HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS

Transcription

1 HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS The Building Blocks to 100 MPG Curtis J. Klaassen, PE Energy Resource Station Iowa Energy Center Energy in Buildings Why Are Buildings So Important? 1

2 Building Energy in Perspective Buildings Use 40% of the Nation s Primary Energy 28% 22% Total Residential & Commercial = 40% 32% 18% Residential Commercial Industry Transportation Buildings Use 72% of the Nation s Electricity Responsible for 39% of the Nation s Greenhouse Gas Emissions Building Energy Databook Energy in Office Buildings Lighting 26 % General 26 % Equipment 18% Water Heating 8% Vent 5% Lighting 26% Space Cooling 11% Space Heating 32% HVAC Total 48 % Typical Midwest Office Building Energy Consumption: Energy Use Index 126,120 BTU / (SF-Yr) Energy Cost Index $1.53 / (SF-Yr) Source: CBECS Data 2

3 Energy in Buildings Heating and Cooling Energy Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) May be the Largest user of Energy in Your Building Typically Heating and Cooling Commercial Buildings is Responsible for about 50% of Building Energy use Lighting Energy Lighting Energy may be the Second Largest user of Energy Lighting Energy is typically about 25% of Building Energy Use Lighting Energy is typically about 40% of Building Energy Cost Reducing Lighting energy reduces Cooling Energy Requirements Office Equipment Energy Office Equipment may consume 15 to 25% of the Building Energy Use Reducing Office Equipment energy also reduces Cooling Energy Buildings are for People Total Economic Performance 3% 3% Construction & Financing Cost Maintenance & Utilities Cost People Costs 94% 20 Year Cost of Ownership Office Building 3

4 People in Buildings Personnel Costs can be $300 to $500 per Square Foot per Year Typical Energy Costs are $1.00 to $1.50 per Square Food per Year Personnel Costs are 300 to 400 times as much per Square Foot as the energy required to provide for light, comfort and office equipment power High Performance Buildings Characteristics Healthy and Productive Environment for Workers Energy Efficient / Cost Effective for Owners Sustainable for the Community Benefits Improved Work Environment Thermal, Visual and Acoustic Comfort Increased Productivity Productivity gains between 6% and 16% Improved Scholastic Achievement and Attendance Increased Retail Sales Increased Employee Satisfaction Retain Good Employees Reduced Operating Costs Energy, Operation, and Maintenance Reduced Liability Exposure High Air Quality, Less Sick Building, Mold Protection of Natural Resources Positive influence on environment Convertible to Net Zero Energy Buildings 4

5 Efficient Buildings Resources ASHRAE Standard (Energy Standard/Code) ASHRAE / IESNA / ANSI Energy Star Buildings Rating System US Environmental Protection Agency LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) US Green Buildings Council High Performance Buildings Whole Building Design US Department of Energy / ASHRAE Advanced Building Guidelines / Core Performance Guide New Buildings Institute Advanced Energy Design Guide: Small Offices, K-12 Schools, Retail ASHRAE / AIA / IESNA / NBI / USDOE Monitoring Energy Performance Show Me The Data Iowa Energy Center / Energy Resource Station Case Study: Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities (IAMU) Office and Training Complex Ankeny, IA Photos: Assassi Productions

6 Case Study: Iowa Utilities Board/Office of Consumer Advocate New Office Building (under construction) Energy Goal: Less Than 28,000 BTU/SqFt per year Design Goal: LEED Platinum Rating BNIM Architects High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources 6

7 High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Assemble interdisciplinary Design Team committed to the Process Establish Construction Cost AND Building Performance Goals Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources Setting Building Performance Goals Measurable goals are better From bad to good Design a Green building Design a LEED <insert precious metal> building Design a building to use 30% less energy than ASHRAE Design a building to use less than 30,000 BTU/SqFt per year Design a Net Zero Energy building Metrics is about measuring and comparison There will never be a prefect system for measuring 7

8 Design Process Integrated Design Approach Expanded Design Team knowledge pool of project stakeholders 12 full day design charrettes exchange of ideas / feedback Energy, Sustainability and Construction Cost goals monitored Continued focus on simple, functional and utilitarian project objectives Collaboration No one has all the answers.. Design Process Whole Building Modeling w/doe 2 conducted in 3 phases Benchmark Base Case Model established Optimization over 70 independent energy strategies evaluated Refinement resulting in 3 alternative energy strategy bundles HVAC System Life Cycle Cost Analysis Consider energy, O&M, repair and replacement costs 8 HVAC System Alternatives evaluated 8

9 Design Process MidAmerican Energy Company participation New Construction Program for energy efficient new commercial buildings Financial Incentives based on both quantity and percentage energy savings Custom PLUS Energy Design supports early energy modeling 40-60% better Construction Cost Evaluation Input from contractors and materials suppliers Value Engineering approach Photos: Assassi Productions Photos: Assassi Productions High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Site Orientation and Building Arrangement Efficient and Effective Building Envelope Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources 9

10 Building Orientation Concepts Orient Building on an East/West axis Provide Daylight from North/South Orientations Minimize East/West Exposures/Glazing High South Wall captures Daylight Lower North Wall shelters against prevailing winter winds Proportion Interior Spaces no deeper than 2 times window head height Use Glazing judiciously to accomplish View, Daylight and Ventilation Window System tuned by orientation H 2 X H 2 X H H North Window System Optimize Window Area, U-Value, Shading Coefficient and Visual Transmittance by Orientation. SC U-value VT North/South East/West N High Performance Building Envelope Six Inch Exterior Wall: R = 24.2 Low Density Sprayed Foam Insulation Metal Roof / Metal Deck: R = 30+ Insulated Sandwich panel Protected Vestibule Entrances Low-E, Triple pane Windows Wood Frame: U = Operable Natural Ventilation Windows are a thermal and cost liability Optimized Window/Wall Area Window to Wall area Window to Floor area North 13% 2.4% South 25% 7.5% East 25% 2.9% West 6% 0.7% Total 19% 13.6% 10

11 Exterior Solar Control July ~ 11:30 pm solar time April ~ 9:00 am solar time BNIM Architects High Performance Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Wall Studs Footing 11

12 High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Lighting Systems Daylighting, High Efficiency Lighting HVAC Systems VAV, Heat Recovery, Geothermal Systems Efficient A/C units, Boilers, Motors, Light Fixtures Computers and Office Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources Natural Daylighting Daylighting is the choice, art, practice or science of using natural daylight as the primary daytime illuminant in a room or building 12

13 Daylighting Concepts Visual Connection to the Outdoors everyone has a view Enhance People Performance comfortable and controlled environment Reduce Need for Electric Lights 30% lamp quantity Reduce Need for Lighting Energy 35% kwh/yr Reduce Need for Air Conditioning over 10% capacity Total effect reduces Electrical Demand by 24% peak kw Indirect Light Fixtures with Electronic Dimming Ballast Light Sensors Daylight & View Window Transom Glass Occupancy Sensor 20 degree min. winter profile angle Daylighting Window View Window Private Office 16 Open Office area - 32 deep Lighting System Electrical Demand Actual Light Demand ASHRAE ASHRAE Connected Lighting Power SOL-HORZ 25 LPD = 1.7 W/SF, ASHRAE Peak Lighting Load Winter early darkness Light Demand - KW Site Lights 1.4KW LPD = 1.3 W/SF, ASHRAE LPD = 1.1 W/SF, Connected Lighting Power Peak 9.9KW Peak 9.4KW Solar Normal Flux - BTU/Hr-SF 0 Sunday, January 23, Monday, January 24, Tuesday, January 25, Wednesday, January 26, Thursday, January 27, Friday, January 28, Saturday, January 29, 0 13

14 Lighting System Electrical Demand Actual Light Demand ASHRAE ASHRAE Connected Lighting Power SOL-HORZ 25 LPD = 1.7 W/SF, ASHRAE Peak Lighting Load Winter early darkness Light Demand - KW Site Lights 1.4KW LPD = 1.3 W/SF, ASHRAE LPD = 1.1 W/SF, Connected Lighting Power Solar Normal Flux Peak 9.9KW Peak 9.4KW Solar Normal Flux - BTU/Hr-SF 0 Sunday, January 23, Monday, January 24, Tuesday, January 25, Wednesday, January 26, Thursday, January 27, Friday, January 28, Saturday, January 29, 0 Lighting Systems Many Types of Fluorescent Lamps available many variables Lumens: 2400 for 25 W lamps to 5000 for High Output 100+ Lumens per Watt systems available Life: 20,000 to 30,000 hours Ballasts: influence light output and power consumption Extra Efficient Ballasts: Consume 3 to 6 watts less than generic electronic type Cost $2 to $3 more at the distributor level Save $20 or more over 15 year life Cost of ~ 50 cents per watt Efficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems CFL s good but not great High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide (Based on design lumens) Mercury Vapor T5 Fluorescent T8 Fluorescent T12 Fluorescent Induction LED CFL - Twister Lamp CFL - Miscellaneous (Candle, Globe, and Flood) CFL efficacy calculated using expected design lumens based on an average 10% lumen depreciation of simular bulbs. Incandescent Efficacy (Lumens per Watt) 14

15 Lighting Systems Evaluate Lighting Power Density LPDs of 0.6 to 0.7 watts/sqft possible with Daylighting Incorporate Task Lighting Get the Lighting Controls right Continuous Dimming Control Light Sensors Occupancy Sensors High Reflectance surfaces Avoid integral emergency lighting fixtures parasitic load Control 24 hour Night Lighting high load factor Don t ignore site lighting can be significant energy Lighting Types LED or Solid State 11 Watt LED equivalent to a 65 Watt Incandescent lamp 640 Lumens (58 L/watt) 50,000 hours Life $100 Cost BEWARE: Other LEDs rated at 23 L/watt and less life Efficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems (Based on design lumens) High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Mercury Vapor T5 Fluorescent T8 Fluorescent LEDs have been around since 1962, initially as those small red and green lamps in VCR, TV and other electronic items. White LEDs were invented in T12 Fluorescent Induction LED CFL - Twister Lamp CFL - Miscellaneous (Candle, Globe, and Flood) * * CFL efficacy calculated using expected design lumens based on an average 10% lumen depreciation of simular bulbs. Incandescent Efficacy (Lumens per Watt) 15

16 (Based on design lumens) CFL efficacy calculated using expected design lumens based on an average 10% lumen depreciation of simular bulbs. Lighting Types LED or Solid State Outside Lighting Applications 78 Watt LED 4,800 Lumens (62 L/watt) 80,000 hours Life $900 for Fixture Efficacy of Selected Commercially Available Systems High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Mercury Vapor T5 Fluorescent T8 Fluorescent T12 Fluorescent Induction LED CFL - Twister Lamp CFL - Miscellaneous (Candle, Globe, and Flood) * Incandescent Efficacy (Lumens per Watt) Mechanical System Concepts Geothermal Heat Pump System Eight Thermal Comfort Zones Simple and Effective Design $39,000 Incremental Cost over Rooftop Units 35% Less Energy Costs Lowest Life Cycle Cost of 8 Options Does not Detract from Building Aesthetics North 16

17 Mechanical System Concepts Geothermal Heat Pump System Eight Thermal Comfort Zones Simple and Effective Design $39,000 Incremental Cost over Rooftop Units 35% Less Energy Costs Lowest Life Cycle Cost of 8 Options Does not Detract from Building Aesthetics Point of Use Water Heaters Energy Recovery Unit Preheats/Precools Outside Air with Energy Recovered from the Rest Room Exhaust Air Two Speed Unit provides additional Ventilation when the Auditorium is in use HVAC System Electrical Demand Recovering from Night Setback Peak Heating Load Each Heat Pump has an ON signature of 3.5 KW Internal Heat Gain and Passive Solar Night Setback Reintroduced Loop Circulating Pump Continuous 2 KW 17

18 HVAC System Electrical Demand 30 Demand (kw) Loop Circulating Pump Continuous 2 KW Minimum Heating or Cooling Load Each Heat Pump has an ON signature of 3.5 KW 0 00: : : October 10/01/ 1, Time (min.) Pumping System Considerations Circulating Pump Energy Pumping Energy Can Be Significant due to 24 / 7 Load Factor Minimizing Pump Head important Many HVAC Systems have excess Pumping Energy IAMU Loop Circulating Pump Energy Use Represents 8 % of the HVAC Metered Peak Demand Consumes 36 % of the Total Building HVAC Energy Responsible for 18 % of the Total Building Energy Costs Operating Cost of ~ $1200 per year Retrofit VFD installed saved ~ 80% of pumping energy reduced building energy use by 13% 18

19 Equipment Energy Considerations One Point COP improvement represents 3% annual heating energy Performance Item Base Best Performance Equipment Value Difference % Diff Model Standard Eff Premium Effiency Number of Ground Source Heat Pumps Nominal GSHP Total Capacity Tons $2/watt Heating Performance Max Peak Heating Capacity MBH % Max Total Elec Demand - Heating KW % Average COP % Energy Use - Heating KWH/Yr 69,985 55,483-14, % Cooling Performance Max Peak Cooling Capacity MBH 1,304 1, % Max Total Elec Demand - Cooling KW % Average EER % Energy Use - Cooling KWH/Yr 44,826 36,280-8, % Total Heat/Cool Energy Use KWH/Yr 114,811 91,764-23, % High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Proper Control Thermostats to Energy Management Systems Commissioning Performance Monitoring Operations and Maintenance Training and Support Managing General Plug Loads Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources 19

20 Commissioning Retro Cx IAMU Heat Recovery Unit Defrost Cycle Set point reduced from 46 o F to 5 o F 93% savings in energy and cost Cost savings $260 Reduced annual building energy consumption by over 4% Annual Runtime (Hr) Annual Energy (kwh) Percentage of Building Energy Annual Cost 46 o F Heater 5 o F Heater Setpoint Setpoint % % $278 $20 Percentage Decrease 93% General Power Plug Loads Office Equipment & Computers Consumes 15% to 20% of Energy Energy Efficient Equipment Copiers / Printers / Fax Machines» Active 600 to 800 watts / Standby 50 watts / Sleep 5 watts Vending Machines 400 watts / 50% lights Electric Water Coolers, Refrigerators Procurement policy to purchase Energy Star versions Turn Off Equipment when building is unoccupied Managed Power Circuit time based control Control Leaking Electricity AKA: Phantom Loads Standby Power Loss Energy Consumed by electronic devices when they are switched off 20

21 General Power Computer Loads Computer and 19 Monitor: Active 150 to 250 watts / Sleep 8 watts LCD Monitors at 30 to 50 watts vs 65 to 120 watts for CRT Laptops at 12 to 50 watts Building Computer Server Rooms Significant and continuous energy consumption New servers available which use 25% less energy Evaluate Server Operating Requirements Temperature and humidity tolerance range Reliability - Redundancy Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) EER of ~ 5 Excessive air and water pressure drops compared to conventional General Plug Load Electrical Demand 25 Actual Equipment Demand Equipment Demand Office Equipment Equipment Demand - KW EPD = 1.0 W/SF Peak 8.3 KW Computers Water Heaters Range & Refrigerator Entrance Heaters Unoccupied Base Load 5 0 Sunday, August 15, 2004 Monday, August 16, 2004 Tuesday, August 17, 2004 Wednesday, August 18, 2004 Thursday, August 19, 2004 Friday, August 20, 2004 Saturday, August 21,

22 Manage General Plug Loads Unoccupied Energy Use Nondiscretionary Energy Discretionary Common Energy Discretionary Personal Energy Total Unoccupied Energy Use Demand Watts 1, ,647 Annual Energy kwh 9,314 4,645 3,478 17,437 % of Total Building Energy 9.0 % 4.5 % 3.5 % 17 % General Plug Load energy savings Turn off discretionary equipment when building is unoccupied Replace old conventional equipment with Energy Star rated equipment Save 9% of the Total Building Energy High Performance Building Blocks Step 1 Integrated Design Process Step 2 Reduce Energy Load Step 3 Improve Efficiency of Systems & Equipment Step 4 Effective Building Operations Step 5 Alternate Energy Sources Renewable Energy Options Solar, Wind, Biomass Move Toward a Zero Energy Building 22

23 Wind Energy Ankeny Location Wind Turbine» 750 kw NEG Micon Tower Height» 165 feet Value of production» at 5 /KWH ~ $70,000 Cost of Wind Turbine» at $1200/KW ~ $900,000 WHERE DOES THE ENERGY GO? Main Distribution Panel Transformer M Primary Electric Main Electric Service Power Main Menu Lighting Power M Building Lighting Panels kw M kwh* HVAC System Power M HVAC Equipment Panels kw kwh* M M General Power M General Power Panels kw kwh* Maintenance Building Power Maintenance M Building Panels kw kwh* * kwh readings represent current running totals. General Lighting Task Lighting Site Lighting Amps GeoExchange Heat Pumps GeoExchange Loop Pumps Amps Energy Recovery Unit Amps Computer Office Equipment Kitchen Equipment Miscellaneous Power Lights Miscellaneous History 23

24 Actual Building Site Energy Performance , Equipment 10.9 ENERGY USE 57% Reduction Energy - kbtu/sf Lighting 17.6 Fan/Pump 7.6 Cooling 9.9 Heating ,600 Equipment 10.9 Lighting 6.7 Fan/Pump 9.5 Cooling 4.0 Heating ,325 Equipment 8.9 Lighting 5.9 HVAC 13.6 Code Compliant Building Final Design Estimate Actual Metered Energy 3 Year Average Actual Energy Cost Performance $16,000 $14,000 $12,000 $14,070 Equipment $2,500 ENERGY COST 54% Reduction Energy Cost - $ $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $4,000 $2,000 Lighting $4,040 Fan/Pump $1,750 Cooling $2,280 Heating $3,500 $7,940 Equipment $2,500 Lighting $1,540 Fan/Pump $2,180 Cooling $920 $6,505 Equipment $2,045 Lighting $1,345 HVAC $3,115 $0 Heating $800 Code Compliant Building Final Design Estimate Actual Metered Energy 3 Year Average 24

25 Compared to Typical Office Building Lighting 26 % General 26 % Equipment 18% Lighting 26% Water Heating Vent 8% Space Cooling 5% 11% Space Heating 32% HVAC Total 48 % Typical Midwest Small Office Building Site Energy: Energy Use Index 126,120 BTU / ft 2 -yr Energy Cost Index $1.53 / ft 2 - yr IAMU Office Building Actual Site Energy: Energy Use Index 28,325 BTU / ft 2 - yr Energy Cost Index $ 0.52 / ft 2 - yr Source: CBECS 1999 Data Uses Less than 25% of the Energy Operates at 1/3 rd of the Energy Cost Bottom Line IAMU Office Bldg Construction Cost $116 /Square Foot Low energy, environmentally responsible small office buildings are possible on a speculative office building budget Energy Efficiency premium cost established at 4% of construction cost Site Energy Use 28,325 BTU/SqFt-Year 52 / SqFt-Year Measured energy performance results confirm that energy goals were achieved and are sustainable over time Energy Star Performance Score 93 Identifies an exemplary building Sets an example for other small office buildings 25

26 Why Are Buildings So Important? Buildings represent 40% of the Nations Primary Energy It is easy to reduce new building energy use by 30% It is possible to reduce new building energy use by 75% That is equivalent to achieving 100 MPG for a new car When compared to the present average fuel economy at 25 MPG. HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS Questions??? Thank You!!! 2008, New York Times Energy Resource Station at DMACC Phone: curtk@energy.iastate.edu 26