Romania - State of the art of country and local situation

Transcription

1 . Romania - State of the art of country and local situation 1

2 Table of contents 1. Geothermal resources...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Geothermal potential Low-enthalpy geothermal potential Low-enthalpy geothermal reserves Location of geothermal reserves Hidrogeological considerations (lithology)...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran. 2. Geothermal exploitation installations Locations of exploitation places Hybrid geothermal installations Case study Geographical overview of the region Characteristics of the relief Climate Temperature Hydrography Vegetation Pedology Geology Hidrogeology Land use Territorial administrative units 41Napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Economy Technology Power plant description (Flash steam plants, Dry steam plants, Binary plants) Biomass energy...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Solar energy Biomass potential distribution Biomass sources...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Biomass installations and their characteristic parameters Biomass production thermal/electrical Energetic technical potential (TJ/year) per source of biomass Uses...Napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Biogas energy...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Biogas installations and their characteristic parameters...napaka! Zaznamek ni definiran Uses

3 List of figures Figure 1: Map with geothermal resources from Romania...5 Figure 2: Map of geothermal potential of Romania.7 Figure 3: Geothermal map of Romania.. 8 Figure 4: Terrestrial heat flow map of Romania..9 Figure 5: Location of the main Romanian geothermal reservoirs Figure 6: Types of aquifers lithology in Cris Plain. 13 Figure 7: Geothermal flow in Romania...14 Figure 8: Map with location of geothermal exploitation.16 Figure 9: Map with capacity of maxim possible use...17 Figure 10: Technological scheme of principle for use of geothermal water in Romania..18 Figure 11: Temperature distribution at 3km depth in Romania...19 Figure 12: Map of Romania with location where the temperature at 3000m is over 100 o C Figure 13: Geographical position of Cris Plain...22 Figure 14: Characteristics of the relief of zone with case study...23 Figure 15: Characteristics of the relief in Bihor county with case study Oradea 24 Figure 16: Thermal gradient and temperature for Oradea zone..25 Figure 17: Geological setting of Oradea zone.26 Figure 18: Hidrogeological sections in Oradea zone...27 Figure 19: Hidroizohips of Holocene aquifers complex...28 Figure 20: Cross section through studied zone...29 Figure 21: Spatial distribution of wells in Oradea zone 29 Figure 22: Location of geothermal wells in Oradea 30 Figure 23: Hidroizohips map of Bihor county Figure 24: Aquifer thickness from Cris Plain and isopachyte map..31 Figure 25: Schematic distribution of Pliocene izopahites in the Pannonian facies in northeast of the Pannonian Basin 32 Figure 26: Isobathes map of Cris Plain 32 Figure 27 : Distribution of overall chemical status of groundwater in the Cris Plain.38 Figure 28: Average annual variation of piezometric level.39 Figure 29: Scheme of district heating system from Oradea..40 Figure 30: Energy flow chart of existing binary plant for heat and power cogeneration...43 Figure 31: General scheme and general view of binary power plant...43 Figure 32: Solar potential of Romania 45 Figure 33: Energy potential of biomass in Romania.48 Figure 34: Distribution of plant biomass 48 Figure 35: RES share contribution of biomass in Romania in Figure 36: Biomass contribution rate scenario in Romania in 2020, according to technology

4 List of tables Table 1: Parameters of geothermal potential in Romania...7 Table 2: Lithology of geothermal reservoir in Romania...12 Table 3: The characteristics of main geothermal aquifers in Romania Table 4: Table of geothermal direct heat uses from Romania Table 5: Uses of geothermal resources in Romania Table 6: Table of geothermal direct heat uses 16 Table 7: Wells drills for geothermal resources from 1999 to Table 8: Characteristics of geothermal system of Oradea...30 Table 9: Share drilling depth from Oradea zone..34 Table 10: The chemistry of the fluid...37 Table 11: The Romanian investments in geothermal resources 40 Table 12: Solar energy potential recorded in Romania..44 Table 13: Solar thermal potential energy in Romania.45 Table 14: Solar photovoltaic potential energy in Romania 45 Table 15: Potential of biomass varieties by regions.. 47 Table 16: Biomass installation and their characteristics parameters...49 Table 17: Possible evolution of the use of biomass to 2020 in Romania...50 Table 18: Different technologies applied for energy from biomass.51 Table 19: Biogas technologies in Romania

5 1. Geothermal resources For understanding geothermal resources are required to recall two definitions, about resource and reserve. Resource is that part of resources which can be extracted economically legally at the present. Reserve is energy which could be extracted economically and legally in the near future. In Romania exploration drilling for geothermal resources started in the 1960 s. Total number of wells was 250 wells, and their total geothermal potential is: 450MWth. Used at present are 80 wells, having a total geothermal potential of 180 MWth. Temperature of these wells is between: 40 and 120 C. Annual production of wells is 1,235 TJ. Average load factor is 22% (for wells in use!). 7 new wells were drilled during Main uses of geothermal resources in Romania are: District heating Health and recreational bathing Greenhouse heating Fish farming Industrial uses (drying crops, ceramic, timber etc.) The following map shows the locations of geothermal resources from Romania. Figure 1 -Map with geothermal resources from Romania 5

6 1.1. Geothermal potential Romania has the potential geothermal third in Europe after Italy and Greece. The richest geothermal resources in Romania can be found at Tuşnad Spa. Five springs have temperatures above 100 C. Only a small fraction of hydro-geothermal potential of Romania is currently in use, especially for heating and balneology and recreation. The total thermal capacity of the existing wells is about 450 MWt (for a reference temperature of 25 C). Of this total, only 180 MWt are currently used, from 96 wells (of which 35 wells are used for balneology and bathing) that are producing hot water in the temperature range of C. Geothermal energy potential is showing in the following table. The following table shows the parameters of geothermal potential from Romania. Table 1 - Parameters of geothermal potential from Romania Parameter Measure Unit Technical Economic Nominal power MWt Electric power TJ/year Thousand tep/year Theoretical potentials, real usable potentials are much lower due to technological, economic and environmental limitations or restrictions. Annual potential from geothermal source used for heat in Romania is 7 PJ. Map with geothermal waters in using (violet color surfaces) and perspective (yellow color surfaces) are show in Figure 2. 6

7 Figure 2 - Map of geothermal potential The following map shows the geothermal potential from country (see legend). Geoizotherms at 3000 m Legend Figure 3- Geothermal map of Romania 7

8 1.2. Low-enthalpy geothermal potential There are over 200 wells drilled with depths between 800-3,500 m, which show the presence of low enthalpy geothermal resources. Their temperatures are C. Map of low enthalpy geothermal potential is show in the figure below. Figure 4 - Terrestrial heat flow map of Romania 1.3. Low-enthalpy geothermal reserves Similarly to the previous point, the exploitable geothermal reserves with low enthalpy can be analyzed from the maps of heat flow and temperature (Figure 4). These are is 167 thousand to / year low enthalpy resources, which currently builds about 30 thousand toe / year. Additionally, paper maps have been produced for a few regions in Romania to show the extent of geothermal formations at low-temperature. 8

9 1.4.Location of geothermal reserves In the west of Romania there are the most geothermal reserves: Pannonian aquifer Oradea reservoir (310 l/s recharge), where is the case study Bors confined reservoir Beius reservoir Ciumeghiu reservoir In the south and central Romania exist the others geothermal reserves: Cozia Calimanesti reservoir Otopeni reservoir (North Bucharest) Map of distribution of geothermal reserves with the nominated reservoirs is show in Figure 5. Figure 5 Location of the main Romanian geothermal reservoirs 9

10 For each location are describe types of rocks and wells drilled. The Oradea geothermal reservoir is located in the Triassic limestone and dolomites at depths of 2,200-3,200 m, on an area of about 75 km 2 and it is exploited by 13 wells, of which one is used for reinjection. Well head temperatures range from 70 to 105 C. There are no dissolved gases, and the mineralization is lower than g/l. The water is of calcium-sulphatebicarbonate type. The water is about 20,000 years old and the recharge area is in the Northern edge of the Pădurea Craiului Mountains and the Borod Basin. The natural recharge rate was calculated at 300 l/s based on the only interference test by now, carried out in 1979 (Paal, 1979). The Oradea aquifer (Triassic) is hydro dynamically connected to the Cretaceous aquifer Felix Spa (shallower and colder) and are part of the active natural flow of water. The Bors geothermal reservoir is situated about 6 km north- west of Oradea. This reservoir is completely different from the Oradea reservoir, although both are located in fissured carbonate formations. The Bors reservoir is a tectonically closed aquifer, with a small surface area of 12 km. The geothermal water has 13 g/l TDS, 5 Nm3/m3 GWR, and a high scaling potential. The dissolved gasses are 70% CO and 30% CH. The reservoir temperature is higher than 130 C at the average depth of 2,500 m. Production of four artesian wells can only be maintained by reinjection of the whole amount of extracted geothermal water. In the past, three wells were used to produce a total flow rate of 50 l/s, and two of the others wells are used for reinjection, at a pressure that did not exceed 6 bars. The geothermal water was used for heating 12 ha of greenhouses. The dissolved gasses were partially separated at 7 bars, which was the operating pressure, and then the fluid passed through heat exchangers before being reinjected. The Beius geothermal reservoir is situated about 60 km south-east of Oradea. The reservoir is located in fissured Triassic calcite and dolomite at 1,870 2,370 m deep. The first well has been drilled in 1996, down to 2,576 m. A line shaft pump was set in this well in 1999, now producing up to 45 l/s geothermal water with 84 C wellhead temperature. A second well has been drilled in early 2004, and a line shaft pump has been installed soon after completion. The geothermal water has a low mineralization (462 mg/l TDS), and mg/l NCG, mainly CO2 (0.01 mg/l of HS). At present, the geothermal water from the first well is used to supply district heating to part of the town of Beius. The Ciumeghiu geothermal reservoir is also located in the Western Plain, 50 km south of Oradea. The geothermal water is produced in artesian discharge, having a wellhead temperature of 105 C and 5-6 g/l TDS, with strong carbonate scaling prevented by chemical inhibition at the depth of 400 m. The aquifer is located in Lower Pannonian age grit stone, at an average depth of 2,200 m. The main dissolved gas is CH 4, the GWR being 3 Nm. The reservoir was investigated by 4 wells, but only one was in use (until the greenhouses in the area have been closed), with a capacity of 5 MWt (of which 1 MW from the separated combustible gasses). 10

11 The Cozia-Calimanesti geothermal reservoir (Olt Valley) is located in fissured Senonian siltstones with 2,700-3,250 m deep. There are 4 wells drilled in the area, with artesian flow rates of l/s and well head temperatures of C. The TDS is 15.7 g/l, and there is no major scaling. The GWR is Nm 3/m3 t (90% methane). Although the reservoir was exploited for more than 25 years, there is no interference between the wells and no significant pressure draw down. The thermal potential possible to be achieved from the existing wells is about 18 MWt (of which 3.5 MW from combustible gases), but only 7 MW is used at present (at peak load). The utilization is mainly for district heating, but also for health and recreational bathing. The Otopeni geothermal reservoir is located North of Bucharest. The 13 wells that were drilled show a huge aquifer located in fissured limestone and dolomites. The aquifer, situated at a depth of 2,000-3,200 m, belongs to the Moessic Platform. The geothermal water has wellhead temperatures of o C. It is only partially delimited (about 300 km C, and g/l TDS, with a high content of HS (up to 30 ppm). Therefore, reinjection is compulsory for environment protection purposes. The production was carried out using down whole pumps, because the water level in the wells is at 80 m below surface. The flow rate was 2228 l/s per well. At present, only one well is used almost all 22 year round, for health and recreational bathing. It is to be mentioned that, at present, potential users are available Hydrogeological considerations (lithology) The geothermal systems discovered on the Romanian territory are located in porous permeable formations such as sandstones and Pannonian siltstones, interbedded with clays and shale specific for the Western Plain and Senonian, specific for the Olt Valley or in carbonate formations of Triassic age in the basement of the Pannonian Basin and of Malm-Aptian age in the Moesian Platform.(Table 2) Table 2 - Lithology of Geothermal reservoirs in Romania Parameter U/M Oradea Bors Western Plain Olt Valley Type of reservoir fissured carbonate Fissured carbonate sandstone grit stone carbonate The types of aquifer s lithology from the Criș Plain, the greatest from Romania, are present in the following cross sections (Figure 6). 11

12 12

13 Figure 6 - Types of aquifers lithology in Cris Plain In the following tables comparative characteristics of main geothermal aquifers in Romania are presented. Table 3 The characteristics of main geothermal aquifers in Romania Parameters U/M Oradea Bors Western Plain Olt Valley North Bucharest Area sqkm Depth km Drills wells total Well head temperature o C Temperature gradient o C/ TDS g/l Exploitable reserves (for 20years) MW/day , Flow rate l/s Total installed power(with existing wells) MWt

14 For flow rate see and the figure below (Figure 7). Legend Figure 7 - Geothermal flow in Romania 14

15 The total installed capacity in Romania is 320 MWh (for a reference temperature of 300 C). Uses of geothermal direct heat are showing in Table 4. Table 4- Table of geothermal direct heat uses from Romania The main direct uses of the geothermal energy are: space and district heating 39.7%; bathing 32.2%; greenhouse heating 17.1%; industrial process heat 8.7%; fish farming and animal husbandry 2.3%. 2. Geothermal exploitation installations 2.1 Location of exploitation places Geothermal exploitations in Romania are locate in Oradea, Borș, Ciumeghiu, Otopeni (North Bucharest) and Căciulata -Călimănești (Olt Valley) Location of these exploitations is in following map (Fig.8): 15

16 Figure 8 - Map with location of geothermal exploitation For each place are important to specify type that produce electricity, heating or both, such as : - Oradea IHGBF - Bors G - Ciumeghiu G - Otopeni (Nort Bucharest) HB - Cozia-Călimănești (Olt Valley)- HB Explanation: H = Space heating & district heating (exc. heat pumps); I = Industrial process heat; B = Bathing and swimming (including balneology) G = Greenhouse and soil heating; A = Agricultural drying (grain, fruit, vegetables) F = Fish and animal farming Uses of geothermal resources in Romania are showing in Table 5 and Table 6. Table 5 - Uses of geothermal resources in Romania 16

17 Figure 9 - Map with capacity or maxim possible use Geothermal direct heat uses in Romania are showing in Table 6. Table 6 - Table of geothermal direct heat uses The figure below (Fig.10) shows the technological scheme of the principle for use of geothermal water in Romania. 17

18 Figure 10 - Technological scheme of principle for use of geothermal water Flow rate (kg/s) of geothermal reservoirs from Romania is: - Oradea 85 - Borș Ciumeghiu 12 - Otopeni Olt Valley - 45 Temperatures of (Inlet/outlet) of the same reservoirs at 3 km depth are: - Borș -115/40 - Oradea 83/30 - Ciumeghiu 92/35 - Olt Valley 92/35 - Otopeni 75/35 The following figure shows the temperature distributions at 3 km depth in Romania (Figure 11). 18

19 Figure 11 - Temperature distribution at 3 km depth in Romania The capacity (actual use year around) is for all localities with geothermal resources. The power (MWt/ hour) for the Romanian reservoirs with geothermal water is: - Borș -7,8 - Oradea 18,8 - Ciumeghiu 2,9 - Olt Valley -10,73 - Otopeni 40,50 The ave flow (kg/s) of the same reservoirs is: - Bors 0 - Oradea 65 - Ciumeghiu 0 - Olt Valley 19 - Otopeni (2) The energy per year (TJ/yr) - Borș -0 - Oradea 415,0 19

20 - Ciumeghiu 0 - Olt Valley Otopeni - (0.06) Capacity factor for each reservoirs is : - Borș Oradea 0,70 - Ciumeghiu 0,00 - Olt Valley -0,43 - Otopeni (o) 3. Hybrid geothermal installations In Romania were carried out works for explorations and exploitations of geothermal resources. The following table shows the wells drills for using geothermal resources from Romania. Table 7 - Wells drills for use of geothermal resources from 1999 to 2007 The following map shows the recoverable geothermal resource for electricity in Romania. 20

21 Figure 12 - Map of Romania with locations where the temperature at 3000 m is over 100 C The types of the associated source of energy using in Romania are: -Power dry saturated steam use in - room heating and hot water; - Wet steam power use in - agriculture, heating greenhouses, aquaculture and fish; -Power-phase separator use in balneology; -Secondary fluid power for industrial uses. The capacity (actual use year around) The total capacity of the utilized wells is about 145 MWt, which produces annually 2,841 TJ. 21

22 4. Case study 4.1. Geographical overview of the region Oradea and Felix Spa-1 Mai (Romania Western Plain) Characteristics of the relief To the west hills area, a type subbasement Carpathian and Pannonian was covered by sedimentary deposits of Badenian, Sarmatian, Pannonian and Quaternary ages, hydrographically always submitted to west, against the withdrawal shoreline of the Lake Pannon geographic ultimate unit in western of the Romania respectively. The following map (Figure 13) shows geographical position of Criș Plain (Western Plain). Figure 13 - Geographical position of Criș Plain The Criș Plain (Figure 14) is the central component of the western rivers of the country focusing on Barcău and the Criș rivers, with altitudes that range from m, dominating those below 140 m. It presents the most branches, penetrating deep in the hills, especially on Barcău, Crişul Negru, Crişul Alb and on Cigher. 22

23 West Plain Figure 14 - Characteristics of the relief of zone with case study This important unit is formed the east-west profile, in two steps relief well highlighted, respectively one high and one low. High level, with elevations of m consists, in part from the West Hills from a series of slops. Low level, overall with altitudes below 100m consists of plain ramble, some low tab plains and plains on drained swamps. The Criș Plain regionalization Condition of the Plain Quaternary of Criș evolution contributed to the genesis of two main orographic stage, positioned from east to west as follows: one high, the aprons, towards hills and other low alluvial to the west, in the first stage bringing the literature into question, the presence of hilly plains and another deposits tabulated. High plains, except Plain Carei-Valea lui Mihai, are located towards the hills, within then standing out the plains Pirului (from Tășnad to Târgșor), Biharia (between Barcău and Crișul Repede), Miersigului (Crișul Repede-Crișul Negru) and Susagului (Crișul Negru-Crisul Alb). Low plains has much wider extension (about 65%) than high, they are developing from north to south, from Corridor Ier and Plain Santaului and up in the Crișul Alb and Teuzului area. In the 23

24 low plains can highlight the following territorial components: Corridor Ier, Plain Borș, Plain Salonta, Plain Crișul Negru, Plain Teuz, Plain Crisul Alb. The figure below (Figure 15) shows the characteristics of the relief in Bihor County with Oradea and Felix Spa. Figure 15 - Characteristics of the relief in Bihor County with case study Oradea Climate The climate is driven by winds from the west is a temperate-continental, with an average annual temperature of C. For July average not exceed 21 C, while in January there is an average of -1.4 C. The rainfall recorded an annual average of mm. Precipitations Rainfall is closely related to humidity and cloudiness. Thus sector plain which is located Oradea average annual rainfall is between mm, in area of hills from 700 to 1000 mm. The wettest period is from August to October (82.4 mm) and the driest in march-april (13-32 mm). 24

25 4.1.3 Temperature The absolute maximum temperature recorded being o C. (August, 1952), while the minimum absolute o C (December, 1961) According to measurements recorded in Oradea Weather Station Meteorological Centre Transylvania Regional extreme temperature recorded during 2007 was C (20 July) and C (28 January). The figure below(figure 16) shows the thermal gradient and temperature for Oradea zone. Figure 16 - Thermal gradient and temperature for Oradea zone Hydrography It highlights the specific components of speech: hydrographic network, lakes and groundwater units. Surface waters The main rivers that cross the Criș Plain in bulk from east to west, down the mountain area, mainly Western Carpathians. It is noted, first, Barcău, the Speed Criș, The Black Criș and the White Criș. In network towards immigrants, local rivers are much smaller but permanent flow, relative situation caused by high rainfall and by certain possibilities and of the supply of groundwater present in the Miocene sedimentary hills area. The lacustrine units fall into the category of limited scope. Among the best represented lacustrine, stands ponds, located nearby channels of the Criș and die. 25

26 Groundwater Following the geological structure of the vast plain areas, accompanied by significant amounts of precipitation, groundwater are well represented by two components, namely groundwater and of depth. In relation to ground water, the sand and gravel stationary in the meadows, dejection cones, terraces and even the blades of the two steps of the silt plain. Unlike the ground, the deep waters are stationed in Mesozoic sedimentary formations, Miocene and Quaternary permeability generally appropriate and significant thicknesses Vegetation Flora of the region is specific of the plane zones. In many areas of the city grow magnolia tree and near Oradea is a relatively large deciduous forest. The Speed Criș river created a meadow in several areas where the vegetation is typical of this relief Pedology The characteristics of vegetation, soil fauna and seek with enough fidelity medium of geographical and physical factors mentioned anterior. The Criș Plain is characterized by a quite different vegetation cover, the conditioned to some extent by extending of the latitude and longitudinal, especially that prints appropriate relief features (plain with two steps) of weather and river, soil etc., plus and prolonged action of the anthropic factor Geology Geological setting of Oradea The geological structure consists of Cuaternary, Neogene, Cretaceous, Jurassic and Triasic formations. The basement is represented of some formation. Over basement, the sedimentary deposits consist of Bihor Unit (Triasic, Jurassic and Cretaceous) plus part of sedimentary rock of Pannonic Basin (Miocen, Pliocen). (Figure 17) The Lower Triasic deposits lays transgressive on basement and consist of siliceous sandstone purple and gray color, alternating with sandstone and clay shale. 26

27 Figure 17 - Geological setting of Oradea zone Hydrogeology In the next chapter are the hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifers in Oradea, accompanied by figures (Figure 18). Figure 18 - Hydrogeological sections in Oradea zone 27

28 Regional maps with hidrohizoips are showing in the figure below (Figure 19). Figure 19- Hidroizohips of Holocen aquifers complex The aquifers overview (age of the intercepted strata) 28

29 Existing major aquifer systems in the basement area are stationed in corresponding deposits Holocene, Pleistocene - Pliocene upper Lower Pontian, Lower Cretaceous and Triassic, the last three aquifers have water systems hyperthermia (Figure 20, 21).. Figure 20 -Cross section through studied zone Figure 21- Spatial distribution of wells in Oradea zone 29

30 Geothermal potential is estimated at 200,000 Gcal of 65,000 Gcal is used. This potential is given by 12 geothermal wells on the range of Oradea (Table 8). 12 wells were drilled: 11 wells production and 1 probe injection, total production is approx. 70 million m. In Oradea is a collection of 12 wells, including 11 production wells and one injection borehole. Artesian wells produce water geothermal potential flow of 150 l / s Table 8 - Characteristics of geothermal system of Oradea Geothermal system Oradea- Bihor county Estimated area Wells Depth Exploitable flow Temperature of resource Theoretical energy potential sqkm m ls -1 /m 3 h -1 o C MW t / Maps of spatial distribution of drillings in Oradea are showing in the figure below (Figure 22). Figure 22- Location of geothermal wells in Oradea Depth of the aquifers is between 2800 and 3000m. 30

31 Since 1996 some wells were equipped with submersible pumps at depth between 120 and 150 m, providing increased flows exploited (Figure 23) Geothermal water temperature are between 70 o C and 106 o C. Figure 23 - Hidrohizohips map of Bihor county Aquifer thickness is show in hidrohizohipses map in the figure 24. Figure 24 - Aquifer thickness from the Criș Plain and izopahites maps 31

32 Schematic distribution of Pliocene izopahites from the Pannonian facies is showing below (Figure 25). Figure 25 - Schematic distribution of Pliocene izopahites in the Pannonian facies in northeast of the Pannonian Basin. Pressure of the aquifers is showing in the figure below (Figure26). Figure 26 Isobaths map of the Criș Plain Temperature gradient ( o C /km) Temperatures of the waters are between 75 C C. 32

33 Hydraulic parameters for hydraulic efficiency calculation Parameters of thermal groundwater in the northern sector of higher Pannonian western Plain: Piezometric level (hydrostatic) NH Dynamic level Nd Water-column height -H Bump-s Step flow Q Specific flow-q Specific Bump -s/q Transmissivity-T Filtration coefficient (hydraulic conductivity) K Radius of influence-r Effectiveness or efficiency of hydraulic drilling-e Characteristic function of the drilling-w (u) Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic levels Well 1502 Acas NH = + 36,3m = 3,63 at Hydraulic conductivity, (m/day) Well 1502 Acas K =0,44 m/day Well Beltiug K =1,37m/day Radius of the influence of drilling R (m) Well 1501 Acas Well 1502 Acas Well Beltiug R = 1240 m R = 2s (kh) 1/2 R = 2s(kh)1/2 R =1149 m R =1831 m 33

34 Transmissivity - T (m3/m/day), Oradea: 1-20 sqm/zi For every well please specify: Oradea Oradea Oradea Oradea Lithologic profile Well 4005 Oradea J+T, dolomite Well 4767 Oradea K, limestone; K+J, limestone; J+T2- limestone +dolomite Well 4004 Oradea J+T, limestone +dolomite; K1, limestone Well 4006 Oradea T, dolomites; K, limestone; K+J, limestone; Well 4081 Oradea J+K limestone; T, dolomites; K, limestone; T, dolomite Depth of the drilling (m) is showing in the table below (Table 9). Table 9 Share drilling depth from Oradea zone Wells indicative Share/depth(m) 4005 Oradea 125.7/ Oradea 119.5/ Oradea 125.3/ Oradea 126.8/ Oradea 134.2/2750 Depths of these drills were: Well 4005 Oradea 2697m Well 4767 Oradea 3196m Well 4004 Oradea 2502m Well 4006 Oradea 2810 Well 4081 Oradea

35 The aquifer was intercepted in the following interval of depths (m): Well 4005 Oradea: Well 4767 Oradea: ; ; ; Well 4004 Oradea: ; ; Well 4006 Oradea: ; ; ; Well 4081 Oradea: ; Flow rate (l/s) These 12 wells can produce, through gushing, a potential flows of about 150 l/s. Annual average flow rate produced is about 57 l/s. The gushing flows of the wells vary between 5 and 30 l/s depending on the geological conditions, and the flows obtainable through submersible pumping are l/s; Oradea zone: Flow is constant, with occasional oscillations of plus / minus 1 l / s around the initial values: Well l/s Temperature of the fluid , 5 l/s , 5 l/s , 5 l/s Wellhead temperatures 84 C Water temperature varies from 70 0 C to C, decreasing from W to E, the medium temperature of the 12 wells from Oradea s perimeter being 90 o C; Oradea zone: Temperatures are as constant as the flow: Well C C C C The chemistry of the fluid 35

36 After monitoring and analyzing water samples taken from the 67 points of the Criș Plain revealed the following quality categories : 61.2% of wells have good chemical status; 22.4% of wells have poor chemical status; 16.4% of wells have character grandchildren In the following table is showing the chemistry of the fluid from Oradea samples (drills). Table 10- The chemistry of the fluid In the Felix-1 Mai zone there is no significant change in chemistry from Total mineralization la 1 Mai at Felix Report HCO3/SO4 -over 1 at 1 Mai - about 1 at Felix The following figure (Figure 27) shows the distribution of overall chemical status of groundwater in the Criș Plain. 36

37 Figure 27-Distribution of overall chemical status of groundwater in the Cris Plain (Red good chemical status, green- poor chemical status, yellow grandchildren character) Factors influencing piezometric level of depth and variation The study conducted on phreatic water in the Criș Plain, in terms of the time evolution of the piezometric level from the 225 monitoring wells appears that at the contact plain with hills, piezometric level is deeper, increasing as you go to the plain itself. 37

38 Well Oradea F5 The annual average variation of piezometric level is showing in figure below (Figure 28). Figure 28 - Average annual variation of piezometric level. Exploitation parameters are: Number of producing and shut in wells is 12wells drilled, 11from these are production wells and one is injection well, total of approx. 70 million mc. Installed flow, installed capacity of pumps Are currently operating 10 production wells, with an average flow of 65 l / s and exhaust temperature between 30 and 45 C. The heating current is approximately 15 MW with a utilization factor of approx. 35% and the amount of heat extracted from the ore in and available to users - MWht was 53,200. Technological scheme of the installation City district heating system The Nufărul (Oradea) doublet has been operating over three years to supply domestic hot water through four pumping stations to about 3,000 apartments for 8,000 people near the south east corner of the city. The production well is cased to 2630 m with the last 590 m slotted, and the injection well is cased to 2711 m with the last 426 m slotted. The initial flow rates were 12 L/s from the producer (artesian flow) and 5 L/s in the injector (3-5 bars injection pressure). After acid stimulation, the flow rates increased to 42 L/s from the producer and 8 L/s into the injector, under the same operating conditions. Both wells are vertical and separated by a distance of 950 m. The transmissivity is 72 Darcy-m for the injector. Scheme of district heating system is in figure below (Figure 29). 38

39 Figure 29 - Scheme of district heating system from Oradea Heating Total geothermal energy delivered: about 430TJ/yr. (about 15% of total heat demand of the city). Hybrid utilization of geothermal energy (specify the other forms of renewable energy) Total investments in geothermal resources are showing in the table below (Table 11). Table 11- The Romanian investments in geothermal resources 39

40 4.1.9 Land use In 6 North West, Oradea Săcuieni, Marghita, Borș, Orchard, Salonta, Ciumeghiu, Beiuş- Delani some use as thermal heat primary geothermal energy. In Oradea geothermal potential is estimated at 200,000 Gcal, of 65,000 Gcal is used. The geothermal potential is given by 12 existing wells in Oradea Territorial administrative units Oradea is divided into several districts (26), placed round the Civic Center, the old center of the city Economy Bihor is one of the wealthiest counties in Romania, with a GDP per capita well above the national average. Recently, the economy has been driven by a number of construction projects. Bihor County has the lowest unemployment rate in Romania and among the lowest in Europe, with only 2.4% unemployment, compared to Romania's average of 5.1%. Primary sector Primary production of the city and area is industrial sector, that currently production around 63% of Bihor County industry. In the west side of the county there are mines for extracting coal and bauxite. Also crude oil is being extracted. Agriculture - intensive and multifaceted - plays an important role in the economy of the county, covering ha of agricultural land, of which three quarters is arable land. Chernozem in western country favored cereals, Bihor hovering in the country, the first in their production. Among cereals, especially wheat and maize cultivation and of industrial plants are sunflower, sugar beets and potatoes. Livestock (cattle, pigs, and sheep) has a significant share in the agriculture of the county, both because of vast areas of pasture and tradition of people in this area. Secondary sector The predominant industries in the county are: - Textile industry. - Food and beverages industry. - Mechanical components industry. - Metallurgy. 40

41 Tertiary sector Oradea County has the largest thermal tourism of the country. The city of Oradea has long been one of the more prosperous cities of Romania. The County registers an economic renewal, not so much in industry but rather in the services sector such as trade and tourism. Baile Felix, a spa resort located only 5 miles south of the city, is home to several thermal springs and medical centers offering treatments that alleviate rheumatism, arthritis, and neurological problems. The tertiary sector is represented by the production of soft drinks (one of the best production from the country) and others small services Technology Power plant description (Flash steam plants, Dry steam plants, Binary plants) Geothermal binary plants The binary power plant transforms the thermal energy of the water into mechanical energy and then, by a generator, into electric energy. Geothermal energy use today mainly concerns hydrothermal systems, and water bearing formations at elevated temperatures of depths down to 3-4 km. Applications include direct heat uses, usually at lower temperatures up to C and electricity generation for higher temperatures. When the temperature exceeds 180 C, the most common geothermal power generation technology uses is flash plants, with the geothermal fluid flashing at 180 C or more and the separated steam driving a wet steam turbine in order to generate electricity. The technology of geothermal binary fluid has been researched and developed for the purpose of generating electricity from low-to-medium temperature resources and of utilizing the thermal resources through the recovery of waste heat. A well known source of waste heat in geothermal fields is the waste water from flash separators (Hudson, 1998). A secondary working fluid has a low boiling point and a high vapor pressure at low temperatures when compared to steam and this is the fluid that the binary system utilizes. This secondary fluid is operated through a conventional Rankine cycle. Temperatures in the range of 85 to 170 C (185 to 338 F) are the values at which the binary system can be designed to operate through the selection of appropriate working fluid. The upper temperature limit is restricted by the thermal stability of the organic binary fluids. The lower temperature limit is restricted by practical and economic considerations, as the heat exchanger size for a given capacity becomes impractical and the parasitic loads (from well and circulating pumps for example) require a large percentage of the output. Before being expanded through a turbine to some lower pressure temperature, heat is transferred from the 41

42 geothermal brine to the binary cycle via heat exchangers where the binary fluid (or working fluid) is heated and vaporized. Technological scheme of geothermal cogeneration of heat and power is present in the figure below (Figure 30). Figure 30-Energy flow chart of existing geothermal binary power plant for heat and power cogeneration Binary power plant is shown in following diagram and figure (Figure 31). 42

43 Figure 31 - General Scheme and general view of binary power plant Annual energy use -Heat: approx. 100,000 Gcal / year, representing 15% of thermal energy needs of Oradea population Biomass energy In the following chapters data at the national and regional level are given in the case that specific information for the municipalities is not available Solar energy In Romania have identified five geographic areas (zone 0 - IV), differentiated according to the measured energy flow. The geographical distribution of solar energy potential shows that more than half of Romania's surface receives annual energy flow between 1000 and 1300 kwh/m2- year kwh/m2-year. Solar energy potential (Intensity of solar radiation (kwh/sqm -yr ) Solar energy potential in Romania is shown in Table below (Table 12). Table 12 - Solar energy potential recorded in Romania Zone Solar energy potential recorded 0 over kw/m 2 - year I II III IV kwh/sqm-year kw/sqm -year kwh/sqm/ year kw/sqm -year kwh/sqm-year kw/m 2 -year Under 950 kw/sqm -year 43

44 Energy potential of solar-thermal systems is estimated at about 1,434 thousand tones / year, while the photovoltaic about 1.200GWh/an. (Table 13) Table 13- Solar thermal potential energy in Romania Parameter UM Technical Energetic Thermal power MWt Heat GWh/year TJ/year Thousand tep/year Catchment area sqm Solar photovoltaic potential energy in Romania is show in Table 14. Table 14- Solar- photovoltaic potential energy in Romania Parameter U M Technical economic Peak power MWp Electricity TWh/year 6,0 4,8 th tep/year Area occupied sqkm 60 (3sqm/inhab) 40 (2sqm/inhab) The following map show distribution of solar potential in Romania (Figure 32). 44

45 Figure 32 - Solar potential of Romania Types of plants (open circuit, closed circuit) Photovoltaic systems (PV): - Solar towers systems -Parabolic concentrator systems - Dish-Stirling systems Technologies and equipment for recovery of solar radiation (photovoltaic systems) The heat generated by solar installations (solar collector panel TVs, vacuum tubes) can be used to supply heat to homes and offices, preparing hot water, pool heating and air-conditioning. Also, the solar energy can be converted directly into electricity by the photovoltaic panels. Because they face enough difficulties in using solar energy, there are a few plants capture and conversion of the solar energy to electricity production is still very small, even at current levels, cover more than 2% of consumption energy industrial countries. Biomass energy In Region 1 Northeast from Romania in a draft JI (Joint Implementation) regarding joint implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, developed in partnership with Denmark, was completed and put into operation (in 2004) in the city of Worcester, a thermal plant, the largest of its kind in Romania, which uses biomass (sawdust and other wood waste). It provides heat for about one third of the city of Worcester and leads to a significant reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases compared to fossil fuels. Also, the heat generated is lower cost compared to that based on fossil fuels. In region there are several companies that produce biodiesel fuel: SC Romdas LLC Botosani, SC Ulerom S.A. Vaslui, SC Bioethanol Biodiesel LLC Suceava County Biomass potential distribution The national biomass energy potential is about 7,594 thousand toe / year, of which 15.5% is forestry residues and firewood, sawdust and other residues 6.4% wood, 63.2% agricultural waste, household waste 7.2% and 7.7% biogas. The potential of biomass varieties by region is show in Table

46 No Region Forest biomass th t/year Table 15-The potential of biomass varieties by regions Wood waste th/year Agricultural biomass th/year Biogas ml.cube meter/year Urban waste tht/year TOTAL I Danube Delta II Dobrogea III Moldavia IV Carpathians V Transilvania Plateau VI Western Plain VII Subcarpathians VIII Southern Plain TOTAL The map with regions with biomass potential is showing in the figure 33 below. 46

47 Figure 33 - Energy potential of biomass in Romania 47

48 4.3.3 Biomass sources Distribution of plant biomass in Romania is showing in figure below (Figure 34). Figure 34- Distribution of plant biomass 48

49 4.3.4Biomass installations and their characteristic parameters The table below (Table 16) shows the parameters of thermic and electric energy: biomass plant, biogas and urban waste. Table 16 Biomass installations and their characteristics parameters Parameter UM Technical Economic Biomass plant Heat/electricity TJ/year th tep/year Biogas Heat/electricity TJ/year Th tep/year Urban waste Heat/electricity TJ/year Th tep/year TOTAL TJ/year Th tep/year Biomass production thermal/electrical The biomass production (for heating, for electricity and for transport) is showing in the Figure 35. Figure 35 - RES share contribution of biomass in Romania in 2020 ( Biomass for heating, 294 Biomass for electricity, 550 Biomass for transport) 49

50 4.3.6 Energetic technical potential (TJ/year) per source of biomass Theoretical potentials, real usable potentials are much lower due to technological, economical and environmental limitations or restrictions Uses Possible evolution of the use of biomass from 140 PJ (3350 thousand toe / year) currently to 112 PJ (2.675 million toe / year) in 2020 is show in Table 17. Table 17 Possible evolution of the use of biomass to 2020 in Romania Evolution between Comments Replacing traditional stoves with wood Cca 20% from stoves Lead to reduction in consumption of chips with us centralized biomass heating approximately 18 PJ Replacing traditional stoves with residential Cca 8% from stoves Lead to reduction in consumption of efficient biomass boilers approximately 7 PJ Biomass consumption in heating approximately 86 PJ/year Biomass consumption for residential efficient boilers 8% of stoves replace approximately 4PJ /year Biomass consumption for new central heating systems that replace 20% of stoves approximately 6PJ/year Modernization of existing industrial boilers The average increase Lead to a reduction in consumption of boiler efficiency by approximately 3PJ/year 5% Biomass consumption in existing industrial boilers and upgraded approximately 16PJ /year TOTAL 112 PJ/year 50

51 4.4. Biogas energy 4.4.1Biogas installations and their characteristic parameters In Vâlcea County operates biodiesel production (since 2007) a total of five companies which have a production capacity totaled approximately 3,000 tons biodiesel / month. The wood waste is recovered mainly in the northern part of the county of Vâlcea from small heating plants serving individual homes or small production units. In the South Muntenia region in 2007 was use the biomass as an unconventional energy source and in Ialomița county in order thermal heating and technological uses. Giurgiu County submitted the necessary documentation to authorize a wind farm on an area of 10,093 m2. Different technologies that can be applied for energy from biomass are showing in table below (Table 18). Table 18 Different technologies applied for energy from biomass Process Product Applications Combustion Hot gas Boiler Steam engine Space heating, process heat Hot water. electricity/heat Gasification Fuel gas Boiler. steam engine Gas turbine Fuel cells Heat electricity /heat Syngas Synthetic natural gas Oil fuel Chemicals Heat Transport Pyrolysis Fuel gas Engine Electricity/ heat Oil fuel Boiler Electricity/heat Solid fuel Engine Transport Scenario of contribution of RES in Romania according with technology (inclusive biogas) is showing in Figure

52 Figure 36 - Biomass contribution rate scenario in Romania RES share in 2020, according to technology Uses Different technologies of biogas are showing in Table 19. Table 19- Biogas technologies in Romania Technologies Th tep/ Share % Th tep Share Boilers/residential stoves solid biomass % % Local central heating boilers and solid biomass % % Electricity from solid biomass % % Heating from cogeneration with solid biomass % % Electricity from biomass firing % % Heating from biomass firing % 3 0.1% Electricity from biogas cogeneration % % Heat based biogas % % Electricity from cogeneration municipal waste % % Heating from cogeneration municipal waste % % Biofuels % % TOTAL thousands tep /PJ 3356/ % 4691/ % 52