Control Measures Recommended by Staff as a High Priority for Wake County and Other Organizations to Implement- Already Implemented

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1 Cost of Implementation (= least costly, = Ease of Implementation (=least difficult, = Expected Benefits (=high benefits, =low benefits) Control Measures Recommended by Staff as a High Priority for and Other Organizations to Implement- Already Implemented. Support Triangle Air Awareness Program. (Page of report) No cost to join. Minimal staff time required to disseminate information during ozone season. Easy to join. already has Educational benefits, improved awareness of air quality issues.. education/environmental information Already complete. joined October 00. Information being incorporated into environmental education/ environmental information programs.. Support Triangle Clean Cities Coalition. (Page of report) No cost to join, minimal staff time required for staff involvement in program. Easy to join. already has Benefits are increased awareness of alternate fuel opportunities, grants, and reduced emissions. (e.g. Biodiesel grant for incremental cost for fleet in 00.) Administration (GSA) Increased potential for alternative fuel industry in NC. Already complete. General and are both members. Control Measures Recommended by Staff as a High Priority for and Other Organizations to Implement. Create a regional air quality agency through collaborative regional effort of governments, transportation entities and businesses. (Page of report) Primary costs are study, time, and cooperation to create the agency and staffing agency once it exists. Ease depends on political leadership and willingness of local governments, transportation entities and businesses to work together. As an advisory group, could be created through interlocal agreements. High potential benefits from cooperation on control strategies throughout region. Collaborative effort is essential for success. Recommend that collaborate with other local, governments, transportation municipalities, entities and businesses to foster regional cooperation in an Organizations, public organized manner in the next transportation, year. Board of Commissioner TJCOG, Greater Triangle chairs from Triangle counties met Regional Council. in September.. Seek designation as a "Best Workplace for Commuters". (Page of report) Costs include staff time to administer the program, subsidies for transit and vanpool use, and emergency ride home. EPA estimates requires 8 hours per month staff time to administer once program established. Benefits are reduced Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) by employees. Experience of other Best Workplaces for Commuters shows that the program improves competitiveness in attracting and retaining employees. Stewardship Network, Human Resources staff and Stewardship Network are addressing this. Recommendations to be completed by spring of 00. Wake currently provides some benefits, such as monthly subsidy for public transportation and vanpool users. Durham County government is a BWC.. Promote Ultra and Super Ultra lowemission vehicles (ULEV and SULEV). (Page 7 of report) No incremental costs. Many vehicles already are SULEV and ULEV. Easy to identify appropriate vehicles. Vehicles run 77% to 9% cleaner than most vehicles sold today. Great decrease in nitrogen oxides (NOx). NC Division of Air Quality, environmental education and environmental information Recommended as a high priority in fleet replacement. Can be done any time vehicles are replaced. 6. Convert school bus fleets from diesel to Alternative Fuels. (Page 7 of report) Low to Moderate costs. Method determines costs. Buses can use biodiesel fuel with an incremental cost of $ 0. per gallon, be retrofitted for cleaner fuel burning, or be replaced with Compressed Natural Gas or Propane vehicles. Grant funds are available for first year. & Easy implementation for diesel, which can be stored in diesel tanks and for filter retrofits. New alternative fuel vehicles are more expensive. High benefits from decreased NOx and fine particualte matter emissions and better health for students who are exposed to bus emissions. WCPSS,, DENR Recommended as a high priority, to encourage WCPSS to reduce pollutants from school buses. Currently pursuing grant funds in partnership with WCPSS for retrofitting school buses with filters to reduce emissions. Will also encourage purchase of alternative fuel vehicles for new buses. Control measures Recommended by Staff for and Other Organizations to Implement Implementation Plan Matrix Page

2 7. Implement Commute-trip reduction program. (Page 6 of report) Cost of Implementation (= least costly, = Costs include: Significant staff time to administer the program (Durham contracts with Triangle Transit Authority for three staff), costs to businesses to implement program, including reporting. Businesses that do not comply face fines. Ease of Implementation (=least difficult, = Requires adoption of ordinance to require employers to comply. Would be easier to implement for RTP area than for whole county. Ordinance would also need to be adopted by municipalities. Would need to identify all employers above threshold level, work with them to achieve compliance. Expected Benefits (=high benefits, =low benefits) High benefits. Could significantly decrease Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) usage during peak hours. Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization Recommend pursuing ordinance for RTP workplaces by summer, of 00 and working with Triangle Transit Authority, Transportation Coordinating Committee on countywide ordinance, schedule to be determined. Durham County and City established a program in On-line services. (Page 6 of report) Costs include automation, development, maintenance and monitoring. Easy to incorporate into existing web presence when development is completed. Moderate expected benefits in reduced VMT. E- government is providing a number of services. 9. Bike/pedestrian facilities. (Page 6 of report) Costs for retrofits of existing streets can be significant, ranging from additional lane width for bikelanes to creation of sidewalks where they do not exist. Much easier with new facilities than with existing roads, especially if adequate right of way does not exist for facilities. Small reduction in Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). Planning Organizations, municipalities Recommended. Bicycle and pedestrian plan complete. Requiring improvements will be considered in rewrite of development regulations. 0. Fleets participate in Triangle Clean Cities Coalition. (Page 7 of report) No cost to join, minimal staff time required for staff involvement in program. Easy to join. already has Benefits are increased awareness of alternate fuel opportunities, grants, and reduced emissions. Administration; TCCC; participating businesses Implemented for government. General and are both members.. Enforce smoking vehicle law. (Page 7 of report). Require development of a plan to reduce energy use. (Page 8 of report). Implement an urban heat island initiative. (Page 8 of report) Low cost. Existing Division of Air Quality reporting mechanism. According to EPA, use of Leadership in Energy and Design (LEED) standards in buildings has a lower or neutral incremental cost than traditional construction methods. Costs include planting trees, installing white roofs and other elements. Moderate. Would require cooperation from local law enforcement agencies. Vehicle repairs are often very costly--difficult for lowincome vehicle owners to repair. already has standards for County facilites in place. Easier to implement upon initial construction than as a retrofit to existing development. Low benefits. Affects relatively few vehicles. Reduced energy consumption and life cycle costs for county facilites. Reduces ozone creation through reducing heat in urban areas, less energy needed to cool buildings. Not applicable Facilities Administration. Facilities and Recommend provide information on state program as part of environmental education/environmental information programs. Spring of 00. Recommend continued use of Guidelines for Energy Efficient County Facilities. Standards in place since 99. Currently being updated and will be used in new WCPSS buildings as well as new County construction. Triangle High Performance Guidelines include white roofs and includes appropriate landscaping in its developments. On-going. Accelerate replacement of gasoline powered equipment with electric equipment. (Page 8 of report) Accelerated replacement schedule requires budget allocations for replacement Ease of implementation depends on the equipment in an earlier fiscal year than availability of reasonable replacements. usual. Less NOx, VOC, and PM General Recommend pursuing options of electric engines, four stroke engines, and where alternative equipment is not available recommend the use of synthetic oils for two stroke engines, electric engines. On-going. Implement idling restrictions. (Page 9 of report) Low cost of organizational awareness campaign, possible savings in fuel costs. Law enforcement could have difficulty implementing restrictions. Others who use fleet should not. Would probably need to be on honor system. Reduced idling emissions from fleet- -NOx reductions. Raised awareness of air quality issues. Reduced exposure for children to emissions Stewardship Network, and particulate matter from diesel individual departments school buses. Possible fuel savings. Recommended highly for diesel school buses and where compliance does not adversely affect job duties. On-going Implementation Plan Matrix Page

3 Cost of Implementation (= least costly, = Ease of Implementation (=least difficult, = Expected Benefits (=high benefits, =low benefits) 6. Expand air quality education Costs include training and materials for through a strong locally based program. environmental educators. (Page 0 of report) Structures exist for education. Use and expand current strategies (e.g. EE/EI programs). Highly benefits air quality awareness and education. EE/EI program and Stewarship Network; NC Air Awareness Program Recommended. ESN and EE/EI are incorporating air quality education into existing education programs. On-going 7. Implement a stop at the click program. (Page 0 of report) Low cost-educational programs Easy with cooperation of gas station operators. Mostly educational benefits, raising awareness of different emissions sources and of air quality. Also reduces VOC emissions slightly. EE/EI program and Recommend incorporating into environmental education/ Stewardship Network; NC environmental information Air Awareness Program; initiatives. On-going gas station operators Control Measures Recommended by Staff that Require Collaboration with Others 8. Include air quality and energy conservation in transportation planning. Coordinate transportation planning with land use planning. (Page 6 of report) Air quality is already included in transportation planning. Energy conservation is a by-product of decreasing congestion. Land use impacts are already part of the regional transportation model. Air quality is already a part of Metropolitan Planning Organizations' planning efforts. Requires coordination between transportation planners and land use planners, both of which are represented on Organizations. High long-term benefits in reduced VMT. In addition, regional transportation model will be able to test land use options, allowing feedback loop between transportation and land use planning. Capital Area Metropolitan and Durham-Chapel Hill Carrboro Planning Organization Recommended. Transportation model is expected to be finished in fall of 00. Concept of coordinating land use and transportation planning is also addressed in the Growth Management Strategy. On-going 9. Expand public transportation alternatives. (Page 6 of report) is responsible for TRACS TRACS is run through a contract for service. No outlay from services, so it is easy to expand the system. government needed to support Triangle Creating new Regional Rail Transit system Transit TTA bus system is is very complex because of the need to work funded through a $ vehicle registration fee with other rail services, adjacent properties, and Regional Rail System is funded by a etc, in creating new rail system in exis % rental car tax. Benefits from decreased VMT and increased citizen mobility. NCDOT, TTA, CAT, TRACS, C-Tran, DATA, Chapel Hill Transit, Organizations Recommended. Study of consolidation of public transportation systems has been done by Triangle Transit On-going 0. Early introduction of ultra-low sulfur fuels. (Page 7 of report) $.0 to.06 per gallon over existing fuel costs, as reported by NCDENR DAQ. Requires regional approach including state agencies and local businesses and governments which maintain fleets. Low sulfur fuels are needed for advanced pollution controls (catalytic converters) to be effective. NC Division of Air Quality, Triangle Clean Cities Coalition, local businesses and governments Recommended. EPA held a workshop in October to develop a plan for bringing ppm ULSD into the Southeast earlier than the September 006 EPA mandate as early as mid-spring 00.. Include air quality and energy conservation goals in the land use planning (Page 7 of report) Costs are minimal for including these considerations in Land Use Plan Should be easy to implement- land use planning is emphasizing mixed uses, pedestrian access. Development patterns that require less use of SOV for access. Planning and Recommended as a long-term project. On-going Control measures Recommended by Staff Over which has little control. Traffic signal improvements. (Page 6 of report) Costs can be significant, involving equipment, construction and computerization. Projects are eligible for Congestion Management and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds. Involves significant changes to existing system. Ease depends upon sophistication of existing system. Benefits are reduced congestion and idling due to better traffic movement. Reduces mobile emissions Planning Organizations, municipalities Recommended. Raleigh's computerized signalization needs updating. Cary and Garner will use CMAQ funds to computerize. Fiscal Year Intersection improvements, including grade separation and roundabouts. (Page 6 of report) Cost for grade separationis considerable. Roundabout costs are significant. Grade separation is difficult. Experiments with roundabouts are being made now in Raleigh and Cary. Benefits are reduced congestion and idling due to better traffic movement. Reduces mobile emissions Organizations, Municipalities and NCDOT. Improved transit amenities. (Page 6 of report). Improved multimodal infrastructure. (Page 6 of report) Moderate costs borne by transit organizations Moderate costs borne by transit organizations Moderate- generally require permission to encroach on Rights of Way. Moderate- generally require permission to encroach on Rights of Way. Increased ridership. Increased ridership. Implementation Plan Matrix Page

4 Cost of Implementation (= least costly, = Ease of Implementation (=least difficult, = Expected Benefits (=high benefits, =low benefits) Recommended. is operational for transit. Trip planning service adding carpools and vanpools to be operational in March On-line trip planning services. (Page 6 of report) Cost borne by TTA, other transportation systems. Easy implementation. Moderate benefits from reduced VMT due to increased knowledge, use of public transportation alternatives. 7. High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes. (Page 7 of report) I-0 from NC 86 to US and 6 estimated to cost between $7 million and $69 million, depending on dedication of HOV lanes and access ramps. Right of Way exists on I-0 now. EIS process required. Could reduce SOV travel by up to % and overall peak period VMT by %, provides incentives for Planning Organizations ridesharing and transit. Recommended. NCDOT has completed study of HOV lanes for I-0 in a Congestion Management Study and is in process of collaborating with local agencies and planning organizations on next steps. 8. High-occupancy Toll Lanes. (Page 7 of report) Added cost to HOV to account for toll collection system. May be difficult to implement. NC has created a toll road authority, which will operate a few toll roads. Greater use of high occupancy lanes than might exist with non-toll HOV lanes. Planning Organizations Recommend that HOT lanes be considered in HOV studies. Ongoing 9. State incentives for alternative fuel vehicles, alternative fuels and refueling infrastructure. (Page 7 of report) Refueling infrastructure is expensive. Alternative fuel vehicles and alternative Difficult implementation due to political fuels are more expensive than conventional constraints and tight budget. ones. Increased use of alternative fuels, lowered NOx emissions for most. Increased markets for agricultural products. NC General Assembly Recommended. Representative Tolson has introduced legislation in the past two sessions, without passage, HB 806 last session. To be introduced again in next legislative session. 0. RDU to operate alternative fuel (AF) administrative and maintenance vehicles, equipment and AF shuttles from the passenger terminal to the surface parking lots. (Page 9 of report) To be determined by RDU Airport Reductions in NOx, VOC, and PM. RDU Airport Authority. RDU to create voluntary emission reduction agreements between agencies and the airlines. (Page 9 of report) To be determined by RDU Airport Reductions in NOx, VOC, and PM. RDU Airport Authority. RDU voluntary replacement of Airport Ground Support Equipment: conversion to electrical vehicles. (Page 9 of report) To be determined by RDU Airport Reductions in NOx, VOC, and PM. RDU Airport Authority. RDU to ensure that airport emissions are bubbled and cap emissions. (Page 9 of report) To be determined by RDU Airport Reductions in NOx, VOC, and PM. RDU Airport Authority Recommended.. Conduct a new marketing campaign to promote transit and other shared-ride Easy to market to Triangle area, if funds are Low cost. Public awareness campaign. alternatives for traveling to RDU. (Page available. 9 of report) Reduced SOV travel to RDU. Triangle Transit Authority and other public transportation systems Recommend that public transportation pursue this strategy. On-going. Free bus rides on ozone action days. (Page 9 of report) Moderate to high. Costs borne by transit organizations. Cost could be a barrier to implementation but actual program would be relatively easy to implement. Less use of automobiles on ozone action days, possibly encourage more use of public transportation in future. Recommended. Next ozone season. (May 00) Implementation Plan Matrix Page

5 Cost of Implementation (= least costly, = Ease of Implementation (=least difficult, = Expected Benefits (=high benefits, =low benefits) Control measures that Require Further Study 6. Develop a Memorandum of Agreement between local governments, Primary cost is preparing program, businesses and NC DENR Division of impementation measures. Air Quality for a voluntary emission reduction program. (Page 7 of report) 7. Accelerate the replacement of onroad diesel fleets with new engine technology. (Page 8 of report) Wake on-road diesel replacements for trucks would average $,000 dollars/vehicle less the salvage value (0-0% of original value) of replaced vehicles. Will require coordination with DAQ staff to develop programs for each entity that agrees to MOA. Would require additional budget allocations for early fleet replacement. Governments and businesses to get credit in State Implementation Plan for measures taken to improve air quality. Encourages proactive approach to reducing emissions. Local governments, businesses and NC DENR Division of Air Quality. Less NOx, VOC, and PM, provided General old vehicles are not bought by fleets in the region. Further study is needed. Recommend purchase of advanced engine technology equipment as fleet is replaced. Recommend further study on costs of replacement relative to benefits of the engine technologies scheduled for introduction in 00 and 007. On-going 8. Accelerate the replacement/turnover of non-road diesel fleets with new engine technology. (Page 8 of report) Accelerated replacement schedule requires budget allocations for replacement vehicles in an earlier fiscal year than usual. Owners might not comply unless required. Selling vehicles out of the area poses problems. Recommend further study on costs of replacement relative to Less NOx, VOC, and PM, provided benefits of the engine Owners of fleets with nonroad diesel fleets old vehicles are not bought by fleets technologies scheduled for in the region. introduction in 00 and 007 and barriers to implementation. On-going 9. Schedule construction, landscaping, and mow activities after noon on ozone action days, or to non ozone-action days. (Page 9 of report) Costs involve rearrangment of shifts and higher exposure of workers if work is required during ozone action days in the afternoon. Difficulty in implementing is due to business considerations of organizations involved. Limited benefits in NOx reduction. General Requires further study of business costs relative to benefits. May Promote Efficient Freight Transport. (Page 0 of report)? Cost borne by Freight operators.? Requires scheduling and equipment changes.? Reduced emissions from less idling time and fewer VMT. Freight and delivery systems Recommend further study before encouraging implementation.. Require contractors to achieve emission reductions for the non-road Increased costs for contractors to acquire diesel equipment used during diesel equipment meeting EPA standards. construction project. (Page 8 of report) May result in contractors opting out of making proposals for projects. Would require that monitor equipment used on construction sites, which Control measures that Staff Does Not Recommend Less NOx, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), fine particulate matter (PM). Facilities and Not recommended.. Encourage the public to check gas cap leaks and replace the cap if it is found leaking. (Page 7 of report) Low cost. For all vehicles made after 996, an On Board Diagnostics system identifies any emissions leaks automatically. Easy implementation. Would involve public ad campaign to raise awareness. Low benefits. Decreases NOx marginally. Not applicable Not recommended. On Board Diagnostic systems address this need.. Implement a Cool Cities program. (Page 8 of report) Similar to heat island initiatives. Similar to heat island initiatives. Similar to heat island initiatives. Not applicable Not recommended- urban heat island initiatives fulfill the same function. Formerly but no longer used by City of Houston, TX. Implementation Plan Matrix Page