SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION OF FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES
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1 SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION OF FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES Cameron Clark ScoI Vandenburgh, PE David L. Parry, PhD, PE, BCEE Session 14 October 23rd, 2012
2 Background and ObjecRves Food waste is 2 nd greatest category of waste generated in the United States* Typical data suggest 19-20% of food is wasted, but range as high as 40% Because of recycling, it is the largest category of waste disposed in landfills Costs and benefits of different food waste management methods should be a priority Possibly treat as resource rather than waste *US EPA. July 26, Basic InformaRon about Food Waste. 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
3 AlternaRves 1. Landfill: Commingled food waste disposed in landfill 2. Compost: Source- separated food waste in a large- scale composrng facility. 3. WWTP/Sewer: Food waste processed with disposer and sewered to a WWTF 4. WWTP/Hauled: Source- separated food waste hauled to anaerobic digester at WWTF 5. Mixed Materials Recovery Facility (MRF): Commingled food waste to MRF, then either a municipal wastewater treatment plant anaerobic digester or a landfill. 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
4 Parameters Evaluated QuanRtaRve parameters Greenhouse gas emissions Space footprint Labor demands Diesel fuel demand Electricity demand Water demand Priority air pollutants Capital and opera3ng costs 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
5 Study Goals and Qualifiers Establish framework for a consistent analysis This study was NOT a life- cycle analysis This project was only a template to establish baseline data Not specific to geographic region, demographics, and behavior paierns OpRmal management method based on municipality s goals 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
6 Project Approach RepresentaRve popularon of 100,000 people Food waste characterizaron C H O N 1 Food Waste Characteristic Value Total solids (wet basis) 30.9% Volatile solids (wet basis) 26.4% TSS:TS ratio 62% Percent biodegradable 82% Density 31 lb/ft 3
7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Evaluated Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Methane (CH 4 ), and Nitrous Oxide (NO 2 ) Global warming potenrals (GWP) used to compare global warming effect of different compounds GWPs normalized to CO 2 e (by mass) over 100- yr Rme span GWP CO 2 = 1 GWP CH 4 = 25 GWP NO 2 = Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (cont d) Nonbiogenic sources: Electricity purchased from urlity CombusRon of fossil fuels, such as diesel or natural gas All methane and nitrous oxide emissions, regardless of source Biogenic sources: CO 2 emissions from biological sources
9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (cont d) In addiron to direct emissions from each alternarve, indirect emissions from manufacture of syntherc ferrlizer were also considered Also considered greenhouse gas offsets for: Electricity generaron Carbon sequestraron 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
10 Cost EsRmaRons All costs calculated at 6% net discount rate over 20 years Cost esrmarons included: Capital cost of equipment Hauling food waste and final product Electricity demand Electricity producron Chemical demand Cost curves and professional experience 14 Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
11 Landfill AlternaRve Vehicle Air Emissions Vehicle Air Emissions Vehicle Air Emissions Vehicle Air Emissions Food Degradation Air Emissions Residential Food Waste Collection & Transport Transfer Station Transport Landfill Carbon Sequestration Diesel Fuel Diesel Fuel and Power Diesel Fuel Diesel Fuel Vehicle Air emissions Leachate Transport WWTP Power Power Biogas Combustion Air Emissions CHP Power Diesel Fuel Abbreviations WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant LFG Landfill Gas CHP Combined Heat and Power Engine Inputs and emissions were considered negligible Legend Liquid unit process Solids unit process Gas unit process Pump or Blower Liquid process flow Solids process flow Gas process flow Unit processes included in all models are shown solid; optional unit processes are shown hatched Energy or material inputs Emissions 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Products Alterna:ves
12 Compost AlternaRve 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
13 WWTP/Sewer AlternaRve 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
14 WWTP/Hauled AlternaRve Vehicle Air Emissions Process Air Emissions Process Air Emissions Biogas Combustion Air Emissions Residential Food Waste Collection & Transport Slurry Tank Dilution Water Power Solids Processing & Anaerobic Digestion CHP Power Diesel Fuel Power Process Air Emissions Power Chemicals Sludge Screen Vehicle Air Emissions Legend Power Power Transport Carbon Sequestration & Fertilizer Offset Solids unit process Gas unit process Solids process flow Gas process flow Diesel Fuel Energy or material inputs Emissions 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves Products
15 Mixed MRF AlternaRve 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
16 Landfill Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4000 Landfill CO2e Results CO2e Emissions (ton/yr) *Denotes biogenic greenhouse gas emission or offset
17 Compost Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO2e Emissions (ton/yr) *Denotes biogenic greenhouse gas emission or offset
18 WWTP/Sewer Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4000 WWTP/Sewers CO2e Results CO2e Emissions (ton/yr) Highly uncertain *Denotes biogenic greenhouse gas emission or offset
19 WWTP/Hauled Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO2e Emissions (ton/yr) *Denotes biogenic greenhouse gas emission or offset
20 Mixed MRF Greenhouse Gas Emissions 4000 MRF WWTP Landfill Summary CO2e Emissions (ton/yr) *Denotes biogenic greenhouse gas emission or offset
21 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary CO2e Emissions (tons/yr) Landfill Compost WWTP/Sewers WWTP/Hauled Mixed MRF Biogenic CO2e Non-Biogenic CO2e Total CO2e
22 Cost Summary Capital Costs Annual Costs Present Worth Landfill $1,030,000 $698,000 $9,000,000 Composting $426,000 $593,000 $7,230,000 WWTP/Sewers $2,700,000 $214,000 $5,170,000 WWTP/Hauled $1,860,000 $585,000 $8,600,000 Mixed MRF $1,650,000 $674,000 $9,360,000
23 Conclusions Summary Biogenic CO 2 e Non- biogenic CO 2 e Total CO 2 e Capital Cost O&M Cost Net Present Worth Landfill Highest Highest Highest Nearly Highest Compost Lowest Lowest WWTP/ Sewer WWTP/ Hauled Mixed MRF Highest (Highly Uncertain) Lowest (only net negarve) Lowest Highest Lowest Lowest Highest
24 Further Research Needs Key items for follow up: Food degrada3on in sewers BeBer food waste characteriza3on SeBling in primary clarifiers Food degradaron in collecron bins Impact of food waste on digester performance Impact of MRF on food waste characterizaron Expand the study to consider more oprons
25 QuesRons
26 Other Issues to Consider Footprint Landfill, Compost, Mixed MRF need most land Diesel fuel demand ComposRng 5-25X higher than other alternarves Electricity demand Landfill, WWTP/Hauled, Mixed MRF are net producers Compost and WWTP/Sewers are net consumers User convenience Landfill, WWTP/Sewers, Mixed MRF considered most convenient Compost and WWTP/Hauled require addironal separaron steps
27 Priority Pollutant Emissions Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrous Oxide (NOx) Lead Ozone ParRculate MaIer (PM) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Lead and ozone were considered negligible 14B Sustainability of Food Waste Management Alterna:ves
28 Priority Pollutant Emissions Pollutant Emissions (tons/yr) Landfill Compost WWTP/Sewers WWTP/Hauled Mixed MRF NOx CO SOx PM
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