Biomass gasification and tar reforming: the Topsoe approach. Poul E. Højlund Nielsen, R&D Division HALDOR TOPSØE A/S

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1 Biomass gasification and tar reforming: the Topsoe approach Poul E. Højlund Nielsen, R&D Division HALDOR TOPSØE A/S

2 Biomass gasification activities Tar reforming Sponsored by EUDP Possible Gasolution project Sponsored by Energinet.dk Biomass based SNG production Biomass based gasoline production DOE demonstration

3 CO 2 abatement by increased use of biomass and waste Reduced consumption of fossil fuel Increased demand for flexible power production Continued demand for liquid fuels Availability of low-quality fuels and conversion of these

4 Gasification Biomass Natural gas Coal Waste CO CO 2 H 2 Syngas Hydrogen Methanol DME Gasoline SNG Power Ammonia

5 Biomass gasifiers

6 Tar reforming Biomass gasification (except black liquor) is usually based on fluidised bed Carbona, FW, Repotech etc BIOMASS GASIFIER TAR REFORMER The outlet temperature is restricted by ash stickiness Tar formation (C 6+ ), ~500 ppm 1 % Energy loss, fouling, waste water treatment etc. Tar reforming layouts Dusty tar reformer ASH Monoliths operating with dust in the gas Clean tar reformer Hot gas filtration and pellet type catalyst

7 Tar reforming 1. Increased gas production 2. Convert heavy polyaromatic components to an extent that allows the syngas to cool for further processing without fouling or precipitation 3. Utilise the high temperature levels from gasification for increased efficiency

8 Tar reforming layouts Dusty Clean tar tar reformer Chemicals, Combined SNG heat and gasoline power etc. applications Higher catalyst load Low pressure drop Clean syngas Course clean up Avoiding dust accumulation is the major challenge Can design to preserve or convert methane

9 Dirty vs. clean tar reforming: coated monolith vs. catalyst pellets Monolith, coated w/ catalyst Catalyst pellet, bulk catalyst * Low P: can handle dusty environments. * Low density of active material. * Higher P: dust sensitive. * High density of active material.

10 The magic tar reformer Removes the tar by hydrogenation Equilibrates all catalytic reactions except 2CO = C + CO 2 CH 4 = C + 2 H 2

11 The magic tar reformer 2 easy reactions H 2 O + CO H 2 + CO 2 H 2 O + COS H 2 S + CO 2 Always (almost) in equilibrium

12 The magic tar reformer 4 difficult reactions CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3H 2 C n H 2n + H 2 nch 4 Tar + H 2 mch 4 2NH 3 N 2 + 3H 2 Requires catalytic activity and heat for CH 4 conversion in presence of dust/ash!!

13 Conversion (%) Current activities Monoliths for Skive Fjernvarme CHP, 20 MW 3rd delivery, 3-4m 3 /load Clean reformer piloting at GTI, ~4 MW Laboratory tests on model gas Methane Naphthalene Toluene Tar (C6+) --> C Time (hrs) Gas Composition (balance He): CH 4 (%) = 5.9 CO (%) = 15.6 CO 2 (%) = 22.3 H 2 (%) = 24.9 H 2 O (%) = 28.0 NH 3 (%) = 0.25 H 2 S (ppm) = 50 Toluene (ppm) = 1430 Naphtalene (ppm) = 350

14 Technical status Dirty reformer (dust containing gas) GTI pilot test: High conversion of tars and ammonia (1200 Nm 3 /h pilot, 72 monoliths Skive Fjernvarme (600 monoliths) Stable operation and no signs of tar or ammonia slip at high load.

15 Clean tar reforming Hot gas filtration followed by pellet bed tar reforming Increased robustness and operability BIOMASS GASIFIER HOT GAS FILTER Can meet SNG, BTL requirements Commercial projects, cooperation with Carbona CLEAN TAR REFORMER EON Bi2G, prefeed. (300 MW) SNG Convert tars, conserve methane ASH UPM Kymmene, prefeed (300 MW), BTL Convert tars and methane Chicago piloting, 5 MW Test financed by EON and UPM Proof of concept & design basis

16 Clean tar reforming Gas Technology Institute, USA, ~4 MW. One week GTI run #10 finished in October, testing three newly developed catalysts. Demonstrating high tar conversion and both high and low (Bio2G) methane conversion. TIGAS, biomass to gasoline, 3 x ~30 day runs starting in the autumn of 2012.

17 Bio SNG GOBIGAS EON, 20 MW small commercial unit, under construction, Gothenburg, Sweden EON, Bio2G 300 MW, Prefeed, Sweden Learned Simplified SNG layout for biomass gasification feed gas Tar reforming economy Opex: ~Cost neutral Increased gas production Competitive compared to washes (bio diesel, olga etc)

18 TAR REFORMER GASIFIER Wood to Gasoline Demonstration Project Green Gasoline From Wood Using Carbona Gasification and Topsoe TIGAS Processes BIOMASS BIOMASS GASIFIER TAR REFORMER 2 atm (Air) Gas MeOH/DME / Gasoline Cleaning Synthesis Synthesis ASH OXYGEN 23 bbl/d

19 Topsøe - A global supplier of catalysts and technologies Headquarters Topsøe offices Research Production Engineering Sale & Marketing Alberta Copenhagen Moscow Los Angeles Houston Bahrain New Delhi Beijing Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Rio Buenos Aires Subsidiaries Haldor Topsoe, Inc. Haldor Topsøe International A/S, Denmark Haldor Topsoe India Pvt. Ltd. India ZAO Haldor Topsøe, Russia Subcontinent Ammonia Investment Company ApS (SAICA) Topsoe Fuel Cell A/S, Denmark