Climate-driven changes in rearing habitats of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Kenai watershed. Courtney Pegus, Mark Wipfli, and Daniel Rinella
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1 Climate-driven changes in rearing habitats of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Kenai watershed Courtney Pegus, Mark Wipfli, and Daniel Rinella
2 The Big Picture Climatic changes and consequences Climate change Landscape changes Hydrological changes Changes in food resources Salmon habitat/abundance Climatic changes and shifts in weather patterns might be transforming several ecological features within Alaska.
3 Broad research question How do climate-driven changes in landscape/fluvial dynamics affect rearing habitats of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Kenai River watershed?
4 Kenai s projected temperature changes (SNAP 200) Haufler et al., 2010
5 Variability of temperatures among streams observed in a similar study Lisi et al., 20
6 The Kenai watershed has a diverse array of sub-drainage basin types including: glacial, groundwater-fed, and runoff each having unique properties (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, flow etc.) Groundwater dominated streams Precipitation dominated streams Glacial dominated streams
7 Juvenile Chinook rear in different habitat types in the Kenai watershed and are therefore exposed to a range of different environmental conditions Temperature Food Flow
8 Salmon require relatively cold water habitats throughout the life cycle Warm water temperatures can: (1) Impede growth (2) Lead to mortality
9 (Objective for summer 20): Determine if certain rearing habitat types were more vulnerable to experiencing unfavorable conditions (e.g., unsuitable temperatures and low D.O.) as the summer progressed Surface runoff fed streams Groundwater fed streams Glacial fed streams
10 Conceptual model depicting how salmon rearing habitats might change during the summer months Key Optimal Temperature and D.O. Optimal growth Surface runoff fed streams Glacial fed streams Unsuitable Temperature and/or D.O. too hot Little growth Unsuitable Temperature and/or D.O. too cold Little growth Groundwater fed streams Early Summer Mid Summer Late Summer
11 Summer Research 20- Temperature loggers were deployed in various streams in the Kenai watershed Hobo temperature loggers Hydrolab sensor deployed in Beaver Creek
12 Summer Research 20- Temperature loggers were deployed in various streams in the Kenai watershed Hobo temperature loggers Hydrolab sensor deployed in Beaver Creek
13 Deployment sites for temperature loggers (21 Total)
14 Stream temperature data from 20 field season Finding: Stream temperatures peaked in late July (15-22 C). Implications: Stream temperatures approached upper tolerance limits of juvenile Chinook in some habitats, suggesting that some rearing habitats may become unsuitable during warm summers. Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Moose River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Funny River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Temerature ( C) Temperature ( C) Beaver Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Bishop Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3
15 Stream temperature data from 20 field season Finding: Stream temperatures peaked in late July (15-22 C). Implications: Stream temperatures approached upper tolerance limits of juvenile Chinook in some habitats, suggesting that some rearing habitats may become unsuitable during warm summers. Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Moose River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Funny River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Temerature ( C) Temperature ( C) Beaver Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Bishop Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3
16 Stream temperature data from 20 field season Finding: Stream temperatures peaked in late July (15-22 C). Implications: Stream temperatures approached upper tolerance limits of juvenile Chinook in some habitats, suggesting that some rearing habitats may become unsuitable during warm summers. Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) Moose River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Funny River 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Temerature ( C) Temperature ( C) Beaver Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 Bishop Creek 1 6/15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3
17 Stream and air temperatures recorded at Beaver Creek Finding: Stream temperatures appeared to be strongly influenced by air temperatures Water Temperature ( C) Air Temperature ( C) 5 Water Temperature Air Temperature /15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 9/ 10/ 11/2
18 Stream and air temperatures recorded at Beaver Creek Water Temperature Air Temperature Water Temperature ( C) Air Temperature ( C) /15 7/5 7/25 /14 9/3 9/ 10/ 11/2
19 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen data from 20 field season 1 Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Finding: Stream temperatures and dissolved oxygen levels in late summer were within optimal parameters for juvenile Chinook Temperature ( C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) /25 7/30 /4 /9 /14 /19 /24
20 Next steps Track temperature and food resources in streams to understand if certain habitats and stream types become unsuitable for rearing Chinook salmon. Through bioenergetic modeling, determine how food abundance and temperature interact to affect juvenile Chinook growth/condition in key rearing habitats.
21 Acknowledgements Robert Ruffner Rebecca Zulueta Erik Schoen Sue Mauger
22 References Haufler, J.B., C.A. Mehl, and S. Yeats Climate change: anticipated effects on ecosystem services and potential actions by the Alaska Region, U.S. Forest Service. Ecosystem Management Research Institute, Seeley Lake, Montana, USA. Lisi P.J., D.E. Schindler, K.T. Bentley, and G. R. Pess. 20 Association between geomorphic attributes of watersheds, water temperature, and salmon spawn timing in Alaskan streams Geomorphology. 15, 7-6
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