System Definition AWAST. Report (Vers. 1.7)

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3 System Definition AWAST Report (Vers. 1.7) Project AWAST Aid in the Management and European Comparison of Municipal Solid WASte Treatment methods for a Global and Sustainable Approach Project Nr. EVK4-CT Workpackage 7 Model integration Simulator development Validation Task 1: Design of a simulator structure Task 2: Model implementation for each channel Task 3: Check for consistency both on available experimental and on theoretical data (definition of default values for model parameters) D25: Documented models for predicting material and energy balance for all channels, with their methods of use D26: Documented models and databases for economic balance calculation D27: Software allowing the simulation of all possible organisation of solid waste management D28: Methodology, use and limits of the software; report generation options for different types of end user Annex 3: System Definition - AWAST Roland Fehringer, Bernd Brandt, Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management Hans Daxbeck, Stefan Neumayer, Roman Smutny Resource Management Agency

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5 Table of content 1 BACKGROUND SYSTEM BOUNDARY SYSTEM DEFINITION Waste definitions System structure AWAST DEFINITION OF PROCESSES AND GOODS Collection and transport of waste (CT) Collection of mixed waste (CM) Collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) Separate waste collection curbside (SC) Separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) Separate collection of bulky waste (SCB) Separate collection of other waste (SCO) Separate waste collection - collecting point (CP) Collecting point for secondary materials (CPS) Collecting point TIBS (CPT) Collecting point for bulky waste (CPB) Collecting point for other waste (CPO) Collection of other waste (CO) Cleaning of the road (COR) Collection of other organic waste (COO) Transport of sewage sludge and sewer waste (TSS) Transport of imported waste (TI) Transport of imported waste Treatment of waste (TW) Sorting (S) Sorting of paper and cardboard (SPC) Sorting of plastic (SP) Sorting of metal (SM) Sorting of glass (SG) Sorting of composite packaging (SCP) Sorting of mixed secondary materials (SMS) Sorting of bulky waste (SB) Sorting of road waste (SR) Mechanical chemical treatment (MT)...54 AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report i

6 Mixed waste splitting (MWS) Organic waste splitting (OWS) Follow up treatment (FT) Biological treatment (BT) Mechanical biological treatment plant (MBT) Other biological treatment plant (OBT) Composting plant (C) Thermal treatment (TT) Grate incineration plant (GI) Fluidized bed incineration plant Cement kiln incineration plant (CI) Other incineration plant (OI) Recycling (REC) Recycling detail (RECD) Transport of treated waste (T) Transport of sorted waste (TS) Transport of paper and cardboard sorting products (TPCS) Transport of plastic sorting products (TPS) Transport of metal sorting products (TMS) Transport of glass sorting products (TGS) Transport of composite packaging sorting products (TCPS) Transport of mixed secondary materials sorting products (TMSS) Transport of bulky waste sorting products (TBS) Transport of road waste sorting products (TRS) Transport of mechanically chemically treated waste (TMT) Transport of mixed waste splitting products (TMWS) Transport of organic waste splitting products (TOWS) Transport of follow up treatment products (TFT) Transport of biologically treated waste (TBT) Transport of mechanical biological treatment plant products (TMBT) Transport of other biological treatment plant products (TOBT) Transport of composting plant products (TC) Transport of thermally treated waste (TTT) Transport of grate incineration plant products (TGI) Transport of fluidized bed incineration plant products (TFI) Transport of cement kiln incineration plant products (TCI) Transport of other incineration plant products (TOI) Landfill (L) Landfill - detail (LD) Landfill for non hazardous Landfill for inert waste (LI) AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report ii

7 Landfill for hazardous waste (LH) LINKS BETWEEN CHANNEL-DEDICATED WORKPACKAGES SELECTION OF SUBSTANCES REFERENCES AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report iii

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9 1 Background This section deals with the definition of an adequate system for the project AWAST. Basis for the system are project objectives (see deliverable 1+2; chapter 1) and MFA methodology (deliverable 1+2; chapter 3). The first part is dedicated to the definition of the system boundary, then follow definitions of the investigated types of waste and the design of the system structure. The next step covers definitions of processes and goods and illustrates links between processes and between workpackages. Finally the selection of substances and the waste matrix complete the system definition. Objectives of project AWAST The task of this chapter is to establish a system that can be used, if filled with proper data, to reach the objectives and answer the questions of the project AWAST. The general objective of the project is to improve city waste management by creating a decision aid tool with the following aspects: flexibility adaptability to local context possibility for simulations: o investigation of alternative MSW management paths o define and plan sustainable degrees of progress o accompany, control and reorient the choices using experience of Central and Western EU countries including energetic and economic aspects of the whole waste management evaluating present situation in terms of waste processing efficiency, cost, energetic balance, residual streams, etc. Linking AWAST workpackages The system AWAST has to suit to these aspects and got also the task to link and coordinate the work of all partners involved in the project. This is achieved by determining and defining interfaces guaranteeing that the key questions between the partners can be answered appropriately and uniformly. Interfaces are needed between channel dedicated workpackages (WP): o Collection and transport (WP 4) o Sorting and material recovery (WP 4) o Landfill (WP 4) o Biological treatment (WP 5) o Thermal treatment (WP 6) between parameter dedicated workpackages (WP): o Waste matter aspects (WP 1) o Energetic aspects (WP 2) o Economic aspects (WP 3) The connection between channel dedicated workpackages is achieved by the structure (levels and processes) of the system (see chapter 3.2) while the connection of parameter dedicated workpackages is achieved through consideration of all relevant goods and definition of data processing. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 1

10 Major system components System AWAST represents municipal solid waste management. Waste management can roughly be divided into waste transport, waste treatment and sanitary landfill. The major good is solid waste from private households. Other relevant goods are business waste similar to household waste, waste from public places (roads, markets, parks), waste treatment products, supplies and emissions. Figure 1-1: Structure of the AWAST project Case studies (Lisbon, Orleans, Stuttgart) According to the project objectives mentioned before, the system will be defined to develop a flexible, globally applicable decision aid tool. For the first experimental application of this tool, the three case studies, the processes and goods that are relevant for these cities will be marked and separately described. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 2

11 2 System boundary Regional boundary The regional component of the system boundary is the political boundary of the city and the plant boundaries of treatment plants and landfills, where waste or waste products from the city are treated or disposed. For treatment plants and landfills outside the city, only waste or waste products, costs and energy shares from the city are investigated and balanced. The system boundary comprises the municipal solid waste management from collection to treatment and landfilling. Construction and maintenance of the infrastructure (machinery, buildings, roads) are not investigated. Also not investigated is the abrasion of machinery (e.g. tires). Temporal boundary The temporal component of the system boundary is one year. The data set should be as current and complete as possible (e.g. 1999, 2000 or 2001). AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 3

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13 3 System definition This section delivers the AWAST system. The AWAST system is already roughly outlined by the system boundary (see chapter 2) and will be designed more detailed by defining the investigated wastes. The system is determined according to the coordinating of the project workpackages (WP). 3.1 Waste definitions The AWAST system represents municipal solid waste management. The definition of waste and municipal solid waste in the European legislation is used for this project. Waste shall mean any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard. [Directive 91/156/EEC, 1991] Liquid waste means, according to the European directive on the landfill of waste [Directive 1999/31/EC, 1999], any waste in liquid form including wastewaters but excluding sludge. Municipal waste means, according to the European directive on the landfill of waste [Directive 1999/31/EC, 1999] waste from households, as well as other waste which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from household. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is defined and classified in the European waste catalogue (EWC). The EWC was established in 1994 [Decision 94/3/EC, 1994] (valid from 1994 to 2001), harmonised in 2000 [Decision 2000/532/EC, 2000] and amended in 2001 [Decision 2001/118/EC, 2001] (applies from 1. January 2002). Municipal solid waste (EWC 20) can be divided in (see Table 3-1): EWC 20 01: separately collected fractions EWC 20 02: garden and park waste (including cemetery waste) EWC 20 03: other municipal waste (incl. mixed household waste) The definition of MSW through EWC includes hazardous wastes, electronic equipment, discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons and septic tank sludge. Additionally to the wastes of code number 20 of EWC, the following wastes are investigated in the system: EWC 15 01: municipal packaging wastes EWC 16 01: end-of-life vehicles. This category was classified as municipal solid waste in the first edition of the EWC (valid from 1994 to 2001) and therefore investigated during the development of the AWAST system. In order to avoid loss of already collected data, this waste will be further investigated. However, for the three case studies it is not relevant and therefore this good will not be investigated in the first step of the development of the simulation software. EWC : sewage sludge (from urban wastewater). This solid waste is often coprocessed with mixed MSW in biological waste treatment plants. For the three case studies it is not relevant and therefore this good will not be investigated in the first step of the development of the simulation software. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 5

14 Mixed municipal waste means, according to the European directive on the incineration of waste [Directive 2000/76/EC, 2000], waste from households as well as commercial, industrial and institutional waste, which because of its nature and composition is similar to waste from households, but excluding fractions indicated in the Annex to Decision 94/3/EC(22) under heading that are collected separately at source (e.g. paper, glass, plastic, metal) and excluding the other wastes indicated under heading of that Annex (e.g. park and garden waste). The following table (Table 3-1) lists all waste categories that are investigated in the AWAST system. The categories are based on the EWC. Table 3-2 shows which categories are subsumed in each good of the AWAST system. Table 3-1: European waste catalogue (EWC) [Decision 2001/118/EC, 2001] catalogue number description packaging (including separately collected municipal packaging waste) paper and cardboard packaging plastic packaging wooden packaging metallic packaging composite packaging mixed packaging glass packaging textile packaging * 1) packaging containing residues of or contaminated by dangerous substances 1) metallic packaging containing a dangerous solid porous matrix (for example asbestos), * including empty pressure containers end-of-life vehicles sludges from treatment of urban wastewater MUNICIPAL WASTES (HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND SIMILAR COMMERCIAL, 20 INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL WASTES) INCLUDING SEPARATELY COLLECTED FRACTIONS separately collected fractions (except 15 01) paper and cardboard glass biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste clothes textiles * solvents * acids * alkalines * photochemicals * pesticides * fluorescent tubes and other mercury containing waste * discarded equipment containing chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) edible oil and fat * oil and fat other than those mentioned in * paint, inks, adhesives and resins containing dangerous substances paint, inks, adhesives and resins other than those mentioned in * detergents containing dangerous substances detergents other than those mentioned in * cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines medicines other than those mentioned in AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 6

15 Table 3-1 continued catalogue description number batteries and accumulators included in (lead batteries), (Ni-Cd * batteries) or (mercury-containing batteries) and unsorted batteries and accumulators containing these batteries batteries and accumulators other than those mentioned in discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in * and containing hazardous components discarded electrical and electronic equipment other than those mentioned in , and * wood containing dangerous substances wood other than that mentioned in plastics metals ) wastes from chimney sweeping ) other fractions not otherwise specified garden and park waste (including cemetery waste) biodegradable waste soil and stones other non-biodegradable wastes other municipal waste mixed municipal waste waste from markets street-cleaning residues ) septic tank sludge waste from sewage cleaning bulky waste ) municipal wastes not otherwise specified Remark: Any waste marked with an asterisk (*) is considered as a hazardous waste pursuant to Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste and subject to the provisions of that Directive unless Article 1(5) of that Directive applies. 1) Not further investigated. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 7

16 Table 3-2: Relationship of the goods within the AWAST system and the European waste catalogue (EWC) AWAST good EWC numbers description mixed waste ,150106, Mixed municipal waste from households as well as commercial, industrial and institutional waste, which because of its nature and composition is similar to waste from households. Including composite and mixed packaging paper , paper and cardboard packaging, paper and cardboard plastics , plastic packaging and other waste plastics metals , metallic packaging and other waste metals glass , glass packaging and other waste glass textiles , , textile packaging, other textiles and clothes composite packaging composite packaging mixed secondary materials secondary materials batteries , batteries and accumulators chemicals hazardous waste mixed packaging (mixed secondary materials; collected together) solvents, acids, alkalines, photochemicals, pesticides, hazardous oil and fat, paint (incl. inks, adhesives and resins), detergents, cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines fluorescent tubes fluorescent tubes and other mercury containing waste medicines medicines (excl. cytotoxic and cytostatic medicines) oil and fat edible oil and fat WEEE , waste of electric and electronic equipment (e.g. printed circuit boards) CFCE chlorofluorocarbons-containing equipment (e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioning equipment) end-of-life vehicles end-of-life vehicles biowaste biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (food waste) cemetery cemetery waste: biodegradable waste, soil and stones other 2002 waste non-biodegradable wastes garden and park waste (excluding cemetery waste): garden and 2002 biodegradable waste, soil and stones other nonbiodegradable park waste wastes market waste bulky waste manually collected road waste road waste collected by sweepers organic waste waste from markets , , sewer waste sewage sludge other waste wooden packaging, other wood and furniture. Excluding construction and demolition waste and electric equipment street cleaning residues street cleaning residues (grit, etc.) residues from cleaning the sand catchers and grills of the sewer system dried sludges from treatment of urban waste water. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 8

17 Sometimes it is necessary to use a term for a group of waste goods. In the AWAST system, the following terms are applied for waste categories: Secondary materials: Separate collected wastes that are or are to be reused or reclaimed as secondary raw materials [Buchner & Manu, 1994]. In the AWAST system, the following waste goods from the preceding table are subsumed to this category: glass, metals, paper, plastics, textiles. Hazardous waste: In the AWAST project, only small scale hazardous waste included e.g. in household waste or business waste is investigated, because industrial wastes are not in the scope of the project. The following waste goods from the preceding table belong to this category: batteries, chemicals, fluorescent tubes, medicines, oil and fat, WEEE (waste of electric and electronic equipment), CFCE (chlorofluorocarbons-containing equipment) and end-of-life vehicles. This waste category is not identical with the definition of hazardous waste in the European legislation (see Table 3-1). Physical-chemical treatment of hazardous waste is not in the scope of project AWAST and therefore will not be further examined. However, thermal treatment and disposal will be investigated. Organic waste: Biowaste (from kitchens and canteens), garden waste, cemetery waste and market waste is characterised as organic waste. Other waste: Waste categories, that don t fit into the preceding waste groups, like bulky waste, road waste, sewer waste and sewage sludge, are characterised as other waste. 3.2 System structure AWAST The system needs to deliver a structure for detailed data input, a link between the workpackages (WP) of the project partners and a proper overview of municipal solid waste management. To fulfil these tasks, the system is structured into three hierarchy levels. Each level covers the entire system, but the difference is the level of aggregation of the system parts (processes 1 and goods). Level-1: Overview level (see Figure 4-1) In order to obtain an easy comprehensible and clear picture, the aggregation of system parts at this level is very high and focuses on the path of waste. The level-1 processes could also be referred to as subsystems containing level-2 processes. Level-2: Link level This level serves as connection between levels and between workpackages: Connection between levels: Each level-2 process consists of one or more level-3 processes (subprocesses) and is itself a part (subprocess) of one level-1 process. Connection between workpackages (WP): Each channel dedicated WP is represented by one or more level-2 processes: 1 Each process can also be a subprocess (of a process at a higher level) or a subsystem (containing subprocesses). AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 9

18 Table 3-3: Channel dedicated workpackages and their related processes. WP No. WP-Title Level-2 processes WP 5 Biological treatment Biological treatment WP 6 Thermal treatment Thermal treatment WP 4 Collection/transport sorting - landfill All other processes Level-3: Plant level This is the most detailed level and it serves as a structure for data input. According to the objective of flexibility, it is possible to add new processes (e.g. for new or alternative waste treatment technologies) or to delete processes (if they are not needed) at this level. The following table lists all the processes and their relation from level to level. The description of the processes and their goods delivers chapter 4. Table 3-4: Processes of the system AWAST LEVEL-1 PROCESSES LEVEL-2 PROCESSES LEVEL-3 PROCESSES OVERVIEW LEVEL LINK LEVEL PLANT LEVEL collection of mixed waste CMD collection of mixed waste - detail SCS separate collection of secondary materials separate waste collection - SCB separate collection of bulky waste curbside SCO separate collection of other waste collection CPS collecting point for secondary materials and separate waste collection - CPT collecting point TIBS transport collecting point CPB collecting point for bulky waste of waste CPO collecting point for other waste COR cleaning of the road collection of other waste COO collection of other organic waste TSS transport of sewage sludge and sewer waste transport of imported waste TID transport of imported waste - detail AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 10

19 Table 3-4 continued SPC sorting of paper and cardboard SP sorting of plastic SM sorting of metal sorting SG sorting of glass SCP sorting of composite packaging SMS sorting of mixed secondary materials SB sorting of bulky waste SR sorting of road waste MWS mixed waste splitting mechanical chemical treatment OWS organic waste splitting treatment of waste FT follow up treatment MBT mechanical biological treatment plant biological treatment OBT other biological treatment plant C composting plant GI grate incineration plant thermal FI fluidized bed incineration plant treatment CI cement kiln incineration plant OI other incineration plant recycling 1) RECD recycling - detail 1) transport of treated waste landfill transport of sorted waste transport of mechanically chemically treated waste transport of biologically treated waste transport of thermally treated waste landfill - detail 1) Not to be balanced. See next section for explanation. TPCS transport of paper and cardboard sorting product TPS transport of plastic sorting products TMS transport of metal sorting products TGS transport of glass sorting products TCPS transport of composite packaging sorting product TMSS transport of mixed secondary materials sorting products TBS transport of bulky waste sorting products TRS transport of road waste sorting products TMWS transport of mixed waste splitting products TOWS transport of organic waste splitting products TFT transport of follow up treatment products transport of mechanical biological treatment TMBT plant products transport of other biological treatment plant TOBT products TC transport of composting plant products TGI transport of grate incineration plant products TFI transport of fluidized bed incineration plant products TCI transport of cement kiln products TOI transport of other incineration plant products LN waste LI landfill for inert waste LH landfill for hazardous waste AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 11

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21 4 Definition of processes and goods Subsequent to the definitions of the system towards it surroundings (system boundary), this section determines the internal structure at all three levels: justification of the selection of processes and goods exact definition and description of all processes and goods determination of links between processes and goods The purpose of giving such strict definitions is to precisely link goods and processes in an unambiguous way and to allow for an easily comprehensible system structure. This section is split into 5 parts. The first part gives an introduction and determines the AWAST system at level-1 (overview level). The following four parts (Chapters 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4) deal with the four level-1 processes. Each level-1 process is defined and structured through its related level-2 and level-3 processes. The headings to these section parts represent the hierarchical structure of the levels: system AWAST: one-digit heading (4) Level-1 processes: two-digit headings (4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4) Level-2 processes: three-digit headings Level-3 processes: four-digit headings An overview over all processes is given in Table 3-4. Section 5 subsumes the links between channel-orientated workpackages. Introduction The AWAST system deals with municipal solid waste from private households and similar waste from businesses (commercial, industrial and institutional waste) and follows this waste from the collection to treatment and landfill. The processes of waste origin (trade, industry, business, service and private household) and the destination processes for emissions (atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) are not investigated in the project, not part of the system and therefore outside the system boundary as illustrated in Figure 4-1. Inside the system boundaries of AWAST Inside the AWAST system, there are four investigated processes that will be defined in the following sections: collection and transport of waste treatment of waste transport of treated waste landfill Transport of waste and transport of treated waste are not combined for reasons of more comprehensibly illustrating the system with regard to the path of waste. For a technical, energetic, economic, social or environmental assessment of waste management of a city, it is necessary to observe the whole treatment path of waste, that means, to include also waste treatment plants outside the city (e.g. filter ash that is exported AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 13

22 to a landfill for hazardous waste), because otherwise assessments would show that the most effective action to improve waste management would be to export waste out of the city. Therefore, the treatment and landfill of waste originating from the city but taking place outside of it are parts of the system AWAST. Recycling is a part of waste treatment. The process recycling covers recycling plants (e.g. for steel, paper, plastic, electric and electronic equipment, end-of-life vehicles, hazardous waste etc.) and physical-chemical treatment plants for hazardous waste. Due to the limited scope of the AWAST project, this topic can not be investigated here any further. However, for a further development of the simulation software it is important to extend the scope and the system boundaries, so to include recycling aspects as well. Outside the system boundaries of AWAST Outside of the AWAST system are located: Business waste management: Business waste is commercial, industrial and institutional waste and also includes construction and demolition waste. The management of business waste which, because of its nature and composition is not similar to waste from households, is not in the project scope and therefore outside the system. This concerns also the management of construction and demolition waste. Liquid waste treatment: Liquid waste management is also not part of the project and therefore outside the system boundary. But some biological treatment plants need sewage sludge for their composting process. Therefore, the sewage sludge for these biological treatment plants is taken into account as an import into the system. Waste production: Production, trade and consumption of goods. Environment. For the definition of goods that cross the system boundary (imports 1 and exports), processes of origin or destination outside the system have to be determined. These external processes are: Environment (ENV): Atmosphere and hydrosphere. Origin of air and water for the demand of the processes and destination of gaseous and liquid emissions. Private household (PHH): Consumption of goods in private households in the city. Trade, industry, business, : Production of supplies (e.g. fuel) for the demand of the processes of the AWAST system. Consumption of goods (e.g. food, paper) inside the city, that results in production of waste similar to household waste. Destination of useable products from waste treatment processes. Neighbouring region (NR): The neighbouring region is the origin of imported waste, e.g. waste from neighbouring municipalities that is treated in the incineration plant of the city. Other waste relevant processes (OWP): Other waste relevant processes are located inside the city and can be split up into: o Sewage treatment plants: Origin of sewer waste and sewage sludge. Sewage sludge is investigated only as a necessary input in biological treatment plants. o Road cleaning: Origin of road waste. o Gardens, parks, markets and cemeteries: Origin of organic waste. All processes of the AWAST system (collection and transport of waste, treatment of waste, transport of treated waste, landfill) are linked very similarly to the external processes. Links to 1 Imports and exports are material flows that run into and out of a system. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 14

23 environment (ENV) through resources and emissions and links to trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) through supplies and eventually valuable products. Flow diagram of the AWAST system The following material flow figure shows the system AWAST (level-1). There are two main chains and one loop of processes: Chain 1: Collection and transport of waste treatment of waste transport of treated waste landfill (e.g. collection of mixed waste, thermal treatment and transport of bottom ash to a waste) Chain 2: Collection and transport of waste landfill Loop: Treatment of waste transport of treated waste treatment of waste (e.g. collection of mixed waste, mixed waste splitting, transport of produced thermal fraction with high calorific value to thermal treatment, transport of filter ashes to follow up treatment and transport of treated ashes to a waste) Level 1: total system environment (ENV) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) trade, industry, buseiness, service (TIBS) environment (ENV) environment (ENV) trade, industry, buseiness, service (TIBS) resources CT emissions CT resources TW supplies TW emissions TW resources T supplies T private household (PHH) waste PHH treated waste pretreated waste transport of treated waste (T) emissions T (recycling) products environment (ENV) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) other waste relevant processes (OWP) neighbouring region (NR) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) waste TIBS waste OWP imported waste supplies CT collection & transport of waste (CT) waste to treatment treatment of waste (TW) untreated waste residues landfill (L) resources L supplies L environment (ENV) trade, industry, business, service (TIBS) emissions L environment (ENV) exported waste neighbouring region (NR) R. Fehringer, 2001 system boundary "AWAST" design: Inge Hengl /awast-system-level1.dsf Figure 4-1: System definition of the AWAST system (level-1) The following sections deliver detailed determinations of all processes. They are structured into: Process definition Process boundary: Declaration what is inside and outside the process. Goods: Relevant goods Connections: Major processes of origin and destination. Importance for workpackages and case studies: Indication of the AWASTworkpackage, responsible for data collection and balancing. Definition of links to other AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 15

24 workpackages. Importance of the process and goods for the three case studies (Lisbon, Orleans and Stuttgart). Process table: The rows contain all goods (input goods, stock and stock variations 1, output goods) and the columns contain the processes of origin and destination and the descriptions of all goods. Each good got exactly one process of origin and one process of destination (see following figure). As far as possible, the definitions of the goods refer to the European waste catalogue 2002 (EWC) shown in Table Collection and transport of waste (CT) This section deals with all kinds of transports of untreated waste. These transports are classified in four categories - waste pick-up systems, waste drop-off systems, other waste transports (e.g. cleaning of the road) and transport of imported waste. Process definition The process Collection and transport of waste (CT) covers the transport of waste from the source (pick-up system) or from collecting points (drop-off system) to treatment plants and landfill sites. Process boundary The transported goods and the consumption of supplies are investigated. Not investigated is the production and maintenance of machinery (vehicles), containers and roads and the abrasion of tires, because their environmental effect is estimated to be not relevant regarding the scope of the project. The economical effect of production and maintenance of transport vehicles can be considered through factors for transported waste. These boundaries are also valid for the following subsections (chapters ). Goods The investigated goods are transported waste, supplies (fuel), resources (combustion air) and emissions (exhaust). Major input good is waste PHH and major output goods are waste to treatment and untreated waste Connections Major origin of goods is private household (PHH) and major destinations are treatment of waste (TW) and landfill (L). Importance for workpackages and case studies The process is located in the task range of workpackage 4. The output good waste to treatment is the link to workpackage 5 and to workpackage 6. 1 Stock and stock variations are only investigated in landfill processes. For all other processes it has been assumed that all waste is transported and processed within one year and so there exists no stock and no stock variation. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 16

25 Table 4-1: Level 1 - Process Collection and transport of waste (CT) input output process of origin input good private household (PHH) other waste relevant processes (OWP) neighbouring region (NR) environment (ENV) process of origin collection and transport of waste (CT) collection and transport of waste (CT) collection and transport of waste (CT) waste PHH waste TIBS waste OWP imported waste resources CT supplies CT output good waste to treatment untreated waste process of destination good description mixed waste, packaging waste and collection and transport of secondary materials. EWC: 1501, 1601, 20 waste (CT) excl. 2002, mixed waste, packaging waste and collection and transport of secondary materials. EWC: 1501, 1601, 20 waste (CT) excl. 2002, road waste, garden and park waste, market collection and transport of waste, cemetery waste, sewer waste, waste (CT) sewage sludge. EWC: 2002, , , , collection and transport of MSW from neighbouring region. EWC: 1501, waste (CT) 1601, , 20 collection and transport of waste (CT) combustion air for transport vehicles collection and transport of waste (CT) fuel for transport vehicles process of destination good description treatment of waste (TW) MSW. EWC: 1501, 1601, , 20 landfill (L) MSW. EWC: 1501, 1601, , 20 emissions CT environment (ENV) exhaust from transport vehicles Collection of mixed waste (CM) Process definition This process covers the collection (pick-up system) of mixed waste from households, as well as from other sources (TIBS - trade, industry, business and service) which produce waste that, because of its nature or composition, is similar to mixed waste from households. Investigated is the transport to transfer stations and further to treatment plants or landfill sites. "Mixed municipal waste" means, according to the European directive on the incineration of waste [Directive 2000/76/EC, 2000], waste from households as well as commercial, industrial and institutional waste, which because of its nature and composition is similar to waste from households, but excluding fractions indicated in the Annex to Decision 94/3/EC(22) under heading (see Table 3-1) that are collected separately at source (e.g. paper, glass, plastic, metal) and excluding the other wastes indicated under heading of that Annex (e.g. park and garden waste). Mixed municipal waste is separated into mixed waste PHH and mixed waste TIBS according to its origins private household (PHH) and. The composition of these two goods is assumed to be roughly the same. Process boundary Investigated is the transport of mixed waste from the containers at source to treatment plants and landfill sites. Not investigated is the maintenance of containers and machines. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 17

26 Goods The investigated goods are transported mixed waste, supplies (fuel), resources (combustion air) and emissions (exhaust). Major input good is mixed waste PHH and major output goods is mixed waste to the different treatment plants or landfill sites. Connections Major origin of goods is private household (PHH) and major destinations are thermal treatment (TT), biological treatment (BT), mechanical chemical treatment (MT) and landfill (L). Importance for workpackages and case studies The process is located in the task range of workpackage 4. The output good mixed waste BT is the link to workpackage 5 and the output good mixed waste TT is the link to workpackage 6. Table 4-2: Level 2 - Process Collection of mixed waste (CM) input output process of origin input good private household (PHH) mixed waste PHH mixed waste TIBS environment (ENV) resources CM process of origin collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) supplies CM output good mixed waste TT mixed waste BT mixed waste MT process of destination collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) collection of mixed waste (CM) process of destination good description EWC EWC combustion air for transport vehicles fuel for transport vehicles good description thermal treatment (TT) EWC biological treatment (BT) EWC mechanical chemical treatment (MT) EWC mixed waste L landfill-detail (LD) EWC emissions CM environment (ENV) exhaust from transport vehicles Collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) Process definition, process boundary and major goods are very similar to the superior process (see preceding chapter 4.1.1). The difference to the superior process is a more detailed level for the investigated output goods. Connections Major origin of goods is private household (PHH) and major destinations are the different biological, thermal and mechanical treatment plants and waste. Importance for workpackages and case studies The process is located within the task range of workpackage 4. Some output goods link to workpackage 5 and workpackage 6 (see chapter 5). AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 18

27 Table 4-3: Level 3 - Process Collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) process of origin input good process of destination good description input private household (PHH) environment (ENV) mixed waste PHH mixed waste TIBS air CMD supplies CMD collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) EWC EWC combustion air for transport vehicles fuel for transport vehicles process of origin output good process of destination good description output collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) collection of mixed waste - detail (CMD) mixed waste GI grate incineration plant (GI) EWC mixed waste FI fluidized bed incineration plant EWC mixed waste OI other incineration plant (OI) EWC mixed waste MBT mixed waste OBT mechanical biological EWC treatment plant (MBT) other biological treatment plant EWC (OBT) mixed waste MWS mixed waste splitting (MWS) EWC mixed waste LN EWC offgas CMD environment (ENV) exhaust from transport vehicles Separate waste collection curbside (SC) The main differences to the processes above (Chapter 4.1.1) are transported goods (secondary materials and bulky waste instead of mixed waste) and their destination (sorting and material recovery). Other differences are different transport vehicles, less frequent collection intervals and different waste density. Another reason for the separation of this process from the process above was to create the possibility for comparing mixed with separated waste collection. Process definition This process covers the separate collection and transport of homogeneous secondary material fractions and bulky waste from source to treatment plants and landfill sites, done by public services, non-profit organisations and private enterprises acting in the field of organised waste collection. Process boundary Investigated is the transport of separately collected and bulky waste from the containers at source (curbside) to treatment plants (i.e. pick-up system). Not investigated is the maintenance of containers and machinery (vehicles). Neither is covered by this process the separate waste collection in collecting points (i.e. drop-off system). Goods The investigated goods are transported curbside waste (secondary materials, bulky waste and small scale hazardous waste), supplies (fuel), resources (incineration air) and emissions (exhaust). Major input good is curbside waste PHH and major output goods are curbside waste S and curbside waste REC with the destination to sorting and recycling plants. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 19

28 Connections Major origin of goods is private household (PHH) and major destinations are sorting (S) and recycling (REC). Physical-chemical treatment of hazardous waste is integrated in the recycling process. Importance for workpackages and case studies The process is located in the task range of workpackage 4. The output good curbside waste BT is the link to workpackage 5 and the output good curbside waste TT is the link to workpackage 6. Table 4-4: Level 2 - Process Separate waste collection curbside (SC) output input process of origin input good private household (PHH) curbside waste PHH curbside waste TIBS process of destination separate waste collection - curbside (SC) separate waste collection - curbside (SC) good description secondary materials, organic waste and bulky waste. EWC 1501, , , , , secondary materials, organic waste and bulky waste. EWC 1501, , , , , separate waste collection - environment (ENV) resources SC combustion air for transport vehicles curbside (SC) separate waste collection - supplies SC fuel for transport vehicles curbside (SC) process of process of origin output good good description destination secondary materials, organic waste and separate waste collection - curbside waste thermal treatment (TT) bulky waste. EWC 1501, , curbside (SC) TT , , , separate waste collection - curbside waste organic waste. EWC , , biological treatment (BT) curbside (SC) BT biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste separate waste collection - curbside waste mechanical chemical (food waste) and biodegradable garden and curbside (SC) MT treatment (MT) park waste EWC , paper, plastics, metals, road waste. EWC separate waste collection - curbside waste sorting (S) , , , , , curbside (SC) S , separate waste collection - curbside waste landfill-detail (LD) bulky waste. EWC , , curbside (SC) LD separate waste collection - curbside waste secondary materials incl. wood. EWC 1501, recycling (REC) curbside (SC) REC , , separate waste collection - emissions SC environment (ENV) exhaust from transport vehicles curbside (SC) Separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) Process definition and process boundary are very similar to the superior process (see preceding chapter 4.1.2). The difference to the superior process is the investigation of secondary materials only and a more detailed level for the investigated goods. Process definition This process covers the collection and transport of secondary materials from source (curbside) to treatment plants and landfill sites, done by public services, non-profit organisations and private enterprises acting in the field of organised waste collection. AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 20

29 Process boundary Investigated is the transport of secondary materials from the curbside (pick-up system) to treatment plants and landfill sites. Not covered by this process is the collection of secondary materials in public waste collecting points or supermarkets (i.e. drop-off system). Goods The investigated goods are transported biowaste and secondary materials (paper, glass, metal, plastic, textiles, composite packaging, mixed secondary materials), supplies (fuel), resources (combustion air) and emissions (exhaust). Connections Major origin of goods is private household (PHH) and major destinations are sorting and recycling plants. Importance for workpackages and case studies The process is located in the task range of workpackage 4. The output goods organic waste CP-MBT, -OBT and -C are links to workpackage 5 and the output goods plastic CP-GI, -FI, -CI and OI are links to workpackage 6. Table 4-5: Level 3 - Process Separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) input process of origin input good process of destination good description private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) private household (PHH) environment (ENV) biowaste PHH paper PHH glass PHH metal PHH plastic PHH textile PHH composite packaging PHH mixed secondary materials PHH biowaste TIBS paper TIBS glass TIBS metal TIBS plastic TIBS textile TIBS composite packaging TIBS mixed secondary materials TIBS air SCS supplies SCS separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , paper and cardboard. EWC , glass. EWC , metal. EWC , plastic. EWC , clothes and textiles. EWC , , e.g. Tetra Pak. EWC mixed packaging waste. EWC biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , paper and cardboard. EWC , glass. EWC , metal. EWC , plastic. EWC , clothes and textiles. EWC , , e.g. Tetra Pak. EWC mixed packaging waste. EWC combustion air for transport vehicles fuel for transport vehicles AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 21

30 Table 4-5 continued process of origin output good process of destination good description output separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) plastic SC-GI grate incineration plant (GI) plastic. EWC , plastic SC-FI plastic SC-CI fluidized bed incineration plant plastic. EWC , cement kiln incineration plant plastic. EWC , (CI) plastic SC-OI other incineration plant (OI) plastic. EWC , organic waste SC- MBT organic waste SC- OBT organic waste SC-C organic waste SC- OWS paper SC-SPC mechanical biological treatment plant (MBT) other biological treatment plant (OBT) biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste composting plant (C) (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , biodegradable kitchen and canteen waste organic waste splitting (OWS) (food waste) and biodegradable garden and park waste EWC , sorting of paper and cardboard paper and cardboard. EWC , (SPC) glass SC-SG sorting of glass (SG) glass. EWC , metal SC-SM sorting of metal (SM) metal. EWC , plastic SC-SP sorting of plastic (SP) plastic. EWC , composite packaging SC-SCP sorting of composite packaging (SCP) e.g. Tetra Pak. EWC separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) mixed secondary materials SC-SMS sorting of mixed secondary materials (SMS) mixed packaging waste. EWC separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) secondary materials SC-RECD recycling - detail (RECD) paper, glass, metal, plastic, textile. EWC 1501, , , separate collection of secondary materials (SCS) offgas SCS environment (ENV) exhaust from transport vehicles Separate collection of bulky waste (SCB) Process definition and process boundary are very similar to the superior process (see chapter 4.1.2). The difference to the superior process is the investigation of bulky waste only and a more detailed level in the investigated goods. Process definition This process covers the collection and transport of bulky waste from source (curbside) to treatment plants and landfill sites, done by public services, non-profit organisations and private enterprises acting in the field of organised waste collection. Process boundary Investigated is the transport of bulky waste from the curbside (pick-up system) to treatment plants and landfill sites. Not investigated is the collection and transport of construction and demolition waste from construction sites, because the collection of this kind of waste is a part of the business waste management. Neither is covered by this process the bulky waste collection in collecting points (i.e. drop-off system). AWAST D25 D 28 Annex 3: System Definition Report 22