REGULATIONS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN JAPAN

Transcription

1 WEPA Workshop, Vientiane, Lao PDR January 25, 2016 REGULATIONS OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN JAPAN Mitsumasa OKADA, Ph.D. WEPA Advisor Professor, The Open University of Japan

2 How do we ontrol wastewater disharge from industries in Japan? Regulations must be effiient, fair and feasible! Environmental water quality standards: EWQS Targets for the ontrol of wastewater disharge Pollutants/parameters to be ontrolled National uniform effluent quality standards f. Total Maximum daily Loading: TMDL Loal rigorous effluent quality standards Minimum requirement and loal requirements/onditions for water environment Provisional effluent quality standards

3 Water pollution by industrial wastewaters Dokai Bay, Kita-Kyushu, Japan a. 1990s: Restored a. 1960s: Polluted Dead Sea

4 Environmental Water Quality Standards (EWQS) : The Basi Law for Environment Administrative targets and riteria for promotion of omprehensive measures against water pollution Water quality to be ahieved and maintained in publi water bodies To protet human health To prevent health damages like Minamata and Itai-Itai diseases To onserve living environment To protet all the water uses losely related with daily human life To protet the living environment for plants/animals losely related to human life

5 EWQS to Protet Human Health (mg l -1 or less) admium , 1, 1-trihloroethane 1.0 total yanide N.D. 1, 1, 2-trihloroethane lead 0.01 trihloroethylene 0.03 hromium (VI) 0.05 tetrahloroethylene 0.01 arseni , 3-dihloropropene total merury thiuram alkyl merury N.D. CAT (simazine) PCB N.D. thiobenarb 0.02 dihloromethane 0.02 benzene 0.01 arbon tetrahloride selenium , 2-dihloroethane Nitrate and nitrite 10 1, 1 -dihloroethylene 0.02 fluoride 0.8 is- 1, 2-dihloroethylene 0.04 borate 1.0 1,4-dioxane 0.05 To be applied both for surfae and groundwater 28 parameters on toxi substanes annual average value exept for total yanide (maximum value) Used and deteted in Japanese water environment

6 EWQS to Conserve Living Environment: Rivers ategory water use ph BOD SS DO CG* AA Water supply lass 1 ; onservation of natural environment, and uses listed in A-E A Water supply lass 2 ; fishery, lass l; bathing and uses listed in B-E ,000 B Water supply lass 3 ; fishery, lass 2, and uses listed in C-E ,000 C Fishery lass 3 ; industrial water, lass l, and uses listed in D-E D E Industrial water lass 2 ; agriultural water; and uses listed in E Industrial water lass 3 ; onservation of living environment Main target = Organi pollution (BOD) + turbidity, sanitation Six ategories dependent on water uses: AA, A, B, C, D, E water supply, fishery, bathing, irrigation, onservation *number of oliform groups (MPN/100 ml), **no floating matters ** (mg l -1 )

7 Categories in Ohta River, Hiroshima ( River, Estuary ) A B Atomi Bomb Dome B A A A B B B B A A

8 EWQS to Conserve Living Environment: Lakes and Reservoirs (volume > 10 million m 3 ) ategory water use ph COD Mn SS DO CG* AA A B C water supply lass 1, fishery lass 1, onservation of natural environment, and uses A-C water supply lass 2 and 3, fishery lass 2, bathing, and uses B-C fishery lass 3, industrial water lass 1, irrigation water, and use C industrial water lass 2, onservation of environment , ** *number of oliform groups (MPN/100 ml), **no floating matters (mg l -1 )

9 EWQS on Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Lakes and Reservoirs: Eutrophiation Category water use T-N T-P I II III Conservation of natural environment, and uses listed in II-V Water supply lasses 1, 2, 3 ((exept for speial types), fishery lass 1, bathing; and uses listed in III-V Water supply lass 3 (speial types), and uses listed in IV-V IV Fishery lass 2, and uses listed in V V Fishery lass 3, industrial water; agriultural water; onservation of living environment

10 EWQS to Conserve Living Environment: Estuaries ategory water use ph CODMn CG NHE* A B C fishery alss 1, bathing, onservation of natural environment and uses B-C fishery alss 2, industrial water and uses B-C onservation of environment ,000 ND ND *NHE: n-hexane Extrats

11 EWQS on Nitrogen and Phosphorus for Estuaries : Eutrophiation ategory uses of water T-N T-P I II Conservation of natural environment and II, III, IV Fisheries lass 1, Marine rereation / bathing and III, IV III Fisheries lass 2 and IV IV Fisheries lass 3, Protetion of benthi organisms, Industrial water supply (mg l -1 )

12 How to satisfy with the EWQS: C t? C e : effluent water quality standards (onentration) C in Wastewater treatment plants To what extent purify effluents? Take self-purifiation into onsideration? The same for industries and domesti? industry C e Wastewater treatment plants C t household C in C e 10 x C t or C e C t self-purifiation

13 How to satisfy with the EWQS: C t? Industries TMDL: Total Maximum Daily Loading L e = Q e x C e : effluent loading household others Wastewater treatment plants L e1 = Q e1 x C e1 L e7 L e6 L e5 Total Loading = Σ L ei C t = Σ L ei /V - R Wastewater treatment plants L e2 C t household L e3 Wastewater treatment plants L e4 More industries?

14 WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY GAS: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, NH 3, WASTEWATER + pollutants DECOMPOSITION Energy, hemials, materials (O 3, ativated arbon, resin, membrane, ) SEPARATION LIQUID: Clean Water + Inative/harmless solids, solutes Reyle/reuse: energy, material SOLID: exess sludge, waste materials (spent arbon, resin, membrane, )

15 Water quality of effluent? Complete removal of pollutants from wastewaters? (Tehnially) feasible by advaned treatment, i.e. ozone, UV, ativated arbon,.. Too muh to satisfy with EWQS? Waste of energy, hemials, materials and funds may result in other problems, i.e. limate hange, waste disposal and bankrupty, Appropriate removal of pollutants from wastewater! Effiient : enough to satisfy with EWQS Fair : equivalent efforts among polluters Feasible : the best available tehnology

16 NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS Uniform and national minimum riteria for effluent quality Regulate effluent disharges into publi water bodies from the speified failities (a. 600 industrial ategories). Parameters to be ontrolled Human health : all failities Living environment : daily disharge > 50 m 3 Exemption from the standards for small industries = Fair Feasible: small budget, lak of human resoures Effetive: Little environmental impats

17 NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS admium & ompounds 0.03 trihloroethylene 0.03 total yanide 1.0 tetrahloroethylene 0.1 organophosphorus ompounds 1.0 1, 3- dihloropropene 0.02 lead & ompounds 0.1 thiuram 0.06 hromium (VI) & ompounds 0.5 CAT (simazine) 0.03 arseni & ompounds 0.1 thiobenarb 0.2 total merury benzene 0.1 alkyl merury N.D. selenium & ompounds 0.1 PCBs dihloromethane 0.2 arbon tetrahloride , 2-dihloroethane 0.04 fluoride & ompounds borate & ompounds Effluent quality standard = EWQS x 10 Parameters on human health estuaries 15, others 8 estuaries 230, others 10 1, 1- dihloroethylene 0.2 ammonia + ammonium, nitraite and nitrate ompounds 100 is-1, 2- dihloroethylene Ten times dilution after 0.4 disharge? 1, 1, 1- trihloroethane 3 1,4-dioxane 0.5 Enough to satisfy with EWQS by self-purifiation? 1, 1, 2- trihloroethane 0.06 Uniform to all the failities (mg l -1 or less)

18 NATIONAL UNIFORM EFFLUENT QUALITY STANDARDS parameters ph BOD, COD Mn SS n-hexane extrat phenols opper zin dissolved Fe, Mn hromium fluorine number of C.G. nitrogen phosphorus Parameters on living environment standard values (mg l -1 or less) (daily average = 120) 200 (daily average = 150) 5.0 (mineral oil), 30 (animal fat and vegetable oil) , ,000 (ml -1 daily average) 120 (daily average = 60) 16 (daily average = 8) Fair: Industrial effluents must be equivalent with onventional domesti wastewater BOD, COD = 160 mg l -1, SS = 200 mg l -1 Small exemption

19 Loal Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards Loal (prefeture) ordinane for loal requirements if the national uniform effluent quality standards are not enough to satisfy with the EWQS for a speifi loal water body All the loal governments have put standards in fore

20 Loal Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards by Prefetural Governments : COD Mn prefeture water area new operating Kanagawa A: proteted lakes 5 (3) 20 (15) A: other lakes 15(10) 25 (20) B 25 (20) 60 (50) marine 25 (20) 60 (50) Shiga Hiroshima first ategory 50 (40) seond ategory 85 (65) third ategory 120 (90) forth ategory 130 (100) Kure area 15 (10)-40 (30) 15 (10)-125 (85) Different standards among: Seto Inland Sea 15 (10)-50 (40) 15 (10)-130 (100) Prefeture, water area to satisfy with EWQS National minimum 160 (120) daily maximum (daily average) mg l -1 or less New and operating failities - ranges dependent on disharge volume and industries Effiient, Fair, Feasible

21 Loal Rigorous Effluent Quality Standards by Shiga Prefetural Government : T-N, T-P industry Daily volume of operating new disharge (m 3 ) T-N T-P T-N T-P food (exept for box lunh prodution) 50-1, , textile , , Other prodution Different standards 50-1,000 among: 12 Effiient, 1.2 Fair, 8 Feasible 0.6 1, night soil treatment Industrial ategories jokaso Daily volume of disharge 10-3, sewage treatment plant New and operating 3,000 - failities NATIONAL UNIFORM STANDARDS 120(60) 16(8) 120(60) 16(8) (mg l -1 )

22 Provisional effluent quality standards Some industries are diffiult to omply with the national uniform effluent quality standard even with the best available tehnology Exemption from the national uniform standards for the speified industries: N:55, P:39 National uniform: N(120, 60), P(16, 8) : (daily maximum, average), mg l -1 pig/attle farm: N (700,350), P (100,50) oke oven: N (170,130) dairy produts: P (30,15) Speified industries must develop and adopt a new tehnology to satisfy with the national uniform standards in 5 years ( )

23 PROVISIONAL STANDARDS FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES ode T-N T-P max. ave. max. ave. meat proessing dairy produts other livestok produts fish anning, bottling seaweed proessing fish ham/sausage fish paste (boiled) frozen fish produts frozen fish proessing other fish produts soy soure and amino ads syntheti seasoning beet sugar refinary fresh ake veqetable oil animal oil grain starh potato Different starh prodution standards among: tufu/tofu derivatives bean jam Industrial ategories Effiient, Fair, Feasible

24 REVISION OF THE PROVISIONAL STANDARDS PROVISIONAL STANDARDS: The 1 st revision: N: 50 INDUSTRIES 4 INDUSTRIES 2,851 plants 115 plants P: 34 INDUSTRIES 3 INDUSTRIES 2,512 plants 117 plants The 2 nd revision:

25 REVISIONS OF PROVISIONAL STANDARDS N P Industrial ategories Provisional standard ( ) 1 st revision ( ) 2 nd revision ( ) 3 rd revision ( ) 4 th revision ( ) Natural Gas 200 (180) 170 (150) 160 (150) 160 (150) 160 (150) Feedlot 270 (350) 260 (200) 190 (150) 190 (150) 170 (140) Silver Oxide 560 (370) 350 (300) 240 (210) - Cobalt Oxide 1100 (880) 900 (750) 550 (300) 400 (120) Lead Chromate Paint Vanadium & Molybdenum Compounds 26,000 (17,000) 1,500 (1,000) 1,300 (950) - 8,000 (6,000) 6,000 (5,000) 5,000 (3850) 4,250 (3,500) Feedlot 100 (50) 50 (40) 30 (24) 30 (24) 20 (15) Phosphorus and Compounds National uniform: N(120, 60), P(16, 8) 640 (280) 90 (40) 40 (10) 40 (10) -

26 Cumulative(%) EFFLUENT COD FROM SWEET BEAN PROCESSING PLANTS Different effluent quality in the same industrial ategories, i.e. the same produts from similar raw materials n = COD (mg l -1 )

27 Cumulative(%) STD ave STD max Prov. ave Prov. max EFFLUENT T-P FROM SWEET BEAN PROCESSING PLANTS The provisional standards to save all the failities is neessary? n = T-P (mg l -1 )

28 Time for Q & A Seto Inland Sea Akitsu, Higashi-Hiroshima

29 PRODUCTION AND LOADINGS FOR 6 MAJOR INDUSTRIES: 1992 food fiber pulp & paper hemial petroleum & oal steel 3 estuaries Total Prodution: 57.8 trillion Total loading : 274 t day -1

30 How to satisfy with the effluent quality standard? INDUSTRIAL WATER FACTORY RAW MATERIALS RECYCLE OTHERS(hemials) (ADDITIVES, DETERGENTS) GAS, SOILD WASTE PRODUCTS WASTEWATER WASTEWATER TREATMENT

31 How to satisfy with the effluent quality standard? INDUSTRIAL WATER RAW MATERIALS OTHERS(hemials) (ADDITIVES, DETERGENTS) FACTORY RECYCLE GAS, SOILD WASTE PRODUCTS

32 BOILING WASTEWATER RECYCLING TO REDUCE EFFLUENT T-P Beans (red,white= 3:1) Storage (one per year harvesting) Washing water Washing waste water (reyled) Boiling for 1 hour 12m mg P l -1 boiling water evaporation 5m 3 sugar Sweet bean solid onentrate produts 2m 3 5m 3 Cleaning water