made vllage water supples cash break-even, (see annex ) 3

50 7. Technologcal Development / Research. n both soft- and hardware stll a lot of research s needed. Many technologcal solutons n RWS/S are to be adapted to the crcumstances n West Javanese vllages. M For ths purpose appled research s requred. (see sectons.6,.7, and.8.). 8. Management and control systems. Control of programme performance s needed for a proper g[ way of programme management. Several types of control systems are requred, that may be executed by several agences. Secton 8 consders:. Water qualty control. 2. Logstcs control. 3. Fnancal control (accountng system). _. Data base management. 5. Programme montorng. t s obvous that control systems are very much related wth organzaton development. ntroducton of personal computers, also at Kabupaten level, may prove to be an mportant nnovaton n programme mplementaton. n the next sectons the above mentoned elements are dealt wth n more detal..3. FUNDNG. The way of fundng of a programme s of prme mportance to success or falure. The level of fundng s mportant as well, especally to obtan local funds. OTA has had problems to realze the hardware t had planned.. Although seemngly abundant, P.A. funds (loans) requre lengthy procedures of. tenderng to classfed contractors. The lengthy procedures hampered mplementaton enormously. n contrast, the SDKprogramme had "quck" T.A. funds n a lmted amount. t succeeded, therefore, to realze qute a number of RWS systems, and concluded wth some nterestng results from appled research. The use of T.A. funds was also catalyzng organzaton development. "

51 n order to facltate a smoother mplementaton of the second phase of the RWS-cooperaton n West Java, the recommendatons from the SDK experence are: Alternatve. Full T.A. fundng of programme wth a lmted number of schemes e.g. 5 schemes per Kabupaten per year. n ndramayu, the local admnstraton requested a consderable amount of local funds (APBD ), after the OAMP had proved ts capactes. n case ths trend s followed by the other Kabupatens, t wll ease the burden on the natonal budget and ncrease the speed of mplementaton. As a stmulus towards local fundng, a suppleton rule s recommended; for each scheme realzed from APBD funds, a scheme of equal sze may be funded from T.A.- or P.A. funds wth prefnancng. Alternatve Í' s worked out n the next secton, n whch - amongst others - the speed of mplementaton s dscussed and llustrated, (see fg. 3., plannng of mplementaton). Alternatve 2. T.A. fundng per Kabupaten on lump sum bass of e.g.,5 mllon DFL once for hardware. Addtonal schemes to be fnanced from P.A. funds wth prefnancng by local funds. Wth both alternatves a certan amount of T.A. funds should be reserved for research and know how transfer. Consultancy durng the frst two years may nclude expatrate per Kabupaten, afterwards expatrate staff (T.A. funds) wll decrease... GENERAL APPROACH FOR KABUPATEN PROJECTS. The general approach n each Kabupaten conssts of three phases. The frst phase s a perod of learnng technology and basc management tools. Durng ths frst phase, several plot systems are constructed. The very frst system may be bult by the agency tself, n order to teach the staff ns and outs of constructon practce of water supply schemes. For constructon of the next two schemes, one may be tendered to a local contractor, whle another wll be bult by the agency tself agan. n ths way, an evaluaton can be made concernng both ways of mplementaton n that specfc kabupaten. 5

52 ' c. 7? 8. P DDDDDDDDO DDGQDD> DDDDDGn> GDDD> NCDENTAL SYSTEMS SECTOR PLAN MASS MPLEMENTATON tme Fgure.: General Approach per Kabupaten. About 5 vllages per year n each kabupaten may be suppled by surface water treatment schemes or gravty systems, and 5 vllages by means of hand pumps (drllng task force). For ths purpose each year 0 vllages must be mapped and surveyed, n the frame of the RWS/S programme. Not all Kabupatens can be started at once, because of moblzaton of requred personnel. Every half year two Kabupatens could be started-up. The global barchart for ths s shown wth fgure 2.: es 86 DESG N KARWANG OESGN NDRAMAYU». DESGN { DESGN '87 CREBON TASKMALAYA DESGN GARUT DESG \ H ÜANJ DESGN DESGN '88 - \* -J SERANG TANGERANG Fgure 2.: Global barchart of Kabupaten projects *

53 n order to ncrease the speed of mplementaton, local funds from Kabupaten level (APBD ) may be allocated (as n ndramayu, see Annex 2). Fundng from local funds wll only happen, when a capable organzaton s set-up at Kabupaten level. Wth the use of P.A. funds, local fundng may be encouraged. One can magne that for each vllage scheme that s funded from APBD, an addtonal vllage scheme wll be funded from a foregn (Dutch) loan (50% - 50%). When "mass mplementaton" has ganed ts full momentum, the theoretcal pcture of rural water supply for one Kabupaten, looks as n fgure 3. Kabupaten X KK programme, year system vllages RWS & S programme (TA) Surface-water treatment Groundwater APBD Surface-water treatment Groundwater Stmulus programme (PA) Surface-water treatment Groundwater Total number of vllages covered (Rural) Water Supply mplementaton Fgure 3.: Theoretcal plannng of mplementaton of a RWS/S programme for one Kabupaten Conform ths theoretcal plannng t s possble to cover 0 vllages n fve years. Two ponts should be consdered. Already a certan number of vllages s covered, about 30%, whle the target for 990 s to supply 60% of the rural populaton wth water. Kabupaten X, for ths theoretcal pcture, has about 20 * 9 = 360 vllages, a realstc fgure for West Java V V T n n 0

54 BUPAT URBAN SANTATON URBAN OTEK SUPPLY (PDAM) DNAS WATER SUPPLY & SAM TATON Bappeda Tk. RURAL WATER SUPPLY Branche-offce» at Kecaaatan level RURAL SAHTATMT Unts at Vllage level Fgure.: Possble Future set-up of a "Dnas" for Supply and Santaton at Kabupaten level. Water At the moment several agences deal wth RWS/S at Kabupaten level. Even new agences are set-up, such as the OAMP n ndramayu. Other kabupatens prefer to start the RWS/S organzaton as a workng unt under PU-K/ whle others choose the PDAM for ths purpose. n the end, however, t s the ntenton of the ndonesan Government to create a seperate Dnas for RWS/S. Such a Dnas may have a set-up as depcted n fg.., n whch both urban and rural water supply and santaton are taken care of. 9

55 Although the pvot of the programme should lay at Kabupaten level, at all levels of admnstraton actvtes are requred. Consequently, know-how concernng RWS has to be developed at all levels. For ths purpose ndonesa has already a wde scope of nsttutes and courses. t s recommended to provde apprentceshps to students of these nsttutes at the Kabupaten programmes. Through such an exchange of knowledge both the programme and the nsttutes wll beneft. n order to get an approprate programme for the development of know how a more detaled set-up should be formulated. The steps to reach ths goal are:. Breakdown of functons at varous admnstratve levels n relaton wth rural water supply and santaton. 2. Tasks, as derved from these functons, to be executed by personnel at varous levels. 3. Specfcaton of requred tranng c.q. educaton to fullfll these tasks.. Estmate of requred number of peoples and sklls to be delvered at a certan speed of programme mplementaton per year. 5. Evaluaton of currcula and capactes of exstng educatonal nsttutes. 6. Specfcaton of requred addtonal tranng c.q. educaton packages. 7. Formulaton of proposal for cooperaton of the programme wth the exstng nsttutes and formulaton of proposal for addtonal tranng c.q. educaton actvtes. Ths set-up may be formulated by a Dutch and an ndonesan consultant on tranng c.q. educaton. Before the programme starts prelmnary appontments wll have to be made wth APK and ATPU concernng employment of graduates from ther agences n the Kabupatens..5. DEVELOPMENT OF KNOW HOW. 50

56 Fellowshps. Sometmes t s useful to gve fellowshps to nvolved programme staff to upgrade ther sklls. One may thnk for example of fellowshps to one of the nsttutes n The Netherlands gvng courses on ntegrated regonal development plannng. Fellowshps to courses n ndonesa may also be envsaged. One could thnk of fellowshps for Kabupaten staff to learn computerzed data base management. Staff that s nvolved n managng Kabupaten projects may be w sent to courses as organzed by the HRDP-project n Jakarta. Staff of the agences at Provncal level may be traned n management and programmng at courses at Natonal level..6. MAPPNG. The smplfed method of mappng vllages for the purpose of _ desgn of RWS&S schemes, or possbly for the formulaton of Vllage Master Plans, has been very useful n ndramayu. t proved to be less expensve than aereal photography - when concernng vllages - and t provdes work at Kabupaten level. When the programme has ganed full momentum, about 30 vllages per Kabupaten have to be mapped. After the maps are ready, they have to be stored safely, and a _ system for regular updatng should be establshed. t s recommended that Bappeda wll nsttute a separate mappng dvson, wth contracted labour for the actual map makng. M Ths map makng may also be done by a local consultant, or a specal foundaton for ths purpose. Maps are requred, not only for the RWS&S programme, but also for the Kabupaten programme and programme of other sectors. The makng of Vllage Master Plans may be handed over to a local consultant, or a specal foundaton for ths purpose. ntally the consultants' team of the programme may produce M the maps, but ths actvty s typcally toned to the sklls of small local consultants. t s recommended to fund from T.A. the producton of maps durng the frst years of the programme n a Kabupaten. t s recommended as well to nclude a Masterplan Desa for each ffth vllage that s suppled wth water. 5

57 A dutch expert n vllage plannng could coach the Consultant Teams at Kabupaten level to mprove the Masterplan method. A tranng n data base management could be organzed..7. VLLAGE CREDT SCHEME. The Vllage Credt Scheme s mentoned n the frst concept of the proposal for RWS&S as wrtten by PEMDA West Java. The objectve of the vllage credt scheme s to mprove lvng condtons n the vllage from wthn the vllage economy. However, to develop a credt scheme that can be mplemented through the Regonal Development Bank, foregn fundng s asked for. Especally to evaluate experences n ths feld and to assst n devsng the scheme. The queston s whether a vllage can be mproved from wthn, wthout nvestments from central governmental programmes, or at least wth a mnmum amount of external nputs. n that case, vllages do not have to wat untl t s ther turn n a governmental programme and, t wll ease the burden on the development budget. The vllage wll pay ts water supply and sewerage system through a stes and servces project. The man factor of the concept s the prce dfference between land n the resdental area of the vllage and the surroundng agrcultural land. Bass for a Vllage Credt Scheme should be a Vllage Master Plan. The man objectve of the Scheme, n the frame of ths programme, s mprovement of santary condtons n a vllage and prmarly water supply. Experences from other projects of ths nature should be evaluated, before embarkng nto ths set-up. The scheme should be based as much as possble on exchange of land to mnmze rsks of falure. Maybe the concept of land readjustment s useful for ths project. Taxaton on land transactons nvolved may be released for such projects to make the set-up attractve and more feasble. t may be useful to gve ncentves to vllages that engage n the Credt Scheme, such as a certan mleage of paved road, a certan percentage of subsdy, a school or a market place may be guaranteed by the Central Government. Prvate enterprses may be nterested to locate actvtes n the new set-up, where clear water s avalable and a road leads to all plots. The Regonal Development Bank may admnster savngs of vllagers for ths purpose. 52

58 The set-up may be to fnance the project from a revolvng fund. " f the programme s to be adopted or approved by the Regency Admnstraton, t may be hooked on to some of ther programmes. For example a Vllage Development Competton may adopt a category for vllages that engage n ths knd of development-from-wthn. A sound procedure for all steps of the method may be developed n, for example, three vllages. When the condtons are well known, the set-up may be adopted by the ndonesan Government through the Regonal Development Bank. t s recommended to execute a prefeasblty study of ths set-up by a Dutch expert n cooperaton wth an expert from m Bappeda or Bangdes. The expert from Bappeda or Bangdes may go on short msson to The Netherlands to study avalable nformaton at Bouw Centrum, nternatonal Tranng Centre and/or H nsttute of Socal Studes. The Dutch expert may assst the ndonesan expert n the lterature research..8. TECHNOLOGCAL DEVELOPMENT / RESEARCH. RWS&S development s stll n moton, nternatonally as well as n ndonesa. A programme should allow for technology development, whch s specally adapted to Javanese. crcumstances. Developments as started under the SDK programme may be contnued, such as:. Applcaton of Upflow Flters. Not only Upflow Flters may be developed for small scale applcatons n hlly areas. Also ther applcablty for larger systems may be looked at. 2. Applcaton of ferrocement. The applcaton of ferrocement as a constructon materal n RWS schemes should be promoted. For ths purpose M measures for qualty control and standardzaton of ferrocement are to be devsed. Slow Sand Fltraton. Research may be done n cooperaton wth students of m exstng nsttutes, to fnd an alternatve for conventonal slow sand flters (SSF's). Drawback for SSF's s the storage of scraped-off sand. Replacement of the upper layer of sand, whch bears the actve bo-mass, by a washable (artfcal) layer, could ease the operaton of SSF. 53

59 . Vllage Credt Schemes. See under Hand pumps. n the feld of hand pumps, stll further research s requred. Development and marketng of the Banung pump requres contnuous attenton. OTA started also some research n ndramayu wth a PVC verson of the Blar pump. t s recommended to mprove ths pump, because of ts smplcty. 6. Santaton. t s recommended to start thnkng of vllage santary systems, based on the specfc condtons of West Javanese vllages. Some optons: leachng pts, upflow reactors, maturaton ponds, water hyacnths. Ths lstng s far from complete. Undoubtly there are more felds of research to be done. The ponts, quoted here, are the questonmarks left open by the SDK-programme. Santaton n vllages does not have to be very costly, because of the space that s stll avalable and the natural absorbton capacty n the vllages..9. MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Durng ths programme management and control systems should be developed. When the systems work out well, they can be used by the several mplementng agences. An mportant condton for the desgn of those systems s that they have to be used by staff at Kabupaten level. Although the programme covers only 8 Kabupatens n 5 years, the Provncal Government s responsble for all Kabupatens n the Provnce n the long run. Therefor the nterest of the management systems surpasses the borders of the Programme. Four types of control and management are consdered;. Water qualty control; 2. Logstcs control; 3. Fnancal control;. Data base management; 5. Programme montorng. 5

60 Ad.l. Water qualty control. Functonng of the water treatment systems has to be _ controlled regularly. For ths purpose water samples have to be taken to check the qualty of the water. Bacterologcal testng should be done as soon as possble after the samples are taken. The exstng laboratores at Kecamatan, Kabupaten and Provncal levels may be used for ths purpose. A proper way of recordng data and processng them forward and backward s requred. An nventory of avalable equpment and sklls at the varous levels should be made. Then a program may be formulated for water qualty M control; what knd of samples are to be tested at what levels, how the cost for a regular control are covered, how data are processed and used and how the organzaton for water qualty control s set-up n rural areas. A set of regulatons, ssued by the Kabupaten Admnstraton and the Provncal Government, concernng WQC s of vtal mportance s of vtal mportance to a long term functonng of a WQC Organzaton. ^ Ad 2. Logstcs control. n order to facltate a smooth mplementaton, a logstcs control system s to be set-up. A warehouse and a procedure on how to get materals out of t, are elements of ths system. Also the flows of materals, * equpment and labour has to be matched wth the budgets _ and the plans. Ths s especally the case wth n-house mplementaton. Ad 3. Fnancal control. Several control systems are requred under ths tem; M la. daly reportng of expendtures n the feld and n the offce at Kabupaten level, lb. daly checkng of these expendtures aganst the weekly budget. 2a. weekly budgettng from the feld. M 2b. checkng of the weekly budgets aganst monthly and project budgets. 2c. weekly reportng on the feld actvtes. 3a. monthly budgettng of Kabupaten offces. 3b. monthly checkng of budgets by the provncal offce aganst monthly and overall budgets. 3c. monthly checkng of expendtures aganst budgets. 55

61 a. quarterly budgettng by provncal offces. b. quarterly reportng from provncal offce. 5a. yearly reportng by provncal offce. 5b. yearly budgettng by provncal offce. t s obvous that the control of more Kabupaten Projects can only be done effectvely wth the use of (personal) computers. Ad. Data Base Management. The programme wll generate a lot of usefull data, beng of nterest for later use. Maps are made and have to be stored, used and updated. Baselne surveys are executed, whose data must be processed statstcally. Occurrence of polluton of surface water and ground water, samplng of effluent water from schemes, all that knd of nformaton has to be stored and to be avalable for use. Also techncal parameters and characterstcs of supply schemes must be stored, as well as nformaton on the fnancal management of the ndvdual schemes. Ad 5. Programme montorng. Wth a number of 250 to 300 vllages per Kabupaten, t s necessary for effectve management and use of data from the programme, to set up a computerzed control system. ntroducton of (personal) computers at Kabupaten and Provncal level may also enable the agences to mplement the polces of decentralzaton more effectvely. Programme montorng at Provncal level can only be executed effcently and wth enough "speed" wth the use of modern data processng. Not only mplementaton actvtes are to be controlled and montored, but, even more mportant, also operaton and mantenance of the water supply schemes. Computerzed control may be very usefull for the purpose of a O & M - System. Executon of regular mantenance can be managed more easly. 56

62 A N N E X Status quo of realzed systems n ndramayu

63 ANNEX STATUS QUO OF REALZED SYSTEMS OF SDK PROGRAMME AS PER APRL 985. A. MCKP system:. Patrol 2. Lmpas Blok 3. Lmpas Blok. Lmpas Blok 5. Lmpas Blok V 6. Lmpas Blok Kedokan Wungu 7. Lmpas Blok Masjd 8. Anjatan (sx) 0. Panyndangan Wetan (0) - functonng 88 % of untl 9, - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - not functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK-self-help) - no nformaton (SDK) B. MCK - dugwell 500 system: - functonng 00 %. a. Sumur Adem b. Sumur Adem 2. a. Pekandangan b. Pekandangan functonng (SDK) 00% funct. functonng (SDK- APBD TK ) functonng (SDK- APBD TK ) functonng (SDK- APBD TK ) C. MCKS system Wadjul (SDK):functonng 50 %. Clandak - functonng well 2. Lmpas Blok Sabrang Wetan - not funtonng D. MCKS system:. Pawdean 2. Kalmat E. MCKS system:. Clandak 2. Sukareja F. MCKS system: - functonng 33 % - functonng (SDK)n dry season. - not functonng (SDK) - functonng 00 % - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK). MCKS Sukamulya - functonng 80 % 2. MCKS Lobener 3. MCKS Kalanyar - functonng (SDK).. MCKS Sukareja - functonng well 5. MCKS Plumbon - functonng (SDK) - functonng (SDK) - not yet functonng G. MCK - dugwell ppng 500 system (SDK) - 00% functonng Krasak A - functonng Krasak B - functonng H. MCKS Up Flow Fltraton Lmpas Sngakerta - functonng 0 % - not functonng (SDK) - not functonng (SDK) Although the systems are reported to be functonng by aprl 985, t s reported as well that mantenance has been nsuffcent for most systems. No funds are made avalable for ths purpose. Often t s seen that the santary unts are not cleaned regularly. Water Supply Teams of the vllages, although offcally nsttuted, do not functon

64 satsfactory. Contnuaton of the consultancy servces s requred urgently. But most mportant s a specal O&M secton wthn the OAMP that has suffcent funds to execute a proper mantenance scheme. Extenson of the number of house connectons n the larger systems has to be pushed actvely, n order to provde a stronger fnancal base for the O&M actvtes at Vllage Level.

65 ANNEX 2 Regonal Budget (APBD ) for RWS of the Kabupaten ndramayu

66 JUEUTATÍH DT. NDJUKATV OAJFTU D3UUM ROCANA POK ( DUHP ) PRA. RÀPBD. TNOKAT. { BELAKJA PEXBANOUKAN ) DHTUK DNAS ANMARAN 985/986- W. Ora an ttntanj Sak tor/projraa/pro y«k 3 f*t Proyak Voluna Prqjrak Loka. Projtk Jualah Projck dluaulkaa lalu ran fang dlucul ku mtuk PKA.~ RAPED. TlatUt Tahun 985/ Dlaaa/lnt t«t»ranjan Al u aa/da «ar Jarla mm/pt rbalkju 500 D«M Pawldan., Fra lokaa! 2. Normalt»a utlurmn k* n! tak». }, Paabuatan JCran OBUS. t>; Farpaajanjaj ppa ff )C* 5. Pnbuataa KCX- O du pea* JÍÍ* OC a' Pe a bua tan baru Penbuatan bam P«nbuatan bau Peabuataa baru j Feabutan baru )00 2 buah. 2» ' buah. C*aa Pavldtan. (aatu) Halt Sp ,-.000,-. Rp..d5O.000,-! Rp ,:. Rp ,- Pngaauaa Sl t tía. Parluaau p>l > e - ^ - ZJ. ] r.?«eg*na lckaal S «ta : Konulua Mluru kt B Uk*. 3. FarutHn J»rln «Jl po* laáuk í 2~ V. Paatnutu Kutor l Culug Penbuatan baru Pefftnataa baru P«buatan baru baruó j.0» Jó «2 D*u Lob«n*r. m * m o " - (»«tu) Unt Jtp. 2.0OO.0OO,. Rp. j ,- Rp. 3.BJ3.0OO,- Rp. 3.ÉOO.CW3,- H ^ m ^ tla. * ^ Farluaaan p*l 3. PMWUU W«Jtl utuk p* nfurww 0 P* í. Ftrbalku ktcl p*da baru Rahablltaal. buah. 3 buah. B)>..5OO.OOO,- Bp. J0O.0O0,- fan an. n. HCTJ tn». P»rlu»MJj JtrlDj»a trbu <tul buah HCX.. ~.,l C PK. PVC í 2". - HOC ^ bujt. 2. Ftrtelku) «u-lacu pulr luut. 3. Ptrbcku «*a»írm*ll»«tl wlru k«b l*ít. Paabcllas ban P»a«aa a baru Ptabutan baru Pabuataa baru buah..500 <t buah. bunh 300 D*M Kallna w. «. * (aatul Onlt Rp..0OO.OOO,- Rp OOO,- Rp ,- Rp. 35O.OOO,- Kp. ll.j03.000,- ^ H fa. p«a*llhar. Parluaaaj) Jar. Parluuu p*l. rux. F*atl.

67 - 2-0 T. Jtrnrtn / P»rh»lhan.. Fwauatas b*m K U 500 dl MoK tukanlug.. Orugu tan loku n>ur du s*abu*t*n tt-r^ataol»» ar h?oo0 Jarlrutaa / luhabutlr. bwu (utu) Unt 2 lokaal. Dasa Knsak. (satu) Ont h>. 7.5OO.OOO,- ; CAHP/O3U Up ,- - - Rp. 8.JO0.O00,- Parluaaa *«la! ; FratUbaraaj -. Paagaru OVM bu) 2. Etanlaa ustok pvnyu Emu* CosKtlou (EC) Pmbuatan bam d at! V 3. Paabuataa luttl koln p* - : Paabuataa bam m» flukaamljra. (satu) Unt! «P ,- j Rp. 2.0O0.OO0.». j Rp. 2.«50.0O0,-, OUtP/KESBA Pasí«aJaaa ala tl«. ~ da us Parba^kaa flalk n.. P**a aru baabu dan tl» penbujlnjrnn ar llabah k buah HOC JUU. P«nT«T.rnmj Slntla HCXE 2QQQ d bu«h. Rp. t ,- ' Rp. 7.25O.OOO,-, Ptngamaoan fl- elk. V».. nu.. PtajacunuLu tlrtla dta^ ^«nab&hab urlncnn r"*r 2. P*«buttBa K«n*r* Ar. <. 9 Vuab ZOOO &»»«Pluabcp.. Tt«bu«taa Kr*a Daua. 2. F(M(TM lek&st alatta. 3. Stlaulu r*mluac«s H.C. WCK. P»a{«ru) loluul alatla. < 2. ttwul»o utuk pwaangmü Boust Ccrnntetloa (EC), K.C.K. Frabuatao bant Penbuatan baru Praballan b«m E«h.blltar. Pnbuataa bam Pvabuataa bam Pcabuatan P«b"u«tan baru (aatu) Dalt (satu) Dot <*atu) Dolt 9 (atablu) unt 3 <Mg*> truah. 70 n' 00 ormjj 200 a 00 Orang. 9 buah. Dasa. Eukaraja.!>* Pluaboa. " m (aatu) Dnlt (aatu) Dolt (aatu) Uolt Pp ,- Rp. 3.OOO.OOO,-. tp ,- s> ,- Rp. Ê.lOO.OOO,- Kp O0,- Rp OOO,- Rp. 2.0O0.000,- \ Rp. 6.70O.O0O,- H>.O.OOO.OT3,- ; ' Rp ,- j Rp. *50.000,- : Rp. 2.> ,- P 0 aj ta purn**n cata. - «- a lat raallltu pal..! PJUUU alaf alatla.

68 0 rbapcan : HCKS/XCK D»na Cllandak..*»hab Unt HCKE 200C. a.p«rbakan paalr laabat. fc.panbua.taa undna kola» p*- ps c.pargantlan poapa t lanta euc d.pn'mtu Manara Ar. a.pabbcllas ponp«6 PK. pp» ds trbual Jtahablltul PM bua tan bare R*ha bll tul. Pcobuatan brru. Peabcllan baru. b«ru. satu) unt JOO *2 (stu) buoh. (aatu) buah. (aatu) buah. 3.0C» ' ClUndak. ^ H m (aatu) unt. Rp ,- ' Rp. *t ,- ' Rp ,- Rp ,- f ralk. jpanlngfcatw r*n*< rtn. Ponbuatan baru. J00 * Rp ,- - bent CK 209. a.parbclkan huí fvoonpung ar dan s»ntoncan. b.parudkkc ÜCK dm pompa. Ptrbclkm rtngaa HCK-HCK ZOO. dl Paaa Pntrol dan Llmma..P«rb*dJuu lanta HCK, ^mellharaon po*pa tan^n dao ptrbalkas atptlck tank. n.h*bllta». Sehnblltocl. (ut) malt (uta) unt JUhabltaal. 8 (dalapnn) unt Psaa Patrol t Ll»p«a f (d»lapan) unt Rp ,- Rp ,- Rp ,- Rp ,- flalk. ; Ptrballuu rñeran MCK. ZOO. dt Pesa Suarnd»»..Perbal)um lanta, pamllharub ; r vpa t partakaa atptlek tank. Bahabllltaat (aatu) unt Csatu) unt. Rp ,-!»p. 5O.OOO,- fak.

69 - h k :. JV. V. HCXS 2000 Luwmurjrtk.. Slatla panjarnlhan ar. 2. Manan Ar. 3. Peapa D»««l fc R. Poapa. k. Pp* dlstrlbusl. 5. Unta Cuel. HCK-S D«sa Banda. V. JCK - S3, D*sa Pavtdaan. TÍ : HCX Deaa Pawldaan.. Sste penjarnlhan ar. 2. Kaoara Ar. 3» Poapo Heael fr H. Poapa. *. Ppa dstrbua!. 5. H.C.K. 7. X.. Paabuatan sumr. 2. Xanara Ar. 3, Poapa Desel t R. Poapa.. t. Ppa datrbual. 5. Lanta ouc. KXS Das* TdukaxunK.. Ssta panjsrnhan ar. 2. Masara Ar. 3. Poapa Dasal r R. Pore pa. K. Ppa Dstrbua!. 5. L*nta cud. tensa. 000 Desa Kebulsn.. Paabuatan sumr. 2. Peaaaangan ppa G. 2". 3. M.C.K.. Paebuatan eutur. 2. Paouaagan ppa Oí. f 2". J. H.C.K. KX - n. D*aa Kraaak.. Panbuataa aunar. 2. Dlstrlbasl. 3. H.C.K. KX. 500 Deaa Terusaa.. Sltla yanjanlhan ar 2. Dstrbua!, 3. H.C.K. Paabuatan bant - " - ; Pan bua tan ' n - «_ ^ H Paabuatan _ *t t n Paabuatan Paabuatan Peabuatan ** Paabuatan H baru baru baru. bum. baru. Panbuataa bar*. m H m» ban 5000 «2 buah buah 2000 B. 6 tnuth UO x x 2 2x ; sumr buah buah. buah buah n. buah buah a. buah buah B. buah a. buah buah B. buah auaur HCK. a. HCK. >*u «Unmnggtafc a. ^ a» -» Deaa! Dew W W a>» ««Desa Kabulan. Dsaa Pawldaan. Dsaa Banda. H m j? H Dos* Kraaak. Daaa. Taruaan. m Teluka^ung. Pawldaan.»t ^ * (natu) unt 2 (aatu) unt (aatu) "unt (dua) unt : L (atu) unt * (aatu) unt, (satu) unt Csatu) unt Rp.0.pOO.000,- Rp ,- Rp.,500,000,- Rp O0,- Rp ,- Rp ,- ] Rp ,- Rp ,- Rp..50O.OOO,-»p.o ,- Bp ,-! Rp.25.OOO.OOO,- ': Rp ,- Rp. 3.5O0.CO0,- ; %>..500.KO,- : Up OOO,- S Rp »p.?5.ooo.ooo, Hp. É ,- Rp ,- Up OOP.- ; Rp ,- Rp. Í.250.O0O,- Rp Rp O,- Rp ,- sj. ;.5ro.(»o,-»p ,- Rp. a ,- Rp » Rp ,-.000.ooo,* ,* 3.O00.0OO.- Rp ,- '.5OO.OOO, 75O.OOO, Rp ,- QAKP/KXSM. OAMP/KESRA OAHP/KSSRA OAKP / KASHA -» - OAt» / HUM. " - _ n _ ^ ** «dhaxap)can nanaa puní 5 «3.

70 t f t f L-.J f E í _.. ± L. ' to HCKS-SC. 000 Pesa Terusan.. Fembuatan sstb. 2. Henar» Ar. 3. Poop» / X. Pomp». t. Ppa dstrbus. 5. Publc Punp. XX. Pembajsunan HCK - St. BOOO. Deaa Pajyndajman Kulon.. Penbuatan BUBUT. 2. Henar» Ar. 3. Pomp» Desel R. Poapa. k. Ppa dstrbuo!. 5. l*nt«cud. Penbu»tan baru _ H t m Peaouatau baru _ ^.500 a2 ; Deaa Tarusan. buah - " - buah - " n2. - H -, buah - " - 25 sunur JDesa Panjlndangan Kulor buah - " - - H buah m m B. (utu) unt (satu) unt Bp ,- Rp. U ,- H P- ; 0.000,'- "P.*oov-.OOO,- Rp. 7.5OO.000,- Rp. e ,- Bp. 3.5OO.OOO,. Rp..5O0.0O0,- Rp.0.5OO.000,- Jtp..0O0.0O0,- OAHP/KESRA - H - w OAMP/KESRA XX. Pembangunan HCK »p ,- Pea» Ulungara.. SatB p«nj«rnhan ar. 2. Mnar» Ar. 3. Pompa Dtael R. Ponp». t. Ppa Dstrbus. 5. tanta cue!. fanbuatu baru B2. buah buah B2. 6 buah DM UJunjar. H m (aatu) unt Rp ,- Rp. 3.5OO.OOO,- Rp..50Ò.OOO,- Rp. 8.5OO.OOO,- Rp..50O.OOO,- OAHF/K SRA M» **!RJ,.25.OO0.00O,- TOTAL Rp.309,W 5.000,- 9 Kopesbtr Ar Mnure Pedesaan n drama yu HA. RACHHAT PARTASASHTA BA. NP )

71 ANNEX Concrete (techncal) Results and Evaluaton

72 A3. TECHNCAL ASPECTS AND EVALUATON. n ths annex the concrete results of ths programme are dealt wth. The sectons on techncaly results (A3., A3.2 and A3.3) consst of: a. Techncal nformaton. b. Dscusson about experences wth ths specfc system. A3.. Secton A3. descrbes the plannng methods as developed by the SDKprogramme. WATER USE AND DSPOSAL. g-. MCK- Santary Unt. 2. PSP- Publc Standpost. 3. HC - House Connecton.

73 A3... UNT; "MCK"- Santary Unt PRCE NDCATON; $650 ELEMENTS; Any type of water source; 2 Shallow well hand pump ( Bandung Pump ); 3 Collecton Basn; r* Spll-over to buckets and jerrycans; 5 Spll-over to washng tub; 6 Underground ppe to basn n bath room; 7 Washng floor; 8 Bath room annex tolet; 9 Septc tank; * 0 Dscharge gutter. DESCRPTON; a) Water s drawn by a hand pump nto the collecton basn. J b) From ths basn, wth a hgher elevaton, water flows sde-way nto buckets and jerrcans, c) and t can flow nto a washng tub. Wth wooden plugs people M can regulate the flow. d) Two underground ppes lead to the basns n the bathrooms. A horzontally perforated daphragm prevents durt to enter the ppes «e) Wth the use of a "gayung" people can take water from the basn n the bathroom to take a shower. f) Porcelane tolet buckets are appled, because these can cleane more easly than earthen ware buckets. be g) Effluents from washng and bathng delutes the effluent of the septc tanks, before runnng nto the agrcultural dranage grd. DSCUSSON; The tolets are porcelane tolets, easy to clean wth some ^ splashes of readly avalable water. Another advantage over earthen ware tolets s, that porcelane toles look fancer, so people lke to use them. Besdes, they cost only US $ 3 on a M total prce of US $ 650 per MCK. The constructon of both MCK and publc standposts are handed over n contract to handymen n the vllage, often coordnated by ether the Vllage Head or the M Presdent of the Vllage Resllance Organzaton (LKMD).

74 ( - ANY WATER SUBWfr b J M - " ' - H -. <'' * < : H MCK-UNT 7 \ 6m. *- J -» Bath,Washng,Tol«t 8 lv^ H, 9 H- 0

75 A3..2. UNT; Publc Stand Post (PSP) PRCE NDCATON; $260 ELEMENTS: Connecton to dstrbuton grd of water supply scheme; 2 Floatng valve; 3 Reservor (.5 m3) wth floor at mnus.5 meter; Shallow well hand pump (type: Bandung Pump); M 5 Brckwork slab; > 6 Dscharge gutter to agrcultural dranage grd. DESCRPTON; a) Water from a Water Supply Scheme flows nto a.5 m3 reservor; M b) A floatng valve prevents the water from spllng over the rm; c) Because the spout of the pump has an elevaton of.5m, t was M necessary to lower the floor of the basn wth.5m. d) Wth a shallow well hand pump the water s drawn from the reservor. e) Spllng water s dscharged nto the agrcultural (dranage) grd ^ DSCUSSON; Water s drawn from a partally submerged tank by a hand-pump. Ths has two advantages over a standpost wth normal taps: m t. No spllng wll occur due to leakng or non-closed taps; people draw only the water they need. n other words, ths standpost saves money. 2. Buckets are flled-up faster than by usng taps, n other words: ths PSP s more user-frendly.

76 L-. 5 POTONGAN A-A SKALA : 50 ZOO,5 lanta cuc ompo ékóá PUBLC STANDPOST DENAH SKALA -30 PUBLC STAND POST frroeement

77 A3..3. UNT; House Connecton PRCE NDCATON? $30 ELEMENTS; Connecton to dstrbuton grd of water supply scheme; 2 Cock valve n brck work box; 3 Small basn outsde the house wth floatng valve; Ppe leadng nto the house, drectly nto the 5 'Bak mand', a brck work basn ( about 0.5 m3 ). DESCRPTON; a) Water from a Water Supply Scheme flows nto a small brck work basn, contanng a floatng valve. b) The water level at whch the valve closes corresponds wth the m hghest level of the 'bak mand nsde the house. c) A ppe, drlled through the wall n the house, connects the small basn wth the 'bak mand. d) A cockvalve, bult nto a small brck work box, serves to close the house connecton whle n repar. DSCUSSON; House connectons play an mportant role n coverng the costs of operaton and mantenance. The 'bak mand' s already avalable n most Javanese houses. Water s fetched from the 'bak mand' wth a 'gayung, resemblng a small whsker, wth whch people splash water over themselves. M An mportant dscovery wth the mplementaton of house connectons was that people completed the supply-use-dsposal chan by themselves. After clean water entered ther house, they bult a tolet annex septc tank themselves. Often they also mproved ther ktchen and the facade of ther house. From ths ^ event t s learned how the communty wll help mprove santary g condtons n the vllage. People n the vllage are prepared to nvest substantally n 'development' when benefts for ther own fl nterests are clearly vsble.

78 HOUSE CONNECTON

79 A3.2. Ths SURFACE WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES. secton contans a revew of the followng schemes that are realzed n the project: The MCKS 500, the frst scheme bult n the programme. 2. The MCKS 3000, the system of Lobener, complete wth waterto wer and house connectons. 3. The MCKS wadjul, surface water treatment for a communty of 0 famles.. The MCKS-UFF 200, an experment wth up flow fltraton. 8

80 UNTS: Surface Water Treatment systems PRCE NDCATON; see MCKS 500, -2000, reference lst OTA. ELEMENTS; ntake or nlet; 2 Coaggulaton, flocculaton, sedmentaton; 3 Storage pond n case water s taken from rrgaton grd; Slow sand flter; & 5 Clear water tank n the center of the flter; 6 Ppe to draw water from clear water tank; 7 Desel engne pump, n case of dstrbuton ft under pressure 8 Water tower, n case of dstrbuton under pressure; ft 9 Dstrbuton grd; 0 House Connectons, Publc Stand Posts and ^ Santary Unts. ft DESCRPTON; The prncple of all the "MCKS" systems s smlar, wth dfferences when usng rver- or rrgaton water. m ft RVERSDE RRGATON GRD _ a. water s pumped from a. water s let nto the system B a contnuous rver; by gravty; b. alum s dosed ; b. alum s dosed; gt c. water flocculates and settles n a gutter around the slow ft sand flter; d. then t enters a settlement d. then t enters nto storage ft basn; ponds, because durng upto ft two months no rrgaton water s suppled. e. before enterng the slow sand flter basn; f. t s collected after fltraton n a tank n the center of» the flter. g g. from ths tank t s pumped nto the water tower by desel pump; m e. and dstrbuted to the consumers by house connectons and ft publc taps.

81 MCKS - rrgatonqrd- R - MCK Alum RR. \ \\7 STOR.yL MCKS-Rversde SCHEMATC VEW OF MCKS SYSTEMS. 0 n 8. O : MCK O

82 A3.2.. The MCKS 500. DSCUSSON. Ths system was the frst system bult n the programme. t served to get the staff of the Organzaton acquanted wth the appled technques. An analyss of the techncal functonng of the system s gven n Annex-6, whch s a reprnt of an artcle n Volume 3 No. 2, Aprl 983 of the Journal of Ferrocement. The materal of Ferrocement s used ntensvely and has proved to be an mportant element for nnovaton of rural water supply. The lessons learned wth ths system are two fold: a. staff of.vllage Water Supply Organzatons should not be parttmers (see dscusson of ths topc under chapter 2 on Organzaton, Man Power Development and Management); am b. snce the system covers only part of a vllage, too lttle attenton s gven by the vllage leadershp to the well M functonng of the system. Ths results n breakdowns that are notcared for. Another pont s that there s lttle chance that somebody n a small communty of 00 households really understands taslcs to be carred out. A concluson one may draw s that surface water treatment schemes should preferably cover a whole vllage. n ths way there wll be the poltcal wll wth the vllage leadershp to set-up a M water supply team n the vllage. Ths concluson s be-amed by experences wth the larger MCKS-3000 scheme.

83 á KÍ--, MCKS-500 PAWDEAM- NDRAMAYU _. V'l- -/'* ''T.

84 A The MCKS DSCUSSON. Three systems of ths type are bult, n the vllages of Lobener, Sukamulya and Kalanyar. The cost of runnng these schemes s very low, because of the use of only one desel pump, connected to a watertower. Snce the bare materal and the labour costs amount to about US $ 7 per capta, ths system s affordable for the vllaqes themselves. Nowadays they bult beautful mosgues for up to US $ They bult the mosgues themselves. The MCKS can be bult by the vllagers as well. Hopefully soon, clear water for the mosgues s as mportant as the mosgues themselves. Water does not have enough status yet and often s expected to be provded through government programmes. Decentralzed storage allows mnmzaton of the appled ppe dameter. Every tank s flled up through floatng valves restrctng the nflow (d=3 mm). Addtonally the flow to the house connectons s restrcted wth perforated cons n the jont to the servce ppe. Towards the end of the grd, the dameter of the perforaton ncreases. n the system of Lobener the frst batch of HDPE-ppe, produced n ndonesa, has been appled. the frst batch of HDPE produced n ndonesa. ********** 3

85 Sfc Techncal drawng of MCKS 3000 Lobener. Maquet of the MCKS-3000 n the vllage of Lobener. GOVERNMENT OF NDONESA WírtK SWLY WEST J A V A O T A ff»vek Alfl «*5w PCOESAAM JAMA URffT S -0-CH

86 nstead of the usual HDPE jonts, that are rather expensve, PVC-rubber rng jonts are appled for connecton of the ppe. For crossngs of canals, galvanzed ron ducts are appled. However, the market for HDPE s stll underdeveloped n ndonesa. Also ts prce s not competatve wth PVC n dameters over 2". That can be a serous backdraw for the applcaton of HDPE n RWS. HDPE s very attractve and practcal for vllage water supply because t s flexble and sold n rolls of 50m. Especally n densly housed vllages full of economcally mportant trees flexblty s very mportant. Also long unnterupted lengths of tube demnsh the chance of leakage. Another pont* concernng ppng s that, where galvanzed ron _ (G) s appled, dameters up to 3" can be handled by a thread cutter n the feld. " ppes are preferably not used, snce threadng must be done n a workshop n the dstrct town, whch gves rse to extra logstcal complcatons. Because of the steady flow n the system due to decentralzed storage, 3" ppe s suffcent for all dstrbuton grds bult so far. For dstrbuton of water to the communty a watertower serves as a pressure devce. The advantage s that the overhead tank can be flled up a few tmes a day, whle pressure s avalable all day long. For pumpng a desel drven pump s appled, m because operators of rce hullers n the vllages are already acquanted wth ts operaton and mantenance. One of them s also the operator o the scheme. Operaton of gensets, electrc JÊ motors pumps and pressure tanks need hgher sklled labour that s often not avalable n vllages. Also nvestments for the set-up wth a water tower play a favourable rule. The whole plant s made wth the use of local labour. An mpor- m tant part of the reducton n the total nvestments of the ( system s due to the applcaton of ferrocement as a constructon materal n most parts of the system. As an M example of the use of ferrocement may be named the watertower. The prce was about US $ 3.300, whch s cheap n comparson wth US $ â for a conventonal constructon. Annex-5 s a reprnt of a publcaton of ths watertower n the * Journal of Ferrocement, ssued by the nternatonal Ferrocement nformaton Center, Bangkok. 5

87 n the feld tranng Use of local materal and labour.

88 A UNT: Surface Water Treatment system PRCE NDCATON; $650 MCKS WADJUL ELEMENTS:. nlet from quartary rrgaton canal; 2. Optonal coaggulaton, flocculaton, sedmentaton (alum) 3. Small pond; 5Om2;. nfltraton well; 5. Slow sand flter; m2; 6. Clear water tank; 6m3; 7. Transmsson ppe; (G /") 8. Handpump; (Type Bandung Pump) 9. Santary unt; /2 sze; 0. Dscharge nto rrgaton grd. DSCRPTON; a) Water flows nto tradtonal pond by gravty; b) Optonally the water may be settled frst wth the use of alum; c) The pond manly serves as a storage faclty, but snce the water s clarfed, sunrays wll start-up a natural. purfcaton process; d Water from the pond wll flter through the ground nto a well, that has an open brck, work lnng; turbdty s drastcally reduced n case no sedmentaton took place. e) The next compartment of the system contans a small slow sand flter, wth a surface of m2; f) From the sand flter the water flows nto a clear water tank; g) A Bandung Pump draws the water drectly from ths tank, h) To be used at the half-sze MCK. ) A dran leads dsposed of water nto the rrgaton grd. DSCUSSON. Wadjul s one of the techncans who asssted n the constructon of the frst MCKS 2000 n the vllage of Clandak. He suggested to make a very small MCKS from the lttle pond n hs backyard. Hs desgn was techncally almost sound. 7

89 The SDK programme provded the fnal desgn, some supervson and materals. Wadjul organzed labour and sand. The system s used by about 0 famles. t should be noted that the system stll functons well at the tme ths report s wrtten, of course Wadjul s very motvated to mantan HS system well. Ths system has also been constructed elsewhere, but the apponted- and traned- operator was ether not motvated or dd not understand bascs of the system. That second one s out of order now. ^g!? MCKS WADJUL. ljple Wg ma«'."'---:*:.;%«8

90 A3.2.. UNT: Surface Water Treatment system PRCE NDCATON; n.a. MCKS UFF (Up Flow Flter) W ELEMENTS: DESCRPTON.;-. nlet from quartary rrgaton canal; 2. Small pond; 00 m2; M 3. ntake from shallow well pump; *. Shallow well hand pump; m 5. Crushed brck flter; 0.5- m/hr.; 6. Palm fbre up-blow flter ("njuk"); -2 m/hr.; 7. Rapd sand flter; up-flow; 2-3 m/hr.; 8. Slow sand flter; 6m2; 9. Clear water tank; 6m3; 0. MCK santary unt; a) water flows nto tradtonal pond by gravty; b) From ths pond water s drawn by hand pump; _ c) the very turbd water s settled on crushed brcks, ths f flter may be "prmed" wth a lttle alum ('tawas') d) Then water s lead through an up-flow flter of palm fbre, M ths fbres should be cut n lengths of about 5 cm, n order to prevent short crcutng; e) A ppe, that can be closed wth a cock valve, runs down nto M a second up-flow flter. The medum of ths flter conssts of grade gravel and sand. The water level above ths flter _ lays at 0. m. above the sand. The total thckness of the m flter s about.20 m.; the sand bed s 0.85 m. The water level n the frst two compartments should not be hgher than 0.85 m. above the water level n the thrd compartment, n order to prevent lquafcaton of the sand bed. For daly back washng of the sand flter, the cock valve ft leadng to the flter s closed and the valve n the outet, D = 2", s opened. The 0. m. above the sand bed serves as m an extra volume of flushng water. f) After the rapd sand flter, water flows nto a slow sand flter, g) and then nto a clear water tank, from whch t s drawn/,, h) by hand pump mounted on a santary unt (MCK). 9

91 UP RJ3W FLTRATON SLOW SAMOFLTKTOM gmnvtn c '.. t í WATER TREATMENT SCHEME N CLUDNO UP FLOW FLTER RESERVOR

92 A flaw of the system s that people had to pump water nto the system, whch means pumpng twce. People just dd not lke to do that, even not after ntensve communty educaton. The concluson of ths research s: a) the system could functon n vllage condtons, provded;. a good dual handpump s used pumpng wth one stroke 60% raw water nto the system and 0% clear water out of the system (coastal areas) or; 2. a gravty supply of raw water s avalable where water flows nto the system automatcally (mountanous areas) or; 3. nflow toy usng a small electrcal pump (c.q. Sanyo seres), electrcty possbly pad for through cross subsdzaton between water and electrcty. b) the system should be developed further, especally for use n mountanous areas. The smpleness of functonng s llustrated wth the next graph, whch s a one famly unt. For 'backwashng' the flter a valve underneath s opened. n smple systems the valve may be a plug. The whole system s made out of locally avalable materals. 2

93 f TRANSLATONS: Ar kotor = raw water. Tawas = alum. Ar bersh = clear water. Pasr =sand. Gentng =crushed tles. Kerkl =gravel. SMPLE WATER FLTER. 22 TtwtoA cr AU~~.t Stzr'naan Back washng every evenng

94 ************************************************************************* A3.2.5 Unt: Surface Water Treatment system Prce ndcaton; see lst MCKS RAN WATER 2000 Elements: ) exstng ranwater pond; (3 ha., 6 months dry season) V 2) ntake for pump 3) motor pump (5pk) ) transmsson ppe 3" PVC; 750 m.? 5) slow sand flter; «6) clear water tank; 7) dstrbuton ppe 3" PVC; 750 m.; 8) connecton to ppe footvalve; 9) shallow well hand pump (Bandung); 0) MCK" santary unt. DESCRPTON: ' a) ran water s harvested n a pond; b) from ths pond water s drawn by desel motor pump; c) the pump transmts the water to the vllage some 750 m. away; m d) there t flows nto a slow sand flter (brck work construe- f ton); e) n the mddle of the flter the water s collected n a tank wth a dameter of m.; f) a 3" ppe runs from the tank along the manstreet of the vllage; g) wth the ad of a shallow well handpump (sucton) the water s drawn drectly from the man. A foot valve s an essental _ part of the connecton to the man. The level of the mouth of the hand pumps s related wth the water level n the tank n the mddle of the flter; h) the hand pump s nstalled at a santary unt. DSCUSSON Ths water supply scheme s a combnaton of ranwater ^ catchment, water treatment and the MCKP-DURAT system. The system only has one motorpump, to pump raw water to the vllage. Eventually a watertower and house connectons can be added, but ths wll ncrease operatonal costs. Now the system runs well because the number of Publc Standposts s suffcent; about every 200 people use one unt. The slow sand flter s B made out of brckwork, renforced wth ferrocement. m 23

95 0 DESA SUKAREJA MCK-PAH MCKS-RANWATER 200O. AR HUJAN 5. MCKS RANWATER DESEL 3 PK

96 25

97 A3.3. GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS. Generally spoken groundwater s the cheapest way of water supply. Famly sze unts (handpumps) are avalable-fco fehooo For communty water supples the project developed three systems:. the MCKP 250; 2. the MCKP 500; 3. the MCKP-Durat. A MCKP s a santary unt wth handpumped water supply (P). Because an MCKP s more than just a handpump, and conssts of a complete unt for several uses of water, nvolvement of the communty ; was very mportant. 26

98 f A3.3.. UNT: Groundwater Systems Prce ndcaton: $ 975 MCKP 250 ELEMENTS :. drlled well; 2. horzontal no-return valve 3. shallow well hand pump (Bandung) DESCRPTON : A drlled well s the source of water for the santary unt. DSCUSSON. nterestngly, a soap factory from Jakarta lked the set-up and asked for a proposal for sponsorng constructon of 5 unts. On the walls of the unts an advertsement should be panted. Soap producers also care for a healthy skn and clean clothes, an mportant reason for vllagers to lke better water supply. Unfortunately the project termnated before a contract could be made up. A UNT: Groundwater Systems Prce ndcaton $ 2,200 MCKP 500 ELEMENTS:. three dug wells; 2. horzontal no-return valve; 3. shallow well hand pump (Bandung);. double santary unt. DESCRPTON The source of water for the santary unt conssted of three nterconnected dug wells. DSCUSSON The MCKP 500 was adopted by the OAMP for ther own programme wth funds from Kabupaten level. Four MCKP 500's were bult. 27

99 LOCAL HANDS. THE POPULAR MCKP 500 OF PEKANDANGAN.

100 A3.3.3 UNT: Groundwater Systems Prce ndcaton: $2,30 MCKP DURAT ELEMENTS :. three dug wells; 2. horzontal foot valves; 3. rser ppes;. prmng vent; 5. transmsson ppe 2" G;. 6. vent ppes; 7. shallow well hand pumps; 8. santary unts. DESCRPTON: a) The source of the system s the sand layer of a dead rver branch*, some 200 m. from the most dstant santary unt; b) Three, shallow dug wells have enough capacty for about 500 people. The wells have a lnng of concrete precast rngs, located above the former rver bed wth a heght of.5 m. The reason for ths s that, durng the rany season, the rver branch s flooded. The hgher rm of the well prevents water from flowng nto the well. c) Footvalves n the wells prevent the water from flowng back nto the wells. t s observed that horzontal footvalves perform best n ths set-up. The vertcal valves leaked, makng the system useless. d) A rser ppe rses upto +.20 m. compared to the level of the mouth of the hand pumps. On top of the rsers a cap s placed, for the purpose of prmng of the system. n case of prmng, the caps from the vent ppes are opened as well. The level of the top of the vent ppes lays at the declnng lne from the top of the rser to the mouth of the hand pumps. When water starts flowng out of the vent ppes, caps are closed and the system can be used. e) Water s drawn by shallow well hand pumps (sucton) drectly from the transmsson ppe that runs from the wells to the santary unt. Some other hand pumps are connected to the man ppe as well. DSCUSSON: DURAT s a project offcer of the Health Servce n the cty of ndramayu. He bult a horzontal ppng system n whch a handpump n hs ktchen drew water from the sandlayers of a dead rver branch about 0 meter from hs house. 29

101 BANDUNG POMP X «6. \ "'"' _ DESA KRASAK ^

102 3

103 A3. Plannng Plannng s not bound to be rgd. n methods n the feld of rural water supply, a type of plannng that allows for a flexble mplementaton s requred. The plannng methods as descrbed n the next sectons am to _ provde the admnstraton down from provncal level wth tools for flexble mplementaton plannng. A task-settng type of plannng lets agences follow ther own set of regulaton wthn commtted task objectves. Eappeda wll have to play a coordnatng role. The plannng methods that wll be dscussed are the two knds of plans as actually produced n the course of the SDK programme.. Sectorplan for the water supply of a kecamatan (Masterplan Ar Bersh/M.A.B.); 2. Vllage Masterplan, a plan for ntegrated vllage development. Fnally the method of mapmakng as used n our project wll be explaned n detal.(secton A3..3.) 32

104 A3... Sectorplan for the Water Supply of a Kecamatan (MAB) Together wth extenson workers of the Kabupaten Plannng Board (Bappeda ), the Vllage Development Organzaton (Bangdes) and the Kabupaten Health Servce, a sectorplan for water supply of three kecamatens were made. A frst step was a meetng wth staff of the nvolved agences to plan the actvtes. Bappeda was the coordnator. Extenson workers were nstructed what knd of nformaton was to be collected. A format was desgned. Then, the extenson workers of these organzatons provded detaled nformaton on the vllages of one kecamatan. Each extenson worker covered about 6 vllages of hs area. n ths way three workers (Bangdes, Health, Bappeda) covered one kecamatan n a week. Bappeda gathered general nfo on the area, such as exstng plans, hydrogeologcal and soco-economcal data. Each vllagehead wrte a small ntroductary note, as well as the Camat and the Doctor of the Puskesmas. Ths nformaton s evaluated and for each vllage the consultant ndcated what knd of water supply was approprate. The last step that makes ths "shoppng lst" nto a Masterplan s the matrx on the rght handsde (see fg. ). Each relevant agency commts tself to cover the vllages of whch the type of water supply comples wth the programs they currently mplement. More - year plannng and mplementaton follow the specfc rules. 33

105 % ; J SECTORPLAN FOR WATER SUPPLY OF KECAMATAN *. H.. L.. *, ).... t.».,». l*bum?v hk«tlr F H M TlL.UM..J. Lafl«)*r* UlH^ l x.oa f.t X! WO S3.0 3.Z 33!.%, Z.S 5,S 3, 3,5 2,5 S-3 At' t.z 3,S 2, U«trlh + - * /y * * * * * r.tt f * - * * t - * * Jt ; 2 ; % 2 2 / / ; 3. t / 2 2 nmnu '.f.. í t TT TTT nctr Hccr íl*ra(l ttsh^ulak MSTE F^«Alt EU t t «UTA HCEf HCC z! econom c water data ' sources pror optons ty for water supply vl aa e r re populaton status ndcaton /lo XQXS ^. «^ ^ *&,*/' rx. ' T ' nutcuj, JUTA 2 r 2.2 /«. 2Í?,..., ÍO.» a.. UK T" *. **, t " l_ : ;» ^ j n! t «f t comm tments - mpl eraent.nqof agenc es.! (3

106 A3.. Vllage Masterplan A Vllage Masterplan s a plan ndcatng the possble development projects n a vllage. Contrbutors of such a masterplan are the vllagers and ther le ders, the extenson workers at Kecamatan level and staff of the several servces at Kabupaten level. 35

107 The Masterplan s compled by a local consultant n cooperaton M wth all contrbutors. Plannng of new nfrastructure n W ndcated on a map of the vllage, that s made together wth the vllage admnstraton. (See next secton) How a Vllage Masterplan was the frame of an ntegrated project " s descrbed n chapter 3. 36

108 A3..3 Map of a vllage To desgn a dstrbuton system, a relable map of the vllage s requred. However, no maps that could be used were avalable. The dutch town planner Mr.Zandvoort pad a vst to West-Java to advse the SDK programme on mappng and the vllage Masterplan (nov. 982), to nvestgate the possbltes of usng aeral photography for ths purpose. t was found that often recent photo's were already several years old. t was rather dffcult to obtan these photo's. The Centre for Study on Human Envronment developed a smplfed method for aeral photography. After a prelmnary map s made from the photo's, a terrestral checkng has to be excecuted, because the trees of the vllage cover a lot of detaled physcal nformaton. n the end the cost of a map for a vllage such as Lobener would amount to about Rp 2,5 mllon. When more vllages were covered, the prce would decrease consderably. However, the prce only ncluded the map, no baselne survey was yet ncluded. The cost to make a map wth the method as developed n the SDK programme would be about Rp 750,000,- for a vllage of about 3000 people (Lobener) ncludng a base-lne survey ( ). t took the mappng team about one month to produce a map of a vllage. The steps to make a map are: A. Mappng the road structure. Every 30 meters (the length of the measure tape) or less a pole s planted. 2. Measure the dstances between the poles. 3. Measure the orentaton of the lne connectng the poles wth a mlltary compass.. Set-up a drawng table wth mllmeter paper fxed on to t. 5. Algn the orentaton of the paper on the table wth the orentaton n the feld. 6. Plot the projecton of the measured feld-stuaton on the mllmeter paper - meter n the feld equals mllmeter on paper. 7. Measure and plot the whole grd of roads and streets n one row. 8. Durng ths process several marks are left n the feld as a reference when makng the detaled mappng. 9. Measure also wdths of streets and drans and draw them on the map. 37

109 MAPPNG THE ROAD STRUCTURE. STEP B A STEP C PROCESSNG OF THE MAP N THE OFFCE. MAPPNG BULDNGS AND HOUSES. JWdB

110 Also other features should be ndcated, such as ntersectons and brdges and also the drecton of the flow n the drans. B. Mappng Buldngs and Houses. Start from a reference mark from the mappng of the grd of roads and streets. 2. Measure the dstance from that pont to a house. 3. Measure the orentaton of the lne between reference mark and house.. Measure the lengths and wdths of the house and the orentaton of the house. (Assume that all walls are perpendcular to each other). 5. ndcate the form of the roof (optonal). 6. Note the number of the house (sometmes already a numberng exsts, but not for all houses). n that case the houses get two numbers; the one already exstng and another for the purpose of the survey. 7. ntervew the occupants on several aspects needed for a base lne survey (jobs, number of occupants per house, names, age, educaton, famly plannng, member of organsaton etc.). n ths ntervew people wll already forward deas on mprovng lvng condtons n the vllage. 8. Use the frst house n a row or group as reference for the next houses. 9. Project the houses on the mllmeter paper. For detaled mappng, a loose leaf system s used, whle for the road structure a roll s used. n the offce we fx the loose leafs on the bg road plan and process the map further. C. Processng of the map n the offce.. Copy the houses wth carbon paper on the bg map. 2. Copy the complete map to transparent paper for the purpose of blue prntng. After the map s ready t can be used for several purposes (see Sukareja Case secton 3.3). 39

111 Personnel needed for mapmakng:. Draughtsman for projecton on table. Use always the same compass on the table, mark t wth a "A". 2. Groups of surveyors consstng of:. Surveyor, who notes down nformaton, ths task s very mportant, because nformaton has to be processed later on,. surveyor readng the compass, (always use the same compass, mark t wth a "B"). _ 2. Surveyors for plantng poles and measurng dstances.. Draughtsman for processng the map n the offce. Readng the compass, and projectng the results on paper s mostly done by staff of the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton, the team s completed wth people from the vllage. Preferably the "Mangku Bum", who deals wth ground problems n " the vllage, and the secretary of the vllage are nvolved as well. Dependng projected. upon the crcumstances about houses a day can be MAPPNG TEAM. 0

112 A N N E X Evaluaton of Per Capta nvestments of the SDK Programme ; >... ' r -

113 Summa ry of pe r Cap ta Costs forrural Water Supply Systems asappled n the Ulest Java Rural water Supply Project OTA 33 X ft B Bl B2 B3 B C NVESTMENTS LAND ACQUSTON CVL WORKS CONSTR./TRERTMENT DSTRBUTON GRD DSTfl. PONTS MSCELLflNEOUS NDRECT COST TOTfL NV. PER CfPUT Í t! j Ground water systems <humann energy) Shallow Shallow Deep well wthwell wthwe wth bucket h. pump 2 h. pump 3 to. 00 t2. 79 *2. 7 to. 03 to. 00 to. 58 to. 73 t3. 5 to. oo t. 99 S3. 70 to. 25 to. oo «.05 to. S6 «5.85 *0. OO *5. 37»3. 5 to. 7 to. 00 tl. 3 to. B7 «6. 25! ~ Ground <mech. Sprng Caot. Gravty a to. S t tt «. 7 «. 80 tl. 75 «2. 83 water systems en. / d st r but on) Sprng Capt. Pumped b to. 5 «23.8 «.88 «.9 tl. 7 t. 92 «.78 «25. Deep well wth Subm. P. 5 to. 08 «2. 8 «2. 26 *5. 6 «. 7 ts.,20 tl.,85 « t t t j Raw water from Rvers (contnuous flow; no storag e) SLOW SAND FLTER SYSTEMS 3000 p p. 500 p. <MCKS-systems) 6a 7a 8a to. 36 tl9.30 «7.0 : «6. «.7 t.o «.57 Í2.25 to. 3 «2.63 '..! *9. «2. 73 t.s3 tl.76 «23.73 tl. 36 t22. 6 tl3. 7 tl. 77 t2. 27 t. 70 «. 76 «28. se RSF 300O p. (OTfl-plnt 9a «0. 27 t2. 3 tl.67 *. 06 tl. 7 «5. 6 tl.s t26.73 t SLGW SAND FLTER ÍSYSTEMS 3000 p. 20O0 p. 500 p. (MCKS-systems) * 6b 7b 8b t Raw water from rrgaton Grd ( ncud ng storage ponds) «.29 «22.0 «9.62 «6. tl. 7 t.63.7 «25.0 tl.23 «22. 0 «0.03 «.95 *2. 73 «. 69 tl.so t25.5 «2.73 «9.6 «.9 tl. 32 «2.27 «. «2. SO «25.3 RSF 3O0O p. (OTH-plr 9b «. n «27.9; «2.2'. «a. o: tl.7 «2.0 «3. Of QAM PER M3 to. 0 to. 0 to. 02 $0. 06 to. 09 to. O to. 08 to. 2 *0. 3 to.09! to. 07 to. 09 to. 06 to. flsumptons; n general the vllages have a populaton of 3000 people. (For the Slow Sand Flter Systems also optons for smaller vllages are provded, because another technology s appled.) J 60* of the capacty of the schemes s utlzad, n relaton wth the ndonesan polcy. Also SOX of the populaton consumes water from housa connectons, and 50X through Publc Stand Posts. Table A.. Reference lst O T A 3 3 on Per Capta nvestments.

114 A N N E X EVALUATON OF THE "PER CAPTA NVESTMENTS" OF THE SDK PROGRAMME, (ncludng fnancal report) n some publcatons on the MCKS system and the OTA plant, t s stated that the nvestments per capta of these systems are about 0 to 2 dollar. These statements served to llustrate the nnovatve effect of the applcaton of ferrocement n water supply systems» or to promote 'Approprate Technology. The papers were wrtten n The fnal report of the OTA project (985) rghtly provdes fgures for the nvestments per capta of about 25 US $. The fnal report, however, assumes constructon by contractors and apples prces of 985. Also, the set-up of the standard of OTA ncludes many tems, such as land acquston, communty partcpaton and other ndrect costs to the prncpal. Consequently, for a comparson of fgures of dfferent systems and approaches, detaled defntons concernng the set-up of the systems are requred. The objectve of ths annex s to analze the fnancal fgures of the SDK programme n order to get a better understandng of the magntude and the nature of the 'nnovatons' and the mpact of approprate technology'. The fgures - and the background - of the lst of the OTA Fnal Report serve as a reference for ths evaluaton. Table A. s a lst of the systems appled n the OTA project. Ths lst s used as a standard for calculaton of PC fgures of the OTA project for the purpose of ts fnal report (may 985). As a reference for the evaluaton of the SDK fgures, the OTA lst s very useful. PC fgures of the SDK programme have to be adapted to 985 fgures, n order to be comparable wth that reference lst. n the frst sub-secton of ths evaluaton, the dfferences between the OTA reference lst and the SDK fgures are dscussed. The second secton wll evaluate the outcome of the SDK programme n relaton wth the reference lst. The comparson has two elements; the nvestments and explotaton of the systems.

115 A.. DFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OTA REFERENCE AND THE S D K FGURES The basc assumptons for the reference lst of the Fnal Report of OTA s that water s to be suppled to vllages of 3000 people. n the case of slow sand flter systems, also fgures are provded for vllages of 2000 and 500 people, because another type of technology M s appled. The components of the standard systems of the lst are; a. Land acquston. b. Constructons:. Cvl works; (BOW); 2. Dstrbuton System; (BOW);, * 3. Dstrbuton ponts; (BOW); _. Mscellaneous;. 0% of bl..3; 2. Contractor costs over bl.., crca 5 %. c. ndrect costs;. Supervson; 5 % of b.; 2. Survey and ste selecton; 3. Desgn and plannng;. Communty partcpaton; 5. Montorng and tranng. "BOW W stands for "Begrotng Openbare Werken", whch conssts of m gudelnes for budgettng of publc works. The BOW s a usefull tool to get an mpresson of the requred nvestments for a certan structure. Based on common buldng practce, the BOW provdes 9 amounts of personnel, materals and equpment requred to realze a constructon. t wll be clear that n case of specal constructon methods, the fgures may dffer consderably. n those cases, a bll of quanttes (BQ) and a plan of constructon determne the budget. Because the SDK programme always budgetted wth Blls of Quanttes, but Publc Works projects mostly apply BOW budgets, t s nterestng to make a comparson. (Also the reference lst of OTA apples the BOW). For the purpose of the evaluaton of the nvestments of the Fgure A.. shows the structure of BOW Budgettng.

116 Fg. A.. "lov.andacqusíton. 92% ~0V. ndrect costs. 82% 75% -5"/- BOW* proft contract 52% 38% 5% -5V. 00% OC/. 0 "0V. BOW contngences "20V. of b- t D to «\A ro c_ <U nj E fa to Q to Of ro» _» 3: o a - sum. ^ _ a Z O - w.t* c a n S > Structure of BOW Budgettng.. 00 % represents materals, and requred labour 00 % and equpment followng the techncal drawngs. (00% effcency); 2. Blls of Quanttes nclude neffcences, 5 % leakages etc. specfc per materal, labour and equpment. Safetes vary from 0 to 20 %. 3. BOW fgures nclude, on top of and 2, overhead 38 % costs for contractors.. About 0 % extra work s budgetted as 52 % contngences. 5. Fnancal costs to the contractor. Normal 75 % practce n ndonesa s that contractors accept work for "BOW plus 5 %". 6. Supervson s offcally put at % of the 82 % Contractng Sum (..5). 7. ndrect costs are made by the prncple for p.m. Communty partcpaton, tranng, operaton and mantenance, survey and mappng. 8. The prncple has to acqure land. p.m. For the purpose of comparablty, frst, an mpresson wll be gven on the dfference between the two ways of budgettng; Blls of Quanttes and BOW Budgettng.

117 ! Comparson of constructon costs calculated! and wth the "B.O.W. " unt prces. MCKS 3000 Standard System! PREPARATON! STORAGE POND! ll FLTER BASN! V CLEAR WATER TANK! V FLOCCULPTON/SEDMENTATON! V FLTER SAND! V WASH FLOOR FOR SAND! V PUMP HOUSE!! X X WATER TOWER PPNG N SYSTEM!! X X PPNG FOR DSTRBUTON DESEL MOTOR PUMP TOTAL.. ndexed Materal prces 982 n Rp * 25 8,687 2,77 552,086 2, , 66 50,3,250 32,3S wth a materals analyss 000 Materal prces ,387 3, ,5 3, ,3 67 3,729,500 2, Table A.2. Comparson of Bll of Quanttes and 'BOW Budgettng. B. O. W. " unt costs ,227 5,783 65,958, , ,756 l,50o 5,035 Table A.2 compares the budget of the MCKS 3000 of the vllage of Lobener, calculated n three ways? wth Bll of Quanttes and prces of 982, when the system was bult; wth BQ and 985 prces and thrdly wth the BOW and 985 prces. From these fgures may be concluded that; a, BOW level lays at about 22 % above BQ level; b, nflaton for constructon lay at about 0% per year o*er the perod ncluded n the BQ budget are;, materals; 2, Labour from the vllage; 3, feld supervsors of the OAMP. Not ncluded n the avalable fgures;, supervson by desgn secton of the OAMP; 2, supervson by the consultant; 3, overhead of the OAMP;, transport (Toyota pck-up truck and motor cycles). Another dfference n fgures may be caused by a dfferent set-up of the systems. The systems as realzed n ndramayu under the SDK programme do not nclude all tems as lsted n the OTA reference, n order to make the nvestments affordable to lower level agences. 6O 22 00! ;! ;!

118 Tables A.3 and A. provde sane nsght nto the dfferences between the systems as realzed and the same systems as quoted n the OTA reference lst. The reference lst gves a PC of $ 25.0 for an MCKS, whle, for example, the set-up of the MCKS 3000 n Lobener would amount to $ 7,89. The dfference lays n several ponts;. Land s provded free to the SDK programme. 2. The ppng system has a length of 2300 m. only; 3. Publc Stand Posts are more expensve, because santary unts are ncluded;. House Connectons are bought by the consumers; 5. No contractor costs are ncluded; Ths last comparson places the "0 $ per capta" for OTA systems, as quoted n several papers n a wder perspectve, n whch both tme and elements of the structures play a role. On a materals bass (B. of Q.) the $6.6 for cvl works of A.6 n 985, would be reduced to $0.06 n 982. (ref.table A.2) System 6b; Slow 5«nd Fltraton, MCKS 3OOO. rrgaton grd. NVESTMENT COSTS R A Land Acquston 700 («. e Rp 2.500, Bl Treatment Plant Ste Preparaton + Fence* etc. 2 nlet 3 Flocculat on - Sed (mentaton 5 Flter Basn 6 Sand for Flter 7 Clear Water Tank fl Sand Washng Floor 9 Pump House ~ Store 0 Storage ponds Total B2 Dstrbuton Desel Motor Pump (5 pk> 2 Water Tower <20 m3) 3 Ppng System (2000 m. ) Total B3 Dstrbuton Pont* Publc Stand Posts (5) 2 House Connectons (25) Total B Mscellaneous Contnguences (0 * of B.B2, B3 2 Fnancal Costs Contractor (5X) Total TOTAL B C ndrect Costs Supervson ( 5 «of B ) 2 Survey and Ste Selecton 3 Desgn and Plannng Communty Partcpaton 3 Montorng and Tranng TDTflL C TOTflL NVESTMENT COSTS 0"6. 2S0 -"> O > O0O > A Rp*0" 3 US * > a ) > 2. 3 =-=> > Í Table A.3. nvestments MCKS 3000 Standard System (BOW 985).

119 System 6b; Slow Sand Fltraton, MCKS 3000 Dasâ LOBÊNER. rrgaton gr NVESTMENT COSTS O Bl 2» g 0 B2 2 3 B3 2 B 2 C TOTAL Land Acquston Land free Treatment Plant Ste Preparaton nlet Flocculaton - Sedmentaton Flter Basn Sand for Flter Clear Water Tank Sand Washng Floor Pump House - Store Storage ponds Tot*l Dstrbuton Desel Motor Pump (5 pk) Water Tower (20 m3) Ppng System (23OO m. > Total Dstrbuton Ponts *MCK+Tank; 2»PSP House Connectons (25)(prvate) Total Mscellaneaus Contnguences (0 S of Bl, B2, B3 Constructon by OOMP Total TOTRL B ndrect Costs Supervson ( S t of B ) Survey and Ste Selecton Desgn and Plannng Communty Partcpaton Montorng and Tranng TOTOL C RpHO S BOO O > SOO Rp*0~3 US * - > o. OOO...> o.27..-> >.66 > 8.0 >.372 > Table A.. nvestments MCKS 3000 Lobener (BOW 985).

120 A.2. EVALUATON OF S D K PROGRAMME The method of 'n-house mplementaton' as appled by the SDK programme can be evaluated relatng the nvestments of the programme wth the accepted standard n ndonesa; the 'BOW', as appled by the Mnstry of Publc Works. A learnng curve wll become vsble, that depcts the development of the Vllage Water Supply Organzaton of the Kabupaten of ndramayu. The last secton descrbes the elements of BOW Budgettng, and compares ths wth budgettng by Bll of Quanttes. Evaluaton of the fnancal report of the SDK programme wll show that, ndeed, the dfference between both methods of budgettng s about 22%. From table A.5 the total overhead costs of the SDK programme can be calculated as a percentage of the expendtures for hardware. The asterx-marked tems are hardware components. The fgures do not nclude the expatrate consultant. On the average, 82.6 % of the funds were used for, hardware. Overhead cost amounted to 20. % of the hardware n the" perod July 983 to june 98. When, nstead of an expatrate consultant, the consultants team would have been completed wth an ndonesan engneer (50 %, Rp,000,000.-/mth), overhead becomes 26. % of hardware. These overhead costs ncluded survey and ste selecton, supervson, desgn and plannng, montorng and tranng, transport and ncentves to personnel of the OAMP. Because overhead costs of the SDK programme nclude part of the ndrect costs to the prncple of the reference lst, for the purpose of comparson, the overhead of the SDK wll be put at 22 % (table A.2). An mportant part of these overhead costs were ncentves to the staff about 0 %.

121 - * t Gen r»í / T; 5r T OJ f- JZ ^ n O 3 0 / O " * - -> Tl O T3 :» -» C rrv c o. trat (O c - c c o - Tl JS"^ - Tl :^ - J^ C _ TJ UJ H-^ < z k-j 3 Cf U*» S - = ^ > O u >- x ^ 3 x -d: O o o ro *^ ro 00.- O o ÍC O * :5Z.- CM'50.- ^ ; o ãr l/v Ú CM ro C*J D CO CO Jd. CD75.- ^* m 583. O <o 'OSS' rj ^^.735. ro 02. S O n ^* 000 H c O 59 CO ro tn r^ oos t L580, CM r^ t o 2 A *,63. CO **^ CO ^^ o D ro CO O CM fjt CM,088. CO luí " ^ * - o' ro ro CM CM,260. 5PH. t m,6 es n * 260. m r>ro LA S ^ ro ro ^o CM.86 C 85, S5. D * * * CM O l/í CO CM f O t- CO 'T UJ CM C < cr* K C _l S- (_J x O *í x < UJ "^ S. uj Ce *~ C7 * CC UJ ^ ^^ >"* o*» O ro O ^ Ü3 --j >- 3 ^LJ «3 3< ^ CO o CO CM CO $,050 **- o m OJ.500 tooo CO OJ cj CM CM *,826 n S CM.200 O CM ta * t n* K fo ac M s s CM,22. '009' 366 * ' o,000. r- cr»,6.,25 S *"* (,82, ^. o 28, 0) 338,, ),573. OJ CO,670. S 8 CM 8 n,58. LA,932,,670. O 000. OJ o s C* ll tl, 755.HL tu o ce c kl P- z <; o- «t o UJ ro UJ c o m UJ Qu, ro *,000, 000*,500 m, 8.500,29,850. r- Jf ' o o* t,800,000., , ' *-, , CO '000 0S9' m,000.,00 CM.350. cn t,2,,735. ooo' ooo',800:,000 65,, , ooo,000. t 56,,600.,000. o S CM CM ^"* ^^.230,,80. «V ooo,300, 597,.965. CM ro 3,.780,.000. CO CM CO 35, 'o oo 586,,975. <*> t 5, 975. ñ (99 CM O Tl O o 5- / < o tan < :hncal O Q. <H "D = o g l nng ra <- Cn C O mon c o Prepara - C 0> E,_ Matera u ble 2 C - Draw Q. E â o * "O cm - 60 h «A Oí Jí - o - 3 mot í c Q C - Maínt E Tl CT O u rx elopmen > OJ o CO S íí * S ar stl Sol t O g tí nfng co c to O Ooc A 3 c X Overtme e A <U Con tngenc e. Sub -total -total.o ftp. d ã2 Kal c J c p. _J a 2 e ma ter CL [fp. c Sub--total Sub- 0fl. + d- total E

122 A next step n the evaluaton of the SDK programme s the elaboraton of the fgures, n order to make them comparable wth the BOW fgures and the OTA Reference Lst.. The nvestments for seven realzed MCKS systems are calculated n Dutch gulders, stemmng from DGS. Reason for ths step s that some nvestments are pad n gulders and others n rupahs. The total nvestments for the seven systems are amountng to Dfl 3,30.- over the years 982 to These fgures are then corrected for nflaton to 985. nflaton of dutch gulders s about % per year durng ths perod. The nvestments n 985 gulders amount to Dfl 78, Snce t s usance to compare ths knd of fgures n US Dollars, ths amount s transferred to dollars wth a rate of 3.0 gulders to a dollar. Total nvestment at 985 level amount to US 0, Because about 5,000 people are provded wth water by the seven systems. Per Capta nvestments amount to $ on the average. 5. The realzed nvestments va the SDK programme do not yet nclude overhead costs, whle the BOW fgures do. Corrected n ths sense, the PC becomes $. on the average. 6. Now t s nterestng to have a look at the ndvdual realzed nvestments as compared to the BOW fgures. For ths purpose the systems are also budgetted wth the use of the BOW. Not all fgures for the same type of systems are the same, because the systems consst of dfferent elements. For example, n two cases the storage ponds were already avalable. 7. Arrangng the fgures n a chronologcal way results n a learnng curve. See column 3 of table A.. The frst system was the example as set by the expatrate consultant. Then the nvestments are 3 % less than the BOW level. Learnng was most "expensve" wth the MCKS 3000 for the vllage of Lobener; nvestments were 9 % above BOW level. Fnally, the OAMP was able to construct at about 50 % less than BOW. Table A.6 lsts all elaboratons n colums through 2. Colum 2; Standard Prces, refers to BOW Budgettng. Colum provdes the nvestments of the SDK programme, after correcton for overhead and at prce level of 985. The dfference between colum and 2 shows the performance of the new Water Supply Organzaton. See colum 3. 8

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124 Table A.6 shows the result of the approach of the SDK programme. The approach was to start small and gradually ncrease complexty of tasks to be handled by the new agency. n the end, the OAMP was able to mplement the programme effcently. Savngs of about 50% n relaton to the BOW are acqured. The dfference of 50 % s the result of several tems; Labour costs and materals are less expensve n ndramayu than n the rest of West Java, whle budgettng wth BOW uses West Java fgures. Preferably labour from the vllage was employed, that was often a bt more expensve than the labour employed by contractors. But vllage labour was employed at a daly bass. The consultant payed much attenton to a tdy work place n order to ncrease effcency. The MCKS systems consst for an mportant part of ferrocement structures, whch may have the bggest nfluence on the reducton of the nvestments. Applcaton of ferrocement does not requre heavy transport, as s the case wth conventonal structures (BOW). Approprateness of the desgn to vllage condtons also has a cost reducng effect. The way of management of the OAMP may have had ts cost reducng effect. Much attenton was pad to personnal responsablty of the staff, whle a strct, but open, reportng system was appled. Concluson. The concluson may be that the mx of consultancy by a foregn consultant, the applcaton of ferrocement, mplementaton by the staff of the OAMP tself, and the Open way of management resulted n a drastc reducton of nvestment^ Ths evaluaton may be of use for the formulaton of future programmes, n whch a decson has to be taken concernng n-house mplementaton or tenderng, concernng employment of foregn consultants or not. The requred PC's for such programmes depend upon the set-up of the programmes. t should be noted that the way of fnancng often plays a more mportant role n these programmes than the level of the PC, especally when funded from foregn funds. A more mportant aspect of these systems s that operaton and mantenance can be pad by the vllage communtes, wthout subsdzaton from "above". Ths s the topc of the followng secton. 0

125 A.3. OPERATON AND MANTENANCE Table A.7 s a breakeven analyss of the system n the vllage of Lobener. At present 6 publc stand posts are connected to the dstrbuton grd and about 25 house connectons sold. Twce a day the operator flls-up the water tower wth the ad of a desel drven pump, for the rest of the day he works at the rce huller across the street. Although not all consumers of publc stand posts pay ther bll, stll the Water Supply Team keeps the system runnng. Major repars are taken care of by the OAMP at Kabupaten level. n other _ words, the expendtures to run the system, ncludng salares of personnel, s fully covered by the revenues : ' ^ ' ' : ' -.. ' ' ' ' ' ' A A Water Supply Team, consstng of a supervsor, an admnstrator and an operator, collects the water fees and from ths money, fuel, salares and small repars can be pad. The fee for a house connecton s about $ 2 per famly. Consumers of water from publc stand posts pay about 35 cents a month per famly. The number of m house connectons play an mportant role n the fnancal management of the system. For the system n Lobener table A.8. provdes nsght nto the revenues n relaton wth the number of house «connectons. n the table t s assumed that the number of publc Jg stand posts remans unchanged. The table ndcates that already at wth about house connectons, the system runs break even for the daly expendtures. When also major repars have to be covered from the revenues, the requred number of house connectons s about 00. When about 50 % (300) house connectons are connected, revenues also cover the recurrent costs of _ the system. t should be consdered, however, that not all consumers of water from the publc stand posts are able to pay ther monthly fee. n practce t turns out that about 25 to 50% of the famles pay. Because of ther lmted number, and socal control n the vllage, all consumers of house connectons pay ther water blls. n fact, the fees from the house connectons keep the system n B producton, thus subsdzng clear water to the less wealthy n the vllage. _ The case of Lobener llustrates that surface water treatment may become affordable for the vllages of the northern coastal plans of the sland of Java. Water supply through house connectons plays a vtal role n the operaton of the systems, especally n rural vllages. Water through house connectons to the more wealthy people n the vllage safeguards clear water to the poorest of the communty * through publc stand posts.

126 Br««k-«v«n tnalyss RATE POP FflM #FflM #FAMPS #HC #PS Consumpton/month LCDHC LCDPS CONHC CQNPS CHC CPS CTOT CTQTBAS PHC PPS TARGET Revenues/Month FEEHC FEEPS RHC RPS RTOT Exchange rata Rupah/US Dollar Populaton of Vllage Overage Famly Sze Number of famles n vllage = POP/FAM Number of famles usng PS Number of HC's Number of PS'o Lters por Caput par Day - HC Lters per Caput per Day - PS Monthly Con». HC = LCDHC»F«M*30.S Monthly Cons. PS - LCDPS*FflM*30.S Total Mr-t hly Cons HC = CONHC*#HC Total Mnthly Cons PS CONPS * #PS * *FAMPS*< - #HC/#FAM) Total Mnthly Consumpton - CHC+CPS Total Mnthly Consumpton as assumed CONHC*PHC*#FAM+CQNPS*PPS*#FOM Assumed Percentage of POP usng HC Assumed Percentage of POP usng PS Number of famles usng PS as assumed Monthly f»b p«r HC Monthly fee per PS Revenues HC - #HC*FEEHC Revenues PS = *PS*FEEPS*#FAMPS#(-#HC/ Ttftal Revenue» per month = RHC+RPS Expendtures/month EXO EXM EXTOT Expendtures for Operaton only Expendtures for Mantenance only Total Monthly Expendtures = EXO+EXM Recurrent Costs/ month DPMP DPCW RCMP RCCW RCTOT Subsdes/month STK STK STOT PROFT Par M3 Deprecaton perod mech. parts; Deprecaton perod cvl works; Deprec. MP per month Deprec. CW per month Total Deprecaton par month Subsdes from Provncal Level Subsdes from Kabupaten Level Tot. Subs, per month = STK+STK RTOT -t-stot RCTOT -EXTOT O, 37 Unt Costs per m3 n case of basc assumptons nvestments/m ; 0»M/m & ,20.,73.2, 735. SOS) SOX S S Q Table A.7. Break-even Analyss of MCKS 3000 Lobener. Fnancal analyss of Vllag» U*t*r Supply System r»l*t»d wth Percentage of Populaton sarvsd through House Connectons Profts as made by the Vllage Water Supply Team, n case major «nantenanae and recurrent costs are subsdzed. The number of PSP's s 6, and wll not change. C B OX 0X 20X 30* 0X 50* 60% 70S 80* 90* 00% «HC ao Ê00 PROFT = + R57 (5. 633) Ê RTOT t- +R sa. ooo OOO OOO , , STOT +R S EXTOT - +R RCTOT + R Table A.8. Proft of Vllage Water Supply Team related wth number of House Connectons

127 f ANNEX 5 Ferrocement Water Towers n ndonesa

128 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. S, No., January 985 Ferrocement Watertowers n ndonesa C.LP.M. Pompe* and W.R. van Kerkvoorden* A 20 m watertower s bult wth the use oj'ferrocement for a cost ofust 2,500 (pump house! ncluded). Further development usng a combnaton of brckwork and ferrocement wll decrease / ' the costs and result n an easer way of constructon. NTRODUCTON n the year t976 the ndonesan and the Dutch Governments decded to start the West Java Rural Water Supply Project OTA-33. Ths project s amed at the development of rural water supply optons, approprate tothe West Javanese condtons. n connecton wth the effcent use of avalable water resources, a handpump of sturdy desgn, the Bandung Pump and ferrocement as materal for constructon were promoted. Wthn the scope of the Project, ferrocement ntroduced as a buldng materal n ndonesa n the late 70's by agences such as the TB based DTC {Development á Technology Centre of the Unversty Technology) Bandung and the Dan Desa Foundaton Yogyakarta, has been used for prototypes. Based on the experences of DTC and Dan Desa no further experments wth the new materal were undertaken. A prototype ranwater collector of ferrocement was bult by Tunhof and van Kerkvoor-. den. Theformerwroteadetaledmanualforbutdngatankof lom'capactyandalsodevsed a method for calculaton and desgn. At present thousands of ferrocement ranwater catchment tanks are to be found all over Java. Other applcatons of ferrocement were the constructon, by Hofman, of small scale water purfcaton plants n Karawang an of the slow sand flters of the so-called MCKS-500 system by Pompe n ndramayu. The latter system s a water purfcaton scheme servng 500 people, whose consumpton patterns dctate the process of slowsand fltraton. The abbrevaton MCKS conssts of the frst letters of the ndonesan words for bathng, washng, tolet and flter, n that order, desgnatng a santary unt, annex to the slow sand flter. n 983, after two years of experence, the MCKS-500 has been enlarged nto a MCKS-2000 system. Ths unt or plant has only recently started to delver clean water to the users through house connectons and publc santary unts at whch delvery ponts small reservors, commonly used n ndonesa catch the water flow. The reservors allow a restrcted outflow at those ponts and make for a dstrbuton system n whch no peak flows occur so that smaller ppes can be used. However, to mantan a constant pressure n the system n the absence of connecton to an electrc grd, the needed power has to be suppled by ether: a. A genset producng electrcty to drve small electrc pumps, readly avalable at local markets (e.g. the Japanese Sanyo seres). These pumps automatcally swtch on when pressure falls below a certan level (upto 0 Ato). The plant desgned by Hofman used j ths set up. ' * Assocate Expert, Drectorate General for nternatonal Cooperaton, Mnstry of Foregn Affars, The Netherlands. + WACO B.V., nternatona! Water Supply Consultants, The Netherlands.

129 2 Journal of Ferrocemeat: Vol. S, No.. January 9SS Journal of Ferrocement: Vol., No., January 9SS 3 b. A desel engne pumpng water nto an elevated reservor to mantan a "constant" head {head vares between 6.5 m and 95 m ( Ato). Several tmes a day the reservor s replenshed. Ths "drect drve" approach s appled n the MCKS Operaton s rather smple and sklls to run and mantan a desel engne s avalable n the vlage. So the next step n ferrocement promoton by the Project has been the constructon of ferrocement wate towers. A WATERTOWER OF FERROCEMENT Watertowers, as we know them, are bult n brck, concrete or steel and often domnate ther envronment as monuments of functonal archtecture. However, n Java there are many drawbacks n standard buldng technques. Locally avalable brcks are of poor qualty and heavy constructons n brck are easly damaged by the frequent earth tremors and earthquakes of Java. Buldng n stee! and concrete s expensve. Steel also needs proper coatng aganst corroson and concrete's man drawback s the constructon of the formwork, a buldng n tself. Workng n steel and concrete, moreover needs specal sklls whch are not avalable n a vllagesettng. Constructon n ferrocement, ts low-cost materals easly transported, makes use of a typcal vllage skll.e. plasterng- The desgn frst thought of took the form of a hyperbolod (Fg. ) a form whch n a mechancal sense s optmally suted to the propertes of ferrocement. Regretfully the dea had to be abondoned for two reasons. Frstly, constructon work tself would tax the capabltes of the locally avalable labour to the utmost. Scaffoldng would rase enormous problems. Secondly, the calculatons nvolved proved to be dffcult to work out. Two watertowers have now been bult accordng to the desgn dscussed n ths paper. Desgn of the Watertower Bascally the water tower consts, of three elements, one on top of the other; a ferrocement watertank(d = 3m, H = 3m)ontopof a brckwork/ferrocement tube (D = 2m) on a foundaton slab (D=5m) of renforced concrete whch stands drectly on a stff undsturbed underground of heavy sold clay (Fg. 2). The resultng sol stress s only about 0.02 N/jnm 2 (sol stress under the authors shoes amounts to about 0.03 N/mjn'j, so no plng s requred. The engneerng frm Trweger ndonesa has checked the desgn on earthquake resstance and structural strength. n ths paper only the structural background of the desgn wll be dscussed m :O.5m - G l Q " through th«bottom 2 layen of wre mesh -5 B 3" lor fall and rser ppes j! mm rb* aganst - bucklng 2:0Om 6.0 m -shofr of local brcks -door -landh -brckwork formwork 8mm dameter, 50 mm c«nrm 5.0 m Fg.. The hyperbolod form. Fg. 2. The ferrooement watertower showng the basc three elements.

130 Journal offerrocemctt: Vol. S, No., January 98S Journal of Ferroctmtnt: Vol. S, No.. January 9SS 5 Foundaton Slab The crcular foundaton slab s of renforced concrete wth a thckness of 0. jn. Forrawork for the slab s a brckwork basn wth a dameter of 5 m and a depth of m (Fg. 3). Tower To keep constructon smple, a lost mold method has been appled. The tube of brckwork havng 2 m dameter s erected frst. Brcks have no structural functon and n calculatng the strength of the constructon are dsregarded; n calculatng the loads n relaton to dynamc behavour (of the constructon as a whole) they are ncluded (Fg. ). Floor of the Watertank The saucer shaped bottom of the tank, upon whch the tank wll be constructed and formng the connecton between the trunk of the tower and the tank, conssts of a grd of steel rods encased n chc ken wre mesh. Great care should be gven to the proper anchorng of trunk and tank wall to the floor (Fgs. 5-6).. Dmensonng of the renforcng rods s based at the assumpton that only the rods take the load; the mesh beng dsregarded n the calculaton. Optmsaton of renforcement of concrete s expected here. Tank The tank s just a conventonal watertank, desgned accordng to the formulas determned by Naaman andshah. Lthe center of the tank a ppe gves access nto the tank front nsde of the tower. Fg.. Brckwork tower encased n ferrooement. An overflow outlet, together wth a pece of panted wood connected to a rubber bulb floatng nsde the tank provde vsual contact from the outsde of the water level n the tank. Fg. 3. Constructon of lhe foundaton. The frst tank bult had a manhole on top of the tank whch had to be reached by clmbng 9-5 m up a vertcal flght of stars on the outsde of the tank wall, whch was not convenent. Fg. 5. Saucer shaped bottom of tank. Fgs. 7-8 show the dfferent stages n constructon of the tank and Fg. 9 shows the completed watertower.

131 Journal of Fenocement: yol. 3, No. J, January 98Í Journal of Ferrocttnent; Vol. S, No., January 98$ 7 2,50 m 2.00 m 3.0 m 2.50 Fg. 6. Tank bottom renforcement cage lfted manually. Pg. 8. The water tank after plasterng. Fg. 0. The mproved desgn. The structure resembles a bamboo. Fg. 7. Forrnwork of tank rolled up to poston Fg.». GeneralvewoftheMCKSMOOand the completed water tank. CONSDERATON FOR FURTHER MPROVEMENTS Hostng the tank bottom and ts mold up to the top of the supportng column nvolves tme consumng labour and prefabrcaton of ts skeleton grd of concrete ron s relatvely costly. To save tme and money the next desgn has ncorporated the utlzaton of a lost mold of brcks : on the nner sde of the brckwork hollow column (H= ±6m; 0 = 2.5 m to 3 m) ferrocement s appled n one layer. The tank bottom, + 6 m above ground level together wth ts ron/steel skeleton wll be constructed n stu. n cross secton the structure resembles that of bamboo (Fg. 0).

132 ANNEX 6 The MCKS 500, a small scale ntegrated water supply and santaton system

133 Journal of Fmoccmcnl : Vol. tí, No. 2, Aprl 9S3 6 A Total-Water-System for 500 People The "MCKS-500" C. Pompe*, The MCKS 500 s a small scale water system for 500 users. ts three man functons are: water treatment, storage of water and healthy use of water at a santary unt. All the structures are constructed ether ofj'errocement, bamboo-cement or brckwork. Constructon of the ferrocemen slow-sand flter s dscussed n detal. Cost of constructon and operaton cost estmates are gven. NTRODUCTON [n the vlage of Pawdean, West Java, ndonesa, a small scale water nstallaton for 500 people came nto use at the end of Aprl 982. t can be sad to be a "total-water-system" snce t not only supples water, but also, provdes a santary unt. n ths way t s gvng an answer to the water related health problems of the vllages of West Java. n ndonesa, ts name s MCKS 500. The number ndcates the number of users, whle "MCKS" stands for Mand, Cuc, Kakus, Sarngan or: bathng, washng, tolet, waterfler. n other words a santary "MCK" unt s suppled wth water from a system of whch the man part s a slow sand flter (sarngan). The am of ths paper s (o provde nformaton about the nstallaton of the water supply unt. THE "MCKS 500" The MCKS 500 n Paw dean has three man functons: a. water treatment of the rrgaton water; b. storage of water for a perod of two months; c. "healthy" use of water at a santary unt. These functons wll be dscussed frst, followed by a descrpton of the constructon of the slow sand flter basn. The completed system s shown n Fg.. Water Treatment of the rrgaton Water The northern coastal plans of the sland of West Java s covered wth a fne net of rrgaton canals. Ths s the man source of water for most people n ndramayu; they bath n the canals, they wash n t and use t as a publc tolet. Apart from ths polluton, the water carres sedments from the hlls colourng the water brownsh. Another problem s : once a year for about two months, the canals are empty for mantenance work. To mprove ths water supply stuaton, a system s desgned consstng of three steps:. Flocculaton / Sedmentaton ' ' ' ' ' '.' ' nl >!'} Assstant Epcrt. Rurl Water Supply West Java Project, Dutch Mnstry of Development.

134 62 Journal of Feroetmenl: Vol. 3, No. 2, Aprl 983 Journal of Ferroeement : Vol. 3. No. 2, Aprl 9X3 63 Flocculaton/sedmentaton s carred out n a stretched canal. n ths way the operator, who s a farmer and cannot read or wrte, can see the process n a "natural" way. The dosng of alum for flocculat on s made as smple as possble. The alum salts are put n a perforated bucket whch s hung n the water flow. Alum trckles nto the raw water through the perforaton and the water flow s made hghly turbulent for mxng water and alum. After the mxng of alum, the canal gradually gets deeper and wder. Ths s to ease the flow of water to have the flocks of sedment grow and fnally settle at the end of the cav.l. Clarfed water flows over the wer at the end of the canal nto the reservor. 2. Reservor n the reservor, resdual flocks have enough lme to settle before enterng the slow sand flter. Retenton tme s a perod of over two weeks due to the necessary storage capacty. Ths long retenton perod permts the elmnaton of the rapd sand flter whch s conventonally used n the process of surface treatment. Durng ths retenton perod natural processes also help to purfy the water. Lü Fg. 2. The slow sand fller. The collecton well s seen n lhe mddle nnú lhe pote va\ve s on the rghl. 3. Slow Sand Flter F ' 8 ' '" nf MCKS C0 shown the water e W treatment plant (b) lhe sorage reservor and (c> lhe santary Stll by gravtaton, water flows from the reservor nlo the slow sand /tler basn. (Fg. 2) A "polevalve" may shut off the flow of water n case of flter cleanng (Fg. 3). Ths"polevalve" s adjuslble and s expected to have a longer lfe than a normal cock valve.

135 6 Journal of Ftrroctmem : Vol. S, No. 2, Aprl 9SÍ Journal of Ferrocemenl : Vol. J3. M>. 2, Aprl J9S3 65 sutablty to unsklled labor. The whole MCKS s bult by people from the Rural Water Supply Organzaton of the ndramayu dstrct, together wth people from the vllage. The lnng of the reservor s made of bamboo cement, whle the slow sand flter s ferrocement lned. Only the constructon of the slow sand flter wll be descrbed. Ths wll show how lhe use of ferrocement or bamboo-cement facltates constructon by unsklled labor. The Constructon ofthe Slow Sand Flter Fgs. -9 show the stages of the constructon of the slow sand flter. The constructon procedure apples also to bamboo-cement lned reservor except that the renforcement s of bamboo mattng. a) The valve closed. b) The ralve open. Fg. 3. The pole valve. The slow sand flter purfes the water bacterologcally to a reasonable qualty for rural crcumstances (NTU < 2, total count 0 0O0/ml, E-col = 0). The velocty of the water seepng through the flter s about 0. m 3 /m 2 /hr. Ths s the desgn velocty. n fact the flow through the flter wll fluctuate around the value of 0. m/hr. for t s determned by the drawng off of water from the collecton well. Storage oí Water for Perod of Two Months The reservor of the MCKS n Pawdean has a storage capacty of 800 m J. Ths capacty s needed" to brdge the perods when there s no water n the rrgaton canal. n the Northeast area of ndramayu the dstrbuton of rrgaton water stops for about two months. The amount of water needed for two months would be about 2000 m J. However, recrculatng the washng and bathng water reduces the storage capacty needed. Soap from the washng and bathng water s fltered out by horzontal flow palmfbre flter (2.0m x 0.5m x 0.5 m) pror to enterng the reservor agan. Healthy Use of Water at a Santary Unt. Often publc standposts produce clean water n the mddle of a pool of mud; a good source of contamnaton and dseases. A proper santary unt should am to promote a "healther" use of water. So, not only a wde space s made avalable for bathng and washng but also a water closet connected to a septc lank s provded. THE STRUCTURES All the structures are constructed ether of ferrocement, bamboo-cement or brckwork. The choce of these constructon materals s based on economy, functonal condtons and Fg. A. Dggng of the basn. Fg. 5. A brckwork floor for clean work. Fg. shows the dggng of the basn to a depth of 3.30 m. Slopes are frst dug n steps of :. The slope are smoothed when the requred depth s attaned. n more sandy clay, slopes should not be as step as used n ths project. After smoothng the slopes, a brckwork floor s lad to make clean work possble (Fg. 5). For later projects, dtches are made n the floor to provde canals for the pebble dran. The slopes are frst plastered wth mortar of : 5 cement-sand rato. Then one layer of chcken wre mesh s attached on the plastered slope by bamboo crampnals (Fg. 6). Fnally, the slopes are plastered wth mortar of : 3 cement-sand rato and a brckwork band s fxed around the basn. (Fg. 7) The slopes may also be fned wth bamboo mattng, grass or plastc sheetng snce the slope s stable at an angle of 5, and these lnngs protect the slopes aganst eroson. However, grass may dry out and may be destroyed by chldren, bamboo may rot at the water lne and plastc deterorates n ths case, ferrocement or bamboo-cement s a reasonable alternatve snce t s "lghtweght", t needs no thrusts aganst sldng off the slopes and the lnng "sts" on the slope.

136 S* Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. S, No. 2. Aprl 9X3 Journal of Ferrocement : Vol.!3. No. 2, Aprl VS3 67 and fnally 0.80 to.0 m of fne washed sea sand. Then ppes from the collecton well are ftted and the "polevalve" fxed and adjusted. Cost of the "MCKS 500" n Pan dean The system was fnshed n May 982. Snce that date, prces of fuel and cement have rsen n ndonesa qute substantally. Nevertheless, fgures based on May 982 prces are gven n Table. Tablel. Costs of the MCKS 500. Descrpton Cost n Rp. Cost n USS Fg. 6. Plasterng lhe slope? wth ferrocement. Fg. 7. The com pel e( fller lank. One dsadvantage s that the lnng wll crack when the clays wells or shrnks. However, when major cracks occur these may be plastered agan. Ground work (dggng) Canal for flocculaton and sedmentaton Slow sand flter Reservor Santary unt Mscellaneous 300, , ' 750, , , ,25.00, Prce level May 982 Per capta Rp. 2,700, Rp. 5,00.00 USS, USJ 8.00 Fg. 8. Settng up of lhe mould for the collecton well. Fg. 9. Layng of under - dran!. Fg. 8. shows the settng up of the mould of tre collecton well. The water enters the collecton well through holes n the wall at the bottom that are connected to the pebble drans underneath the sand fller. As the wall of the well s always under compresson, water level outsde s always hgher than water level nsde, a constructon materal s to be used that can take.compresson. Agan ferrocement provdes a good soluton; the fne cracks that eventually wll occur n the walls wll not allow water from outsde fo penetrate. Constructon of the col lecton we! s smlar to the const ructon of a ferrocement ranwater tank as descrbed rt reference. Preparng the plywood mould around steel rbs s stll rather elaborate, as s fxng the mesh on t. Therefore, the well of the systems that are bult later are made of brckwork lned wth one layer mesh and mortar of : 2. The constructon of the slow sand flter basn and the central colleclon well s now fnshed. Fnally the pebble drans are Sad and covered by 50 mm layers of pebbles of varyng gran sze: feld nstructon; pebbles szes should be frst of egg-sze, then "beans", "rce", "sugar" t should be noted however that another plant that has just been completed n the vllage ofkalmat cost approxmately Rp...000,000 (US$ 5,800.) dueto hgher prces and also because trucks could not reach the ste. So all materals had to be handled twce. And at the end of the constructon perod, water had to be fetched from dstant places snce the dry season happened to be extremely dry. All these crcumstances have to be consdered well before startng any project. Descrpton Operator Mantenance Alum Per capta Table 2. Operaton cost estmate per month. Cost Rp. Rp. n Rp. 7, , , , Cost US* USS n USS The operaton costs estmate per month s gven n Table 2, At the moment (January 983) the operator s pad n nature; the reservor s used as fshpond. Also t s seen that ranfall (about 2000 mm per year) reduces costs substantally. The operator s nstructed to only fll the reservor well after ranfall. Ths can economze the use of alum because shortly after ranfall water from the rrgaton canal carres more sedments (NTU > 000) thus requrng more alum.