Holz für Stoffliche Nutzung

Transcription

1 Holz für Stoffliche Nutzung Mehr Ressourcen- und Klimaschutz durch Kaskadennutzung Wettbewerb um Holz , Brilon Dipl-Phys. Michael Carus (GF) nova-institut GmbH, Hürth (Cologne), Germany 1 1

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4 Facts and figures nova-institute Founded 1994 as a private and independent research institute 20 employees interdisciplinary, international team Turnover of 2 Mio. / year Member of various associations & committees CEN/TC 411, Bio-based Expert Group in DG Enterprise & Industry, technical group of the bio-based panel, SCAR Foresight experts group and advisory board of CLIB2021 Selected customers from industry, associations and public and political institutions: 4 4

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8 Industrial Material Use Stoffliche Nutzung 8 8

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10 Industrial material use covers a range of industries In material use biomass serves as a raw material for the production of all kinds of goods, as well as their direct use in products. This distinguishes it from energy use, where biomass serves purely as an energy source, and the use for food and feed purposes. (Carus et al. 2010) 10 10

11 Criteria for a redesign of the RED 11 11

12 Bionenergy (red) and material use of wood (green) in Germany und (Source: Mantau 2012) 12 12

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14 Cascading use Kaskadennutzung 14 14

15 Theories and concepts (selected publications) 1994: Sirkin, ten Houten (The cascade chain) 1997: Franje (Cascading of pine wood/ hemp / reed) 2004: Dornburg (Multi-product use) 2009: Arnold et al. (...Cascading use of Biomass...) Increasing No. of publications 2009: EPEA, VHI, WKI (Utilization of wood in a cascade) 2011: Mantau (European Wood Flows (EU27)) 2012: UBA (Global land and biomass resources) 2013: Indufor (Wood Raw Material Supply and Demand(...)) 2013: Moran (focus on by-product use) 2014: Proposed definition for single- and multi-stage cascading use 15 15

16 Cascade use cascading use A cascade use is defined as multiple use of the wood resources from trees by using residues, recycling (utilization in production) resources or recovered (collected after consumption) resources. Mantau 2011 Cascading use of biomass is a principle, where products with higher value added are produced first and energy at a later stage of the production chain. The cascade principle should be enhanced through policy and appropriate legislative measures, at EU and national levels Indufor

17 Cascade factor - First approach to quantify cascading use Mantau 2011 Indufor 2013 (total) cascade factor: total _ cascades= (A+H+I ) A simple cascade factor: total _ cascades= (A+H+I ) A forest _ residues The (total) cascade factor calculates the relation between total wood resources from trees and other wood resources on the basis of the total wood resources from trees The simple cascade factor calculates the relation between total wood resources from trees and other wood resources on the basis of the roundwood resources with A = (roundwood + forest residues) Simple cascade factor: Should the direct energy use of forest residues be accounted for as cascading use? 17 17

18 Cascade Factors (total) cascade factor: (A+H+I ) A simple cascade factor: (A+H+I ) (A forest _ residues) H A With A = (roundwood + forest residues) (A) Wood resources from trees (H) Cascades in products Residues & recycling (I) Energy Residues & recycling I H 18 18

19 EU wood cascade factors and their trends (based on Indufor 2013) Material composition in % 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 3% 4% 5% 7% / Round-wood Forest residues Industrial residues Recovered wood Imported Pulp Black liquor total cascade factor simple cascade factor 2,4 2,2 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 cascade factor (non-domensional) 19 19

20 Total cascade factor Strengths + direct energy use reduces the cascade factor + multi-stage cascading increases the cascade factor Challenges material use and energy use of by-products are not differentiated in the cascade factor difficult application of the cascade factor in more complex systems, e.g. transfer of materials to other industrial sectors. For example for agricultural biomass. Simple cascade factor The more wood residues are used, the better the simple cascade factor Strong incentive to remove as many forest residues as possible adds a further dimension of sustainability Energy use of a virgin material becomes a cascade and is therefore incompatible with the definition of cascade that will be proposed later The total cascade factor is to a high extend in line with our proposed definition, but in contrast to the simple cascade factor

21 Evaluation of the concepts Many different definitions and understanding of cascading use 21 21

22 Proposal for a new definition Suitable for all biomass sectors Clear and precise as possible Basis for new political framework and incentives 22 22

23 Proposal of a new definition Cascading use of biomass takes place when biomass is processed into a bio-based final product and this final product is used at least once more either for materials or energy. is described as single-stage, when the bio-based final product is directly used for energy. is described as multi-stage when biomass is processed into a biobased final product and this final product is used at least once more as a material. It is only after at least two uses as a material that energy use is permitted

24 Single-stage vs. multi-stage cascading use 24 24

25 Consequences Conceptually, all sources of biomass being the starting point of a cascade would be treated equally, whether they be biogenic main, by- or intermediate products from primary agricultural, marine or forestry production, material or energy use, or from the food and feed industries Requiring a final product for material uses, the above-stated definition stresses the product use for final consumption. Since most material biomass chains include numerous and often traded intermediate products, the consideration of a final product is important. If a definition would allow intermediate products to be a use phase, it would qualify almost any biomass use as a cascade. It is far clearer to require a processing into a bio-based final product (either completely or partially bio-based). This definition excludes all forms of intermediate products without a real material use by private or industrial consumers

26 Consequences The requirement for further material use deliberately avoids a requirement for a second bio-based final product. It means that it is not only material recycling that counts, but material use can also be satisfied by intermediates, fillers and excipients that are incorporated into material process chains. The waste hierarchy of the directive on waste (2008/98/EC) should be considered properly in order to characterize the steps of cascading use in a generally attuned way, when using terms like re-use, preparation for re-use, recycling, recovery (energy or other). Energy use should be the viable option at the end of the cascading use at least for the majority of cases. This should not exclude some types of use, which result in the loss of the material (e.g. detergents) as long as the requirements of the definition above are met. It is clear that a direct energy use of biomass (energy use without prior material use) is not considered as a cascading use

27 Political dimension The question of whether single-stage or only multi-stage can be accepted as cascading use is a political matter of major importance: Single-stage cascading use already involves a significant increase in resource efficiency compared to direct energy use and allows for the inclusion of many existing bio-based value chains. Multi-stage cascading use results in a greater increase in resource efficiency, but has so far only been achieved for a very small number of biomass sources or can only be achieved with a limited number of value chains. Understanding cascading principle as a strategy to increase resource efficiency, both single and multi-stage cascading can be supportive for an overarching efficiency objective. New ways of biomass material use even if they don t include multi-stage from the beginning implicate the potential to increase cascading use

28 Resource efficiency & LCA Ressourceneffizienz & Ökobilanz 28 28

29 Increased resource efficiency with cascading use IFEU

30 IFEU

31 Holzkaskade gegen Stahl-Blech: Überall besser bis auf den Flächenverbrauch. Alle Parameter gleichzeitig zu optimieren ist leider oft nicht möglich! IFEU

32 Kaskadennutzung zeigt die besten Ergebnisse CO2-Äq. [t / (ha a)] SO2-Äq. [kg / (ha a)] Nudelverpackungen: Karton (Ref. fossil-pe) Dämmstoffplatten: Holzfaser (Ref. Mineralwolle) Holzfaser (Ref. PS) Holzkaskade: direkte energet. Nutzung Brettschichtholz, Energie Brettschichtholz, Spanplatte typ. Recycling, Energie Brettschichtholz, Spanplatte max. Recycling, Energie Vorteile Nachteile t CO2-Äq. bzw. kg SO2-Äq. / (ha Waldfläche a) IFEU

33 Development of the GHG emissions due to different Scenarios (for Germany) Share of Industrial Material Use in 2030 (today 15%, 85% for energy) Scenario 1: 20% Scenario 2: 25% Scenario 3: 50% Scenario 4: 90% 33 Source: nova 2013 nova % RE = 100% of the Electricity by Renewables (Solar, Wind, Biomass) 33

34 Thank you for your attention! Michael Carus, CEO Division Head Bio- and CO 2 -based Economy Tel.: +49 (0) michael.carus@nova-institut.de 34 34