Renewable Energy Resources
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1 Renewable Energy Resources BASIC PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS G N Tiwari M K Ghosal Alpha Science International Ltd. Harrow, U.K.
2 Contents Preface ix 1. Introduction Energy: Its Definition Basic Concepts of Energy Forms of Energy Fundamentals of Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources Energy and Environment Renewable Energy Sources Energy Scenario in India Renewable Energy Potential in India Renewable Energy Sources and Their Sustainable Development Basic Heat Transfer Mechanisms Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli's Equation Conservation of Momentum Solar Energy Solar Radiation Flat Plate Collector Solar Air Collector Solar Concentrator Evacuated-Tube Collector Solar Water Heating System Heating of Swimming Pool by Solar Energy Solar Distillation Solar Cooker Non-Convective Solar Pond Solar Crop Drying Solar House Photovoltaic Systems Introduction Doping Fermi Level P-N Junction 144
3 xiv Contents 3.5 P-N Junction Characteristics Photovoltaic Effect Photovoltaic Material Module Cell Temperature Applications Biomass, Biofuels and Biogas Introduction Renewability of Biomass Sustainability of Biomass Origin of Biomass: The Photosynthetic Process Biomass Sources Energy Farming Biofuel Production Processes Gasification Biogas Alcoholic Fermentation Vegetable Oils/Biodiesel Fuel Cells Biopower Introduction Biopower Generation Routes Basic Thermodynamic Cycles in Biopower Generation Biomass Based Steam Power Plant Biomass Based Combined Cycle Power Plant Biomass Based Cogeneration Plant Fuel Cell Cycle Engine Power Using Biodiesel Biogas for Power Generation Hydropower 283 ' 6.1 Introduction History of Development of Waterturbine Classification of Water Turbine Turbine Theory Jet Velocity and Nozzle Size in Pelton Wheel Turbine Angular Velocity and Turbine size of Pelton Wheel Turbine Hydroelectric System Essential Components of Hydroelectric System System Efficiency Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric System Hydraulic Machines Status of Hydropower System Wind Energy Conversion System Introduction 338
4 Contents xv 7.2 Historical Development Turbine Types and Terminologies Aerodynamics Momentum Theory (Actuator Disk Concept) Operational Characteristics Blade Element Theory Wind Energy Resources Components of Wind Energy Conversion System Wind Turbine Generator (or Aerogenerator) Classification Applications of Wind Energy Advantages, Disadvantages, Economics and Present Status of Wind Energy System Geothermal Energy Introduction Origin and Renewability of Geothermal Energy History of Geothermal Resources Basics of Geological Process Geothermal Resources Dry Rock and Hot Aquifer Analysis Geothermal Exploration Geothermal Well Drilling and Fluid Extraction Utilization of Geothermal Resources Geothermal Heat Pump Geothermal Fields in India Ocean Thermal, Tidal, Wave and Animal Energy Conversion System Introduction Tidal Energy Wave Energy Draught Animal Power Environmental Impact Introduction The Environment Natural Cycle Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources Remedial Measures Energy Analysis Introduction Solar Energy Technology Hydropower System Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) Biogas System 558
5 xvi Contents 12. Economic Analysis Introduction Cost Analysis Cash Flow Diagrams Cost Comparison with Equal Duration Cost Comparisons with Unequal Duration Cost Comparisons of Various Renewable Technologies Payback Time/Payment Time/Payback Period (PBP) Benefit-Cost Analysis Effect of Depriciation (Humphreys, 1991 and Blank et al, 1989) Cost Comparison After Taxes 594 Glossary 603 Appendices 613 Subject Index 646
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