Zero Energy Home: Erie, PA. EDSGN 100: Intro to Engineering Design; Section 9

Transcription

1 Zero Energy Home: Erie, PA EDSGN 100: Intro to Engineering Design; Section 9 Spencer Seipt svs5553@psu.edu Adam DiPillo amd5968@psu.edu Devin Jury dej5081@psu.edu Team #3: Wolves of Wall Street Submitted to: Wallace Catanach 7 March,

2 Index 3..Introduction, Mission Statement 4 Executive Summary 5,6.Customer Needs Analysis 7. Concept Generation 8,9,10,11...External Research 12,13,14 Concept Selection 15,16,17...Energy Output/Consumption Final Design 19.Conclusions 2

3 Introduction At The Wolves of Wall Street Real Estate Agency, our customers are looking for energy efficient and zero energy homes. Over the past few decades, the demand for these homes has increased dramatically. The negative effects of industrialization on nature are at an all-time high, and are continuing to increase. An innovation that has contributed to the effort to save our planet is the development of zero energy homes. Our engineering design class has been assigned this constructing a zero energy house in Pennsylvania, while using the eight step engineering design process. The process began with researching zero energy homes located in climates similar to Pennsylvania. After carefully considering the steps we needed to take in this process, we created a project plan, which was updated each week with our progress. We determined our customer needs and converted them to metrics. We then used these metrics in concept screening and scoring matrices to narrows down the concepts we wanted to use in our house. Once we decided on the various aspects of the home, we began conceptual modeling on SolidWorks, as well as physical modeling with chipboard (scaled to 1/8 = 1 foot). 3

4 Executive Summary In the development of our latest project, a zero-energy home located in Erie, Pennsylvania, we evaluated a few different concepts. We conducted a survey and researched homes in similar climates to gather enough information to ultimately make our final decision on our concept. Through our survey, we were able to determine that customers overwhelmingly preferred solar energy as their source of electricity. As a result of that conclusion, we included solar panels in our home. However, Erie, PA was our location. Since this is statistically the windiest city in Pennsylvania, we decided to include wind turbines in our design as well. Another source of energy we decided to include along with solar and wind was geothermal. This method is 50-70% more efficient than solar, and helped reduce the cost of our home. We ended up dropping the ideas of having a 2 story house with an attached garage due to budget constraints. Based on our concept selection and concept scoring matrices, we decided to have a 1 story, 3 bedroom, 1 bathroom home, with a back patio. We felt that provided the most comfortable living option while also meeting our budget. There is one drawback to our final design, but we feel that there is another aspect that alleviates the effects of this drawback. In order to adhere to the budget of $140,000, the square footage of the home was limited to 640 square feet. In order to accommodate for this limitation, we added the patio to provide an open space for enjoyment of the outdoors. This will allow the owners a place to go if cabin fever sets in, or perhaps if they want to enjoy a meal outside. The master bedroom features a sliding door that provides direct access to the patio. 4

5 Customer Needs Analysis Customer Requirements: Sustainable zero energy home Good location Aesthetically pleasing Comfortable living with amenities Needs statements: The house needs to be aesthetically pleasing. The house needs to produce just as much energy as it consumes. The house needs to include all the standard appliances and amenities of a standard home. The house needs to be sustainable and during the summer produce extra energy to draw City selection: from during the winter. We chose Erie, PA because it is the windiest city in Pennsylvania, making it a prime Erie, PA: location for wind turbines, and it also provides a good location for the use of solar energy. top contender for job growth and livability located on Lake Erie abundance of sunshine in the fall constant lake breeze/wind Average time to assemble: between 3 and 5 months Estimate cost: $140,000 or less 5

6 Target Specifications Square Footage o House o Aperture o Walls o Slab o Conditioned living space o Upper ceiling This Metrics Matrix is organized with the customer needs down the left side, and the metrics across the top. Each metric was developed from a specific customer need. Size of PV system Insulation Value Air Tightness o Walls o Ceiling o Windows o Attic Total Cost of house Annual Electricity Total Cooling Load o Sensible Use o Non-Sensible Use The completion of this matrix allowed us to understand which customer needs affected which metrics. This gave us guidelines to help provide weighting for certain concepts, depending on how much they affected the house overall. o Walls o Windows o Roof o Floor o Infiltration Existing Renewable Resources o Wind o Solar o Hydro 6

7 Clarification of the Problem: Concept Generation Constructing a ZEH while meeting all the customer s needs. Functional Diagram: This diagram represents the three main categories of specifications we created while developing the Zero Energy home. Energy Accept energy from solar panels and wind. Store left over energy. Structure Insulate/keep energy in the home. Aesthetically pleasing. ZEH Appliances Use least amount of energy as possible. By following the specifications within each category, we were able to reach our final goal of constructing a Zero Energy home that met all of the customer s needs. 7

8 External Research Existing Structures: In this matrix, we compared the metrics of our house to other structures in states with climates similar to Erie, Pennsylvania. Every single home utilized a heat pump as its heating system, which led us to choose a heat pump. We also modeled our home after these homes with respect to the solar water heater. Something that differed greatly between these houses and ours was the size. Due to our occupancy of 4 and budget of $140,000, we were limited in the square footage and amount of stories. 8

9 Literature Review: Wind Energy: Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid (shown here) for more widespread electricity distribution. Solar Energy: Solar energy is a solid-state method that turns light into electricity. To simplify a bit, light comes in and knocks electrons about. One layer (p-type) is designed to accumulate excess "holes" where electrons were, another accumulates excess electrons, and a wire between the regions develops current. 9

10 Geothermal Energy: 10

11 Patent Search: US B1: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for geothermal energy production from hot dry rock reservoirs using supercritical fluids. 1. A method of extracting geothermal energy from an underground hot dry rock reservoir, comprising the steps of: (a) Creating an underground hot dry rock reservoir by fracturing underground hot rock with fluid carbon dioxide consisting essentially of carbon dioxide fluid in the supercritical phase or carbon dioxide fluid that is transformed into the supercritical phase by the hot dry rock; (b) Allowing the fluid to absorb heat from the hot dry rock of the reservoir and thereby increase the heat content of the fluid; (c) Removing at least a portion of the fluid having an increased heat content from the underground hot rock reservoir; and (d) Extracting heat from the portion of fluid having an increased heat content. Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences (SIMES): Based on the photon-enhanced thermionic emission (PETE) process, a new solar-energy device is about 100 times more efficient than its previous design. Concentrated sunlight (red arrows at the top) heats up the device s semiconductor cathode (beige and grey upper plate) to more than 400 degrees Centigrade. Photoexcited hot electrons (blue dots) stream out of the cathode s nanotextured underside down to the anode (white/gray surface), where they are collected as direct electrical current. Additional solar and device heat is collected below the anode (arrow shows the cool-tohot, blue-to-red flow) to run electricitygenerating steam turbines or Stirling 11 engines. (Credit: Nick Melosh)

12 Concept Selection Concept Screening Matrices: This matrix was used to narrow down the concepts we were taking into consideration while constructing our home. The various concepts are organized across the top, and the selection criteria are going down the left side. For each selection criteria, each concept was given a plus, minus, or zero, which represent a positive, negative, or neutral effect respectively. A plus adds a point to a concept, a minus subtracts a point, and a zero contributes nothing. The pluses, minuses, and zeroes are totaled at the bottom, and the concepts are ranked according to their total scores. A concept is continued if it has a positive total score, indicating an overall positive effect amongst all the criteria. 12

13 After finishing the concept screening matrices, we decided to no longer consider these concepts: 2 Stories, 2 Bathrooms, Laundry Room, Dining Room Although these concepts increase the livability of the home, they did not fit into our budget. The amount of money they took to add in outweighed any increase in livability that they contributed to the home. We decided to continue consideration of these concepts: Windows, Slab, Patio, 1 Story, 1 Bathroom, Living Room, Garage, Kitchen 13

14 Weighted Concept Scoring Matrix: This matrix was used to further narrow the concepts under consideration. Again, the concepts are across the top, and the selection criteria are down the left side. The concepts were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, 5 being the best. Each criterion was given a weighting percentage according to the importance of the respective criterion, and the ratings are multiplied by that percentage, and totaled at the bottom. Each concept is ranked. A rating of 3 is considered to be a neutral score, so any concept with a total weighted score above 3 is considered to be a crucial concept that benefits the house as a whole. After completing the weighted scoring matrix, there was only one concept that we considered to detract from the house overall. We decided to no longer continue the concept of a garage because it did not fit in with our budget, and we did not consider it to be a necessary aspect of the home. The concepts of windows, 1 story, a slab, 1 bathroom, a living room, and a kitchen to be completely necessary in the home. The patio, however, is an added bonus that we continued because it positively contributed to the house overall without cutting too deeply into our budget. 14

15 Energy Output/Consumption The table below is the cost calculator we used to determine the final cost of our house. It incorporated the many aspects of the home, such as the square footage, insulation, appliances, and other amenities. The graph on the right illustrated the cost contribution of each aspect of the house. By using this cost calculator throughout the design process, we were able to monitor our budget with each change we made to our house. This calculator also helped us determined the specifics of each aspect of the home. We decided not to include aspects like a pool, hot tub, or garage. We also included the highest quality appliances. 15

16 The table below displays the list of small appliances throughout the home. We used this table to decide whether we should include certain luxuries or not. We decided against including things like a blu ray player, because we already included a DVD player. Taking out unnecessary luxuries like this allowed us to minimize the overall cost of the home, and reach our goal of zero net energy. Lights 586 Kwh Major Appliances 2,126 kwh Misc Electric Loads 1,752 kwh Water Heat 891 kwh Heating 297 kwh Cooling 281 kwh Total Electric 5933 kwh PV output 5933 kwh Hours of operation 1226 Recommended PV 4.84 The table to the left displays the consumption of electricity of each major aspect of the home. They add together to create a total annual electric consumption of 4840 kilowatt hours. 16

17 This table include the same data as the one above, but in more detail. 17

18 Final Design This modest, gable roofed structure was designed and proposed according to the Passive House standard. This standard yields extremely low energy homes, sometimes ones that are considered Zero Energy homes. A combination of high performance windows, solar gain, exceptional insulation, and a tight air envelope allow this home to be properly heated with a fraction of the energy it would take to heat a typical home. Clients who have grown accustomed to energy inefficient, drafty homes will welcome the energy savings and consistent air temperature throughout this Zero Energy Home. There is a generous amount of windows, so there is no shortage of natural light. This abundance of windows provides the house with a modern look that also gives a natural feel from within. If the occupants ever succumb to cabin fever, there is an outdoor porch for their enjoyment. When making an entrance through the front door, the living area is within immediate view, along with the kitchen. The master bedroom occupies the north wall, with a sliding door that allows access to the porch. The other two bedrooms line the west wall. All three bedrooms are within immediate reach of the living area. Despite the modest footprint, the home addresses many of the most common needs that a client would have. The generous amount of south-facing windows maximizes solar heat gain in the winter. By using the concrete slab, heat is able to be absorbed and re-radiated into the living space. The overall square footage of the house is 640 square feet, and in order for the slab to effectively contribute to the passive solar heating, we made sure it covered between 10 and 20 percent of the total square footage. The north-facing high performance windows provide a view of Lake Erie. The view of Lake Erie can also be enjoyed from the porch on the northeast corner of the home. With high R-values of 40 and 19 for the ceiling and walls respectively, top of the line windows and doors, and an exceptionally tight air envelope, only small fraction of the energy is needed to for heating when compared to a conventionally structured home. Along with the effective heating system, there is a heat recovery ventilator that maintains excellent indoor air quality while minimalizing the expense. 18

19 Conclusions Throughout this project, we have learned a lot about the engineering design process and all that goes into it. In taking the many steps involved, we were able to understand the significance of each aspect of the design process, and see how it helped us in designing our home. It was a challenge to narrow down concepts through customer needs and metrics, but that process allowed us to develop a home that truly fit our goal. Something else we learned a lot about was the various methods of conserving energy. From solar panels, to wind turbines, to geothermal pipe systems, there are many intricate parts that contribute to a zero energy home. By doing this project, we were able to appreciate the hard work that scientists around the world have put into their inventions. Conservation of energy has become a huge focus over the past few decades. The widespread pollution of Earth, in combination with the ever-increasing demand for natural resources, has created an opportunity for zero energy homes to substantially contribute to saving our planet. After finishing this project, we all agreed that developing a zero energy home took much more effort than we originally expected. Although it was a challenge, this project allowed us to learn effective ways to work as a team, and how to utilize the engineering design process to achieve our goal of an affordable, appealing zero energy home. 19