Alternative Energy 30 Hour - Part 1 Student Workbook Issue: US100/30/2a-IQ-0302A. Written by: LJ Technical Dept

Transcription

1 Alternative Energy 30 Hour - Part 1 Issue: US100/30/2a-IQ-0302A Copyright 2003,. No part of this Publication may be adapted or reproduced in any material form, without the prior written permission of. Written by: LJ Technical Dept

2 Assignment 1 Burning Up Table 1 The Power Specification Table above should also be used for Assignment 2, task 1 Assignment 2 Power to the People The type of power plant I have chosen for Belle Valley is SW1.1

3 Mark the location of your power station on the map below. Diagram 2.3 SW1.2

4 Write the reasons for your choice in the spaces below I chose / did not choose (delete as applicable) a coal-fired power station because: I chose / did not choose a nuclear power station because: I chose / did not choose a hydroelectric power station because: I chose / did not choose a gas-fired power station because: I chose / did not choose a solar power station because: I chose / did not choose a wind power station because: SW1.3

5 Assignment 3 Stinker Sources of Air Polluting gases: Graph 3.1 Graphical comparison of the amount of pollutant gas produced annually by Man and by Nature. SW1.4

6 In task 3 plot a bar chart (graph 3.1) to show the amount of pollutant gas produced annually by Nature. In task 4 plot the figures for the amount produced annually by Man. Do this in such a way that you can read both sets of information at the same time without getting them confused, e.g. use two different colors. (See the carbon monoxide example that has been completed for you.) Assignment 4 Heat, Energy, Power and Work Personal Power Calculation Fill in table 4.1 as you go along. Record your weight, measurements of a flight of stairs and time taken to climb them. Use these measurements to calculate work done and your personal power. (Do the same for your partner): Force (your weight) (lb) Height of 1stair (ft) No. of Stairs Ve rtica l Distance (ft) Work done = Force x distance (ft-lbf) Time (s) Power = Work done time (ftlb/s) Power = ftlb/s 550 (hp) Example x 20 = x 10 = /20 = /550 = 0.11 You Your Partner Table 4.1 Calculating your personal power from the time taken to climb a measured flight of stairs. Energy change is and.... Power is the... of energy change. SW1.5

7 Assignment 5 Work Work is done when a... is used to... something. Calculate the work done by four people (A, B, C and D) lifting 50 lb sacks onto shelves of different heights. (Complete the 'Work' column of table 5.1): A B C D No.ofsacks (50lb each) Height of shelf (ft) Total Total Total Total Work (ft-lbf) (1hp = 550ft-lbf/s) Table 5.1 Conversion of force and distance, into work done. SW1.6

8 Assignment 6 Power Four fork lifts have a race. Complete the work and power columns of the table of race results: Fork lift Weight (lbf) Distance (ft) Work (ft-lbf) Time (s) Power (ft-lb/s) Fork lift A Fork lift B Fork lift C Fork lift D (1hp = 550ft-lbf/s) Assignment 7 Table 6.1 Conversion of force, distance and time to calculate work and power. The Transformation of Energy (Part One) Fill in the table for calculating the height of objects (table 7.1). (Some example figures for an electricity pole have already been added). Object Angle of Elevation () Tangent of Angle (T) Distance from base of object (D) D x T Height (H) Actual Height = (H) + eye level of observer Actual Height Average ' 2.25 x 25' 56.15' 56.15' = 61.95' Table 7.1 Conversion of 'Altiscan' reading to actual height of an object. You can use the 'Altiscan' to measure the... of a moving rocket, in order to calculate its energy. SW1.7

9 Assignment 8 The Transformation of Energy (Part Two) Record your 'Rokit' results in table 8.1: # Mass of Mass of Distance of Ascent 'Rokit' 'Rokit' & Fuel 'Rokit' from Time (lb) (lb) 'Altiscan' (ft) (s) Descent Time (s) 'Altiscan' Angle () Tangent of Angle () Maximum height (ft) Ascent Velocity (ft/s) Descent Velocity (ft/s) Table 8.1 Converting ascent/descent times and 'Altiscan' reading into maximum height and velocities of the rocket. Assignment 9 Kinetic and Potential Energy Potential energy is... Kinetic energy is... SW1.8

10 Using the formulae provided and the data from Assignment 8, calculate: a) The potential energy of your 'Rokit' at its maximum altitude: Potential Energy = mgh =... x... x... = ft-lbf b) The kinetic energy of your 'Rokit' on descent: Kinetic Energy = 1 2 mv² = 1 2 x x... x... =...ft-lbf Assignment 10 Sun Tan In table 10.1, record the height of yourself and your partner, the length of your shadows and the time of day. In column 3 calculate the tangents of the angles and then convert these to angles in column 4: 1 Height (ins) 2 Shadow (ins) Tangent 1 2 Tan -1 Angle Time You Your partner Table 10.1 Measuring the angle of the Sun using a tangent ratio SW1.9

11 Shadow lengths of a 10" stick in the ground at different times of the day: Complete the following table. In column 3 calculate the tangents of the angles and then convert these to angles in column 4. Then use the table to plot a graph of Sun angle against time. 1 Height (ins) 2 Shadow (ins) Tangent 1 2 Angle of Elevation () Table 10.2 Calculating tangents of angles and converting to angles. Graph 10.1 Sun angle against time SW1.10

12 Assignment 11 Spot Light Output of the solar cell: Record the meter readings for task 2: Volts ma Sunlight Table 11.1 Output of a solar cell in sunlight. Record the voltage and current produced by the solar cell for each of the different angles of the Sun (lamp): Solar Cell Angle On Mat ( ) Voltage (Volts) Current (ma) Table 11.2 How the angle of the Sun (lamp) affects the output of a solar cell SW1.11

13 Assignment 12 Wind Powered Generator: Blade Angles Record the maximum voltage and current from the wind powered generator for each of the blade angles. Angle of Blades () Current (ma) Voltage (Volts) Table 12.1 The effect of blade angle on the output of a wind powered generator. 90 Plot a graph of angle of pitch against current output: Graph 12.1 SW1.12

14 Assignment 13 Wind Powered Generator: Blade Area Record the length of the 3 sets of blades and work out their area: Blade Length (ins) x Width (ins) = Area (sq ins) A 1 B 1.5 C 2 Table 13.1 Calculating area of wind powered generator blades. Record the voltage and current for sets of blades of widths 1", 1.5" and 2", (wind powered generator at position C and blades set to 30 )and fill in columns 3 and 4: Blade Voltage (V) Current (ma) Area (sq ins) Current Area A (Width 1") B (Width 1.5") C (Width 2") Table 13.2 Calculating and comparing output for different blade areas SW1.13

15 Plot a graph (graph 13.1) of current output against area for blades of widths 1", 1.5" and 2". (In assignment 14 you will add the test results for blades of widths 2.5" and 5". Plot them in a different color and join them to your original curve.) Graph 13.1 Current output of a wind powered generator against blade area. Recorded test information from some wind powered generators: Fill in the missing data: Blade Number of Blades Length of Blade (ft) Width of Blade (ft) Total Area of Blade (sq ft) Power Output (MW) Power Area (kw/sq ft) A B C D Table 13.3 Calculating blade area and power output for wind powered generators SW1.14

16 Predicting current output: Predict the current output for blades of area 8.75 sq. in. and 17.5 sq. in: Area 8.75 sq ins 17.5 sq ins Current Output Table 13.4 Predicting current output for given blade areas using a graph of current against area. Assignment 14 Efficiency of a Wind Powered Generator Record the voltage and current for blades of widths 2.5" and 5" (wind powered generator at position C and blades set to 30 ) and fill in columns 3 and 4. Don't forget to add the test results to graph 13.1! Blade Voltage (V) Current (ma) Area (sq ins) Current Area D (Width 2.5") E (Width 5") Table 14.1 Calculating and comparing output for different blade areas. Were your predictions close to the real results? (Yes or No)... If not, why? SW1.15

17 Assignment 15 Water Power Output of a HEP plant: Solve the following problem: 1lbm h=360ft DAM 1lbm What is the maximum power of the water flowing through a turbine inside the dam shown? Each pound of water has potential energy of Weight x Height Height = 360 ft Flow = 100,000 lbm of water per second Potential energy of water is... lbm x...ft =... ft-lbf This amount of force pushes past the turbine 100,000 times per second (mass flow rate): Power = (Potential energy time) x mass flow rate Power = ft-lbf second x 100,000 lbm/s = ft-lbf/s 1 hp = 550 ft-lbf/s So, in hp:- Power = ft-lbf/s 550 = hp Of course no system is 100% efficient. Energy is lost by friction in pipes, turbulence drag, heating up, etc. An efficient hydro-electric power plant might run at 70%, so the typical output would be: x... hp = hp SW1.16

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19 Alternative Energy 30 Hour - Part 2 Issue: US100/30/2b-IQ-0302A Copyright 2003,. No part of this Publication may be adapted or reproduced in any material form, without the prior written permission of. Written by: LJ Technical Dept

20 Assignment 16 Dam Problems (Part One) Note down any important observations you make about the sites, under the 3 headings of the section you are concerned with (Land Use Consultant or Ecologist): The Land Use Consultant! Changes in patterns of land use " Resettlement of people affected by the building of the dam # The Malaria problem and how it could be affected by the dam The Ecologist! The effect of flooding on wildlife " The impact on fisheries further down stream # Soil erosion in the areas where the reservoirs collect rainwater SW2.1

21 Assignment 17 Dam Problems (Part Two) Environmental Impact Assessment Summary Table: Fill in your part of table In each 'Impact' box, put whether you think the impact of the HEP scheme would be high, medium or low. High gets 3 points, medium gets 2 points and low gets 1 point. Then add up the totals for each of the sites in the Environmental Impact Table: Site 1 - Rain Forest (jungle)... Site 2 - Desert... Site 3 - Savannah (tropical grassland)... SW2.2

22 SITE Environmental Impact Assessment Summary Table ECOLOGIST LAND USE CONSULTANT Rain Forest Effect on wildlife Effect on fisheries Soil erosion Land use patterns Local Communities (resettlement problems) Malaria Impact of HEP schemes Are there ways to reduce any impact? If so, what are they? Desert DESERT Effect on wildlife Effect on fisheries Soil erosion Land use patterns Local Communities (resettlement problems) Malaria Impact of HEP schemes Are there ways to reduce any impact? If so what are they? Savanna SAVANNA Effect on wildlife Effect on fisheries Soil erosion Land use patterns Local Communities (resettlement problems) Malaria ImpactofHEPschemes Are there ways to reduce any impact? If so, what are they? Table 17.1 Assessing the impact of the HEP scheme on the surrounding area SW2.3

23 Assignment 18 Energy for Societies (Part One) Make brief notes under the headings given as you watch the video: The U.S.A.'s dependence on fossil fuels: The effect of coal burning on the environment: Nuclear fuel and the cost of nuclear energy: Solar heated house - using solar energy to heat space: Cost of photo-voltaic cell: SW2.4

24 Assignment 19 Energy for Societies (Part Two) Using the data presented in your Assignment Guide, fill in the table. (You will find the populations of the towns/cities in table 19.2): Town/City Energy consumption/ inhabitant kwh Wind hrs/24hrs Sun hrs/24hrs Sun kwh/m 2 a Mean Temp C/ F Population Delhi (India) Khartoum (Sudan) Lappeenranta (Finland) Los Angeles (USA) Trondheim (Norway) Table 19.1 Assessing suitable locations for the use of renewable energy sources For each location, find the price of electricity per inhabitant and insert the two cheapest and the most expensive prices into table 19.2: Town/City Population Cheapest Energy Delhi (India) 5, Cost /kwh 2nd Cheapest Energy Cost /kwh Most Expensive Energy Cost /kwh Khartoum (Sudan) 250,000 Lappeenranta (Finland) 10,000 Los Angeles (USA) Trondheim (Norway) 5, ,000 Table 19.2 Price comparison of the different ways of producing energy for 5 locations SW2.5

25 Assignment 20 Energy for Societies (Part Three) For 5 different populations, record the price of electricity per inhabitant for the various types of energy: Cost of energy in cents/kwh/inhabitant Population Coal Nuclear Hydro Gas Solar Wind Table 20.1 Price comparison of the different ways of producing energy for 5 different populations Assignment 21 E = mc² The equation E = mc² enables us to calculate how much... is produced by.... Write E = mc² in words:..... Staple here Animation flick book of nuclear fission. SW2.6

26 Assignment 22 Is the Flame Worth the Candle? Make notes under the first main heading if you are the Risk Assessment Consultant and the second if you are the Nuclear Fuel Consultant: The risks involved in generating electricity by nuclear power: Risks from accidents: Risks from radiation and leaks: The problems of dealing with spent nuclear fuel: Where does nuclear fuel come from? SW2.7

27 What happens to the spent fuel rods? Help each other to list 6 points in favor and 6 against nuclear power: FOR AGAINST Table 22.1 Is nuclear power worth the risk? SW2.8

28 Assignment 23 Inside a Nuclear Power Plant Using the information in task 3, plot a decay graph for Caesium-137 for a 240 year period: Graph 23.1 Decay graph - radioactivity level of a radioactive material over a period of time. The half-life of a radioactive material is... Assignment 24 Warming-Up Exercises Work out the heat loss from the ceiling area in an insulated house (question 24.3a): Rate of heat loss = U-value x area x temperature difference =... x... x =... W Work out the heat loss from double glazed doors and windows in this house (question 24.3b): Rate of heat loss =... x... x =... W A material with a high U-value is a (good/bad) insulator. SW2.9

29 Assignment 25 Stay Cool! In table 25.1, record the internal temperature of the model house every 30 seconds (twice) for each of the insulating materials. Work out the average total temperature increase for each material (referring to table 25.1 of the Assignment Guide if you are not sure how to do this). Polystyrene Corrugated board (foil outside) Corrugated board (foil inside) Corrugated board (no foil) Time (mins) Temperature ( F) 1 2 Temperature ( F) 1 2 Temperature ( F) 1 2 Temperature ( F) Total temp. change Average total temp. change Table 25.1 Insulation properties of 4 materials. The best insulating material is (Name and describe in detail) This material is good at keeping the house cool because SW2.10

30 Assignment 26 "Can I interest you in some double glazing?" Record the internal temperature of the model house every 30 seconds (twice) for 5 minutes. Calculate the average total temperature increase. Do this first for single glazing (table 26.1) then for double glazing (table 26.2) Total temp. change Average total temp. change Single Glazing Time Temperature ( F) (mins) Total temp. change Average total temp. change Double Glazing Time Temperature ( F) (mins) 1 2 Table 26.1 Insulation property of single glazing Table 26.2 Insulation property of double glazing SW2.11

31 From the tables, plot two sets of results. In red, plot the results for single glazing and in blue, plot the results for double glazing (graph 26.1): Graph 26.1 Temperature change inside the insulated box, for both single and double glazing, over 5 minutes. SW2.12

32 Assignment 27 Designing An Energy Efficient House (Part One) Design a self-sufficient, energy efficient house that uses no mains electricity. Try out an arrangement of components in Choice Table 1, which will form your first design: COMPONENTS TYPE QUANTITY (No Units) COST EACH ($) TOTAL COST ($) TOTAL SAVING (kwhr) A B C Windmill Solar Panel Single Glazing Double Glazing D E F Heat Storage Insulation Water Storage GRAND TOTALS Table 27.1 Choice Table 1 - first house design. Assignment 28 Designing An Energy Efficient House (Part Two) The cost of building/converting houses to improve energy efficiency: It... (is/is not) possible to build energy efficient houses for the same price as conventional buildings. It costs... (more/less) to make alterations to an existing building, than to include energy saving devices in a house as it is being built. SW2.13

33 Try out another arrangement of components in Choice Table 2, which will form your second house design. COMPONENTS TYPE QUANTITY (No Units) COST EACH ($) TOTAL COST ($) TOTAL SAVING (kwhr) A B C Windmill Solar Panel Single Glazing Double Glazing D E F Heat Storage Insulation Water Storage GRAND TOTALS Table 28.1 Choice Table 2 - second house design. Copy your best design into the final choice table: COMPONENTS TYPE QUANTITY (No Units) COST EACH ($) TOTAL COST ($) TOTAL SAVING (kwhr) A B C Windmill Solar Panel Single Glazing Double Glazing D E F Heat Storage Insulation Water Storage GRAND TOTALS Table 28.2 Choice Table 3 - final house design. SW2.14

34 SW2.15

35 Alternative Energy (30 hour) Solar panels - a maximum of 6 can be bought Large Single Glazed Windows - 4 units each Large Double Glazed Windows - 4 units each SW2.16

36 Alternative Energy (30 hour) Medium Single Glazed Windows - 1 unit each Medium Single Glazed Windows - 1 unit each Small Single Glazed Windows - 1/2 unit each Heat Storage - Water Heat Storage - Sand Small Double Glazed Windows - 1/2 unit each Heat Storage - Rock Water Storage Tanks SW2.17

37 Heat Storage Water Heat Storage Sand Heat Storage Rock Varying Widths of Insulation Masonary Wall SW2.18

38 Carefully cut along the dotted lines of the components that you have chosen and stick them onto the model house plan. If you have chosen to use a wind turbine, carefully cut along the dotted lines of the one that you want and stick it onto the model house plan. SW2.19

39 Assignment 29 Bright Ideas (Part One) Cost of running a fluorescent lamp: Calculate the cost of running a fluorescent lamp for one year: Cost of lamp = $... for... hrs Cost for 2000 hrs = $... Amount of electricity =... W x... hrs =...kwh =... kwh Cost of electricity =... kwh x... /kwh = $... Total Cost = $... + $... = $... per year Calculate the cost of running a fluorescent lamp for five years: Cost of lamp = $... for... hrs Cost for 2000 hrs = $... Cost for 5 yrs = $... Amount of electricity =... W x... hrs =...kwh =... kwh Cost of electricity =... kwh x... /kwh = $... Total Cost = $... + $... = $... Fluorescent lamps cost... (more/less) to run than tungsten filament bulbs. SW2.20

40 Assignment 30 Bright Ideas (Part Two) Saving money using solar energy to heat water: Show your working for question 30.3b. Saving for 4 square yards:... $/kw x... kw x = $... x... = $... So, total electricity bill: = $ SW2.21

41 FLICK BOOK FRAMES (SHEET 1 of 2) Color the frames as instructed in Assignment 21, and carefully cut along the dotted lines. SW2.22

42 FLICK BOOK FRAMES (SHEET 2 of 2) Color the frames as instructed in Assignment 21, and carefully cut along the dotted lines. SW2.23