Decentralized Energy Produc3on

Transcription

1 Another way of thinking energy produc3on Environmental Issues of the Barents Region Oulanka Research sta3on

2 Contents Small- scale energy produc3on technology Implemen3ng decentralized energy produc3on today Foreseeing a new way of decentralized energy produc3on: the smart house Centralized and Decentralized energy produc3on interac3on

3 What is it? Decentralized energy production refers to small and medium-scale energy production Energy production is carried out on site, at the building or neighbourhood level Applies for electricity and heat production Does not aim to make building independent but interact together or support the centralized energy production Aiming to flatten the energy peak load

4 What is it? Enhance the implementation of renewable energies Renewable energy is the main source of energy Small-scale solar power (electrical and heat) Small-scale wind power Heat pump (GSHP/Air source HP) Micro/Small-scale CHP Fuel Cell/Electrolyser Waste-to-energy technologies GWh Other fuels Wood fuels Peat Natural gas Oil Hard Coal Nuclear energy Wind power Hydro power Energy sources in electricity genera3on Source: Sta+s+c Finland

5 Solar Power Can be used for electricity produc3on Photovoltaic panels Solar photovoltaic electricity is generated from the sun s light, employing photovoltaic modules with cells, which convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductor devices. Can be used to warm up water Solar thermal panels Solar thermal energy is generated from the sun s heat and employs this directly to heat water or buildings, or to produce steam to power electricity generators Based on Eva Pongracz Lecture note

6 Solar power for Heat production Flat plate Simple technology Absorber: black surface to absorb more heat Tube in which water circulates Glass window to insulate from forced convection Pump for recirculating the water Water tank Can be combined with other sources of energy Act as a secondary source Evacuated tubes collectors More complex and fragile technology Evacuated tube in which water tube circulates Enhance higher performance Highly insulated Can be combined with other sources of energy Suitable for Nordic climate

7 Solar power for Heat production Flat plate Simple technology Absorber: black surface to absorb more heat Tube in which water circulates Glass window to insulate from forced convection Pump for recirculating the water Water tank Can be combined with other sources of energy Act as a secondary source Evacuated tubes collectors More complex and fragile technology Evacuated tube in which water tube circulates Enhance higher performance Highly insulated Can be combined with other sources of energy Suitable for Nordic climate

8 Solar power for electricity production Solar power can be transformed into electricity via a physical process Solar cell measure mm and produce an average voltage of 0,6 V By organizing cells in series and parallels, it is possible to increase the voltage and the current to produce power Two main technology represen3ng 80 % of the market: Mono and Poly- crystalline cell Silicon based Other technology integrate thin- film, or other materials than silicon Theore3cal efficiency 30 % Source: Luque A. & Hegedus S., Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Chapter 3 Prac3cal cell efficiency % Prac3cal panel efficiency 6 14 % Standard condi+on

9 Solar power for electricity production Solar power can be transformed into electricity via a physical process Solar cell measure mm and produce an average voltage of 0,6 V By organizing cells in series and parallels, it is possible to increase the voltage and the current to produce power Two main technology represen3ng 80 % of the market: Mono and Poly- crystalline cell Silicon based Other technology integrate thin- film, or other materials than silicon Theore3cal efficiency 30 % Source: Luque A. & Hegedus S., Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Chapter 3 Prac3cal cell efficiency % Prac3cal panel efficiency 6 14 % Standard condi+on

10 Solar power for electricity production Solar power can be transformed into electricity via a physical process Solar cell measure mm and produce an average voltage of 0,6 V By organizing cells in series and parallels, it is possible to increase the voltage and the current to produce power Two main technology represen3ng 80 % of the market: Mono and Poly- crystalline cell Silicon based Other technology integrate thin- film, or other materials than silicon Theore3cal efficiency 30 % Source: Luque A. & Hegedus S., Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Chapter 3 Prac3cal cell efficiency % Prac3cal panel efficiency 6 14 % Standard condi+on

11 Small-scale wind power Kinetic energy to mechanical energy Clean Sustainable Secure Reliable Competitive cost Energy increases with wind speed to third power Power in wind 1 m/s = 0.61 W/m 2 5 m/s = 76.5 W/m 2 10 m/s = 612 W/m 2 15 m/s = 2067 W/m 2 20 m/s = 4900 W/m 2 P = 1 ρav 2 3 Theoretical efficiency = 59,3 % (also called the Betz limit) Practical efficiency around 40 % with a seasonal efficiency of 25 % Based on M. Homola Lecture notes

12 Small-scale wind power 70 m 15 m 0 kw 1,5 kw 20 kw 100 kw Micro- scale Small- scale Medium- scale Picture: Vestas

13 Heat pump Concept: Extracting energy from a cold source to a hot source cold sources Ground Air Water (Sea, River, Stands3ll) hot source Air Water Refrigerant Any combination is possible from above sources Main components: - Compressor - Expansion valve - Exchangers Compressor Electrical or thermally run Efficiency measured = COP = Q ther Q elec

14 Heat pump Small- scale heat pump are used for heat produc3on. Bigger scale may work as heat and electricity produc3on e.g. Iceland Common technology Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) High efficiency COP 3,5 5 Due to stable cold source temperature Air source heat pump for warming water or air Variable efficiency 1,5 4,2 Due to variable outside air temperature

15 Cogeneration CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Aim to produce heat and electricity simultaneously Uses Biomass (raw or from waste), natural gas as energy source Different engine size allows to have it in a neighbourhood or in a building (from few kw to hundreds of MW) Micro- CHP Small- CHP Fixed- bed gasifier + Microturbine Fixed- bed gasifier + S3rling Fixed- bed gasifier + gas/diesel engine Gasifica3on + Fuel Cell + Gas/Steam turbine Atmospheric- Pressure + indirect gas turbine cycles Fixed/fluidised- bed gasifier & co- firing in natural gas engines Simplified IGCC Time Fixed- bed gasifier + steam Fluidised- bed gasifier connected to coal/gas/peat boiler Power, kw Based on VTT and the Austrian Energy Associa+on

16 Cogeneration CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Allows to produce electricity and recover the exhaust heat for producing hot water Efficiency η = W e + Q Th Q fuel η = % Wood pellet powered Stirling engine micro-chp Based on VTT and the Austrian Energy Associa+on

17 Cogeneration CHP (Combined Heat and Power) Allows to produce electricity and recover the exhaust heat for producing hot water Efficiency η = W e + Q Th Q fuel η = % Wood pellet powered Stirling engine micro-chp Based on VTT and the Austrian Energy Associa+on

18 Fuel Cells Electrochemical technology using a chemical process for producing electricity Although the parallel with a battery is possible to make, the concept is the opposite: A battery store the energy chemically and restore this energy under the form of electricity. A fuel cell use the energy present in the fuel, extract the electrons to produce a voltage. Wide technology range: Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM or PEFC) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) Bio fuel cell (BioFC) Polybenzimidazole membrane fuel cell (PMI- FC) etc. Source: Produc3on and use of energy, 2011 Mika Huuhtanen

19 Fuel Cells Opera3on temperatures and commercial power categories Alkali fuel cell (AFC) C, 1 W 50 W Fuel: Hydrogen Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) C, 1 W 250 W (1000 W) Fuel: Hydrogen, CH 4, CH 3 OH Polymer fuel cell (PEFC), C, 1 W 5 kw Fuel: Hydrogen Polybenzimidazole fuel cell (PBI, HT- PEM), C, 20 W 5 kw Fuel: Hydrogen, possibly CH 3 OH Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), C, 250 W 5 kw Fuel: Hydrogen, CO, CH 4 Fuel Cell may be used as a CHP unit to recover the heat produced during the electricity produc3on Source: Produc3on and use of energy, 2011 Mika Huuhtanen

20 Fuel Cells Efficiency calculated by using: The high hea3ng value of hydrogen (- 285,84 kj/mol) Ac3va3on losses Fuel crossover and internal losses Concentra3on losses Resistance losses PEMFC Fuel Cell Schema3c

21 Fuel Cells V 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 W/cm 2 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 Voltage Power Efficiency calculated by using: The high hea3ng value of hydrogen (- 285,84 kj/mol) Ac3va3on losses Fuel crossover and internal losses Concentra3on losses Resistance losses 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,05 η = V cell V theo max ma/cm 2 η = 0, 66 1, 48 PEM Cell power and Voltage Average Cell Efficiency: 45%

22 Application today The Finnish case

23 Application today The European general case

24 Smart Buildings - Concepts Smart buildings integrate advanced automation system for different purposes such as lighting, temperature, multimedia, openings (windows/doors), health recording. Smart buildings cover a wide range of application Energy smart system Health smart system : Smart system handling the energy distribution within the building including both electricity and heat consumption. Everyday life handling smart system

25 Smart Buildings - Concepts Collecting real-time data enabling intelligent automation, Data management infrastructure allowing consumption and production of energy, Data platform, Energy user preferences for flexible feedbacks, Supporting the grid operators enabling smart grid infrastructure, Enabling producers and consumers interaction and have a dynamic energy market, Reducing maintenance using the cloud system, Energy display in the building, Improving the billing and payment system

26 Smart Buildings Evolved smart building

27 Smart Buildings - Feedbacks Objectives Self historical Consumption/ Production Comparative consumption (neighbourhood, etc...) Units [kwh or kwh/ m2] (Energy con- sumption) [kw] (Power) Scale Retrieved Format Time scale Jean- Nicolas Louis Overall Electric Flow VHSDUDWLQJ WKH ÀRZ coming in and out) Chart (Columns, Pie,...) Yearly Achieving goals (Set by the user or the smart system) [ ] (Energy cost) Through a timeline (Comparing hours by hours, day by day,...) Tables Monthly Billing [kg CO2] (Emissions) [Visual] (Colour indicator) By zone Textual (Report form) Weekly Informing/Ad- vising By appliances Other Numerical method Daily Decentralized Energy Produc3on Hourly Picture/Colors Real- Time

28 Smart Buildings - Feedbacks

29 Smart Buildings - Feedbacks Thank you for your amen3on!!