Generation & management of effluents in cane sugar production
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1 Generation & management of effluents in cane sugar production Graham Kingston 1 & Samira Daroub 2 1 BSES Limited, Bundaberg AUSTRALIA 2 IFAS, University of Florida, USA
2 Outline Which effluents? Perspective Effluents from cane sugar industry Run-off Leaching Atmospheric effluents Examples of progress to BMP Challenges
3 Runoff Effluent streams Particles (eroded soil, organic matter, sorbed nutrients & chemicals) Soluble (nutrients, chemicals, salt, acid, organic matter) Leaching Soluble (nutrients, chemicals, organics) Atmospheric Particles (dust, smoke, ash) Gas (CO 2, CO, CH 4, NH 3, NO x, N 2 ) By-products
4 Perspective on water based effluents Runoff & leaching with rainfall / irrigation Rainfall not manageable Risk management Assess field operations & rain risk Manage irrigation, field operations & rain risk Scale of measurement for effluent report Plot, field, farm, catchment
5 Tropics & sub-tropics Risk periods & major events Scope Run-off (Erosion) 4-31 t/ha common; up to 500 t/ha 10 t/ha ~ 1 mm depth Soil 25 mm / yrs 50% of N & 80% of P lost in flood with particles Significance On-site loss of soil, organic matter, nutrients, water storage Off-site turbidity, eutrophication Management Landscapes, field design, cover crops, residue retention, tail water dams, riparian zones
6 Chemicals in effluents Pesticides detectable in cane field effluents Low levels mostly at catchment, higher at field <1% atrazine & diuron exported Mauritius; ~6% atrazine in Louisiana Low levels atrazine & heptachlor Qld aquifer PCDD concern Qld geological not cane. BMP Soil, chemical, risk periods, landscape location, watertable Tools & training
7 Other soluble effluents in run-off Soluble organics Carbohydrates & alcohols in first run-off soon after cane harvest Potential for high BOD BMP? Harvest scheduling, rain & irrigation in sensitive zones Acid export Sulfuric acid from drained pyritic sediments Australia, Guyana, Indonesia; <3m above sea level BMP strategies Australia Recognition & BMP Drain & drainage management, liming Successful self regulation linked to cane supply contract
8 Leached effluents Issues NO 3, P, Chemicals, Salt, H + ions Impacts Groundwater quality, human health, biota, subsoil acidity Significance Condition / site specific FL 6-24% of N leached BMP split applications LA 3-8% of N leached, 15-60% as nitrate. BMP components Rate of N applied Placement Residue management Products Slow release N fixation in cane Lime for acidity Split application Risk periods Extension & training
9 Effluents to atmosphere from the field Effluents to atmosphere from the field Pre / post harvest fires Reduction of noncommercial biomass Effluents Smoke, ash CO 2, CO, NO x. Impacts Greenhouse (mainly NO x ) Health / amenity BMP Green cane system Regulation Codes of Practice
10 Effluents to atmosphere from the field Nitrogen Volatilisation Denitrification Significance Condition specific Volatilisation 20-40% of N applied Denitrification 1-20%, % of N applied Management N gases Situation specific strategies are well known Carbon dioxide Greenhouse neutral Gases
11 Some examples of progress with BMP Australia Industry Envir. Audit COMPASS Supply chain training FERTCARE Grower courses Chemical accreditation Reef Water Quality Plan Self regulation ASS Manag t South Africa Self assessment program Short courses Florida EAA BMP
12 Positive impact of BMP on P export in EAA - Florida BMP starts Components Water management Nutrient management Particulates & sediments Statutory requirement Verification BMP point score linked to farm tax. Watertable & crop tolerance Cane better than vegetables & sod % P load reduction WY80-91 Trends in P export from EAA with BMP Partial BMP % P load reduction_3yr P conc_ppb Full BMP implementation WY92- WY94 WY95 WY96 WY97 WY98 WY99 WY00 WY01 WY02 WY03 WY04 93 Water year P conc. (ppb)
13 Challenges with effluent management Major climatic events Global BMP Different environments, cultures, economies Incentives for improved management Knowledge base on system buffering End of pipe or system approach (time lines) Capital, economics, sugar price Regulatory or voluntary BMP? Organisation, resourcing, monitoring, R&D
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