Hierarchical Watershed Management - Bridging the stakeholders dispersed over the different spatial levels- Shigeo YACHI

Transcription

1 Lake Biwa Hierarchical Watershed Management - Bridging the stakeholders dispersed over the different spatial levels- Shigeo YACHI Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University Otsu , Japan yachi@ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp Rice field and local communities in the East of Lake Biwa JST-NSERC Workshop on Sustainable Water Use Tokyo, 21 October 2013

2 On watershed management Why watershed management? and why difficult? Agricultural turbidity problem in Lake Biwa - Non-point source - Communication design for watershed governance

3 Why watershed management recommended? Spatial unit of water and material cycling! 富山県県民生活課 HP より

4 But, watershed has a nested structure Stakeholders dispersed over the watershed Human dimension matters! Micro-level basin Meso-level basin Macro-level basin

5 Population density Lake Biwa Watershed ~ Shiga Prefecture Katsura River Lake Biwa 琵琶湖 Inae Hikone 14 million people rely on water from Lake Biwa Osaka Kyoto Yodo River Seta-Uji River Kizu River Osaka Bay

6 Rich Fish species in Lake Biwa World 3 rd ancient lake! About 50 species, More than 10 native species

7 People in Shiga enjoy lake fish

8 Agricultural Turbidity Problem in Lake Biwa

9 Watershed Governance Project at RIHN ( ) Kyoto , Japan

10 Agricultural Turbid Water Problem: 1980 s - Non-Point Source- Soil paddling before rice planting Lake Biwa Enforced draining Small rivers in local communities

11 Peak of suspended particles in the plowing season Suspended particles month

12 Experiments to evaluate the impact of enforced draining

13 Relative impact of turbid water evaluated at the North Basin watershed Discharge Soil: 16,100 ton N: 83.2 ton P: 20.1 ton (t) 800 Nitrogen (t) 80 Phosphorus % 27.2% 20 0 Enforced draining Domestic waste water/year 0 Enforced draining Domestic waste water/year

14 Watershed Diagnosis using multi-isotopes and multi-elements Sampling sites Lake Biwa River 3 Intensively studied areas

15 Impact of small to medium-sized rivers in the east of Lake Biwa - A Scientific Scenario - Fertilizer:(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4, P Agricultural activities Generation of acid HCO 3-, NO 3-, SO 4 2- Minerals (Ca, Sr,...) dissolved out of rocks in the plains Water Quality Eutrophication

16 Turbid water problems as Combined Problems Level Macro Meso Micro Major Problem Water Quality Regime Shift Fishery Damage Deterioration of waterside Area Lake BIWA Lake shore Canal Causing Load from land Farming household Farming household Suffering Lake water user Fishery household Farming household Cognitive conflict between stakeholders Material DO,N,P SS (Suspended substances) SS,Mud Distance Long Middle Short Time scale Long Middle Short Type Global Warming Causing/Suffering Separation Self-Feedback

17 Proximate cause: irrigation system change But the problem still exists River Lake Biwa Irrigation pond Before Inland lakes Controlled by rural community Irrigation canal Lake Biwa After Lake Biwa reverse-water irrigation Separation from drainage Drainage canal Controlled by individuals

18 Land Improvement (S37-H8) Changes in Japan Agricultural Policy and Inae District Phase 1: Postwar recovery(1945~), Creek agriculture/ Flood-prone areas 1957 Phase 2: Agricultural infrastructure (1950 s~ Land Improvement program(1957~) 1996 Phase 3: Rice acreage reduction (1970~) Farm mechanization/side jobs Abandonment of agriculture/urbanization Lake Biwa Comprehensive Development (1972~) Phase 4: Food control abolishment (1994) Difficulty in finding successors Multifunction of agriculture Collaboration: community & agriculture Lake Biwa Comprehensive Development (~1997)

19 U.S. forces: 255VV 3IPRS M624 3/4ew 3 NOV Geographical Survey Institute: KK Y C8-4 Transformation after Land Improvement( ) 3 Nov Sept. 2001

20 Transformation of Lake Biwa-Yodo River Watershed -Lake Biwa as Multipurpose Dam- Water level/quantity control by Seta River Weir 写真 : 国交省近畿地方整備局 HP より Lake Biwa watershed Shiga Flood control Development Demands Kyoto Katsura River Seta- Uji River Flood control Water utilization Hyogo Osaka Kizu River Mie Yodo River 財 ) 琵琶湖 淀川水質保全機構 (2003):20 世紀における琵琶湖 淀川水系が歩んできた道のりを改変 Nara Yodo River Watershed sewage plant drainage draw water

21 Farmers are worried more about their community future Promotion of agricultural efficiency ( ) Land Improvement policy (1957~) Pipe-line Irrigation system (proximate cause) Reduction of acreage under rice-cultivation (1970~) Discouraging prospect for farming / Agriculture as side job Dilemma to maintain agriculture in adversity (1990 s~present)

22 Nested structure caused conflicts of interests among stakeholders! Macro scale Ecosystem restoration Micro~meso scale Community revitalization Stakeholders dispersed over the watershed have different interests Macro scale Micro~meso scale

23 Communication Design for Watershed Governance

24 Communication Design for Watershed Governance Interviews in local communities Workshops in Three towns Mapping residents precious water shores Seeking social-psychological factors

25 Mutual catalyzation of Ecosystem Restoration and Community Revitalization through Communication Macro scale Ecosystem restoration Science-based knowledge Issue-oriented Top-down Micro~meso scale Community revitalization Residents knowledge Context-dependent Endogenous (bottom-up) Stakeholders dispersed over the watershed have different interests Macro scale Micro~meso scale

26 Workshops in 6 towns Social psychological Factors Report research results to farmers -Seeking factors to bridge scales and interests of stakeholders- 3 Apr Yanagawa town 26 Mar Satsuma town 23 Mar Kohsaki town 2 Apr Fukoji town 10 Apr Shimonishikawa town 24 Mar Inasato town

27 Environmental Consciousness Behavior Model (Hirose 1995, Nonami & Kato 2006) Risk Attribution of Responsibility Effectiveness 1. Rational Persuasion Goal Intentions Scientific information Cost/Benefit Subjective Norm Feasibility Behavioral Intentions Information such as the farmer s attachment to their local areas and living things Identification to their community 2. Emotional Persuasion 3. Rational + Emotional Persuasion 4. Control conditions

28 Hierarchical Watershed Management Watershed: Spatial unit of physical & ecological connection Hierarchy: Barriers which blocks stakeholders from mutual understanding Communication design to bridge the stakeholders dispersed over the watershed!

29 Watershed Scale Population density Lake Biwa Human Society Shiga Prefecture P D A C Lake Biwa Inae Meso Tributary Hikone City P D A C P D A C P D A C Kyoto Echi River Local Communities P D A C P D A C P D A C P D A C P D A C P D A C Hierarchical Watershed Management 1. Adaptive management (PDCA cycle) 2. Communication between different spatial levels

30 Linking Ecology and Sustainability Science 4.Sustainable Society Scenario Human Society Ecosystem 3.Responses ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES And FUNCTIONINGS 2.Complex Adaptive System Risk Science Ecosystem Services 2.Relationships ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 1.Current Community State Structure Diagnosis BIODIVERSITY 1.Social- Ecological System Coupled Dynamics Drivers 3.Governance, Consensus-building Institution Design HUMAN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM Ecology Sustainability Science

31 Acknowledgements Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University Shiga Prefecture Inae District in Hikone City Aisei Land Improvement Organization