The possibilities of biofuel production in terms of sustainable development in Serbia

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1 The possibilities of biofuel production in terms of sustainable development in Serbia JELENA PECELJ Department of Geography, Faculty of Philosophy MILOVAN PECELJ DANIMIR MANDIĆ Teachers Training Faculty MILICA PECELJ Department of Geography, Faculty of Philosophy DEJAN FILIPOVIĆ SANJA STOJKOVIC VESNA MILIĆ Faculty of Agriculture DUSICA PECELJ Novi Sad Abstract: Biomass is biologically degradable material derived from living or recently living organisms. Its increased use can contribute the importation of many sustainable solutions for the energetic demands of humans. The goal of this article is to indicate the importance of biofuels, especially biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas, in the further development of Serbia. The use of biofuel doesn t lead to increasing the concentration of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere. Thus, its impact on the consequences of global warming is positive. Because of the facts that the fossil fuels resources are limited, the oil is getting more expensive and the safety of oil apply is unsafe, it seems reasonable to consider energetic and economic efficiency of biofuel. Key words: biomass, biofuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, sustainable development, greenhouse effect 1. Introduction Biofuels are fuels derived from biomass as a renewable source of energy. Biomass is material of plant and animal origin, entire organic matter on Earth (no fossil fuels). ISBN:

2 Under biomass are considered biodegradable substances, often products and their residues in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and industry that produce waste organic origin, as well as the biodegradable part of municipal solid waste. Increased use of these residues, or biomass as a biofuel, can contribute to decision-viable solution for many energetic needs of contemporary man. In recent years the production and consumption of biofuels is growing and increasingly replace fossil fuels. Biofuels in fact represent the first serious competition to fossil fuels after more than a century. Biofuels are ecologically far more acceptable than the fossil, but their production is still expensive. The use of biofuels does not cause increased emissions of polluting effects and gases that cause greenhouse effect strengthened and thus affect the occurrence of global warming. The task of this paper is to present the potential of biofuel production in Serbia, for which there are already production capacity, with the development of project to produce bioethanol in progress. 2. Environmental aspects of biodiesel There are no sulfur emissions, because biodiesel does not contain sulfur. Its biodegradable properties (decomposed after 28 days) make it much less dangerous for the nature of the case and highlighting the failures in the environment. Biodiesel is not classified as a hazardous substance during transportation and storage. Emissions of CO, hydrocarbons and particulate matter during combustion of the biodiesel over conventional diesel slightly less, while NO x emissions by 8% higher. Using oxidation catalysts it is drastically reduced and minimized (Figure 1.). Long-term strategy of managing energy resources would make biodiesel as an energy source of crucial economic importance for the agricultural and transport sector in Serbia. 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -4% -99% -32% -95% +8% CO HC NOx Particles Diesel BD without Oxy Kat BD with Oxy Kat Figure 1. Comparison of the composition of pollutants conventional diesel and biodiesel 3. Biofuel production in Serbia -8% In Zrenjanin, in northern Serbia, is in course working on a project to build bioethanol refinery, worth 380 million euros, of which the investor is the Hungarian-American company ''BiotechEnergy'', which is considered the largest Greenfield investment in Southeast Europe. It is envisaged that it develop a technological process of bioethanol production from cellulose. Bioethanol produced from cellulose is a socalled second generation bioethanol for whose production involves a large spectrum of raw biomass. It can be corn stalks, harvest residues, straw, remnants of branches in orchards and vineyards, even ordinary weeds. Serbia as an agricultural country has a lot of waste in the form of cellulose. The process of obtaining bioethanol from cellulose isn t globally widespread. Bioethanol is the world's most widespread biofuel, has its market and is constantly under the scrutiny of research. Biodiesel (methyl-ester) is a regenerative and biodegradable fuel that is suitable for running diesel engines. Use of biodiesel does not require reconstruction of the essential engine components or systems to power the motor fuel. The basic raw materials for biodiesel -50% -72% ISBN:

3 are oils of oil plants: rape, sunflower and soybean. In Serbia, the most cultivated is sunflower and rape which occupies an important place. From other oil crops are grown in Serbia and pumpkin oil, castor oil, and flax, but their importance in the production of biodiesel is less. Biodiesel has similar energetic properties as fossil diesel, in addition to features and properties that fossil diesel doesn t has, such as engine lubrication property, contains negligible value environmentally harmful substances, has a low degree of explosiveness and therefore falls under the category of harmless substances when handling. The most important biodiesel plant in Serbia is a factory in Šid ''VictoriaOil'' of company ''Victoria Group''. It is the largest facility of its kind in the region, whose production, based on German technology, will be a year that amounts to tons of high quality biodiesel, which will be sold on the domestic and international markets. In this way the said company provides a unique contribution to Serbia's EU accession which established the mandatory use of biodiesel in all modes of transport. It is the only company that has a fully complete process of production ''from the field to bottle'' by exercising a monthly gross income of one million euros, which makes it the leader in the region. Seen from the technical point of view, since the year 2003, standardized biodiesel quality JUS EN is a high quality fuel for diesel engines. In order to popularize biodiesel in Serbia, ''VictoriaGroup'' has already made several trial projects using biodiesel in public transport systems, as well as a variety of agricultural machines. All the results so far fully justify all expectations and demonstrated the benefits of using biodiesel. Special attention is given to technical, environmental and economic aspects of using biodiesel as fuel. energy sources. Forests cover about 30% of the territory, while about 55% of land area covered by arable land. In addition to residues from farming, there are great opportunities for growing dedicated biomass, which will not compete with food production. The total potential of biomass currently in Serbia that can be used for energy purposes is 2.7 million tons of oil equivalent of which about 1.0 million toe makes the potential of wood biomass (harvest wood and waste wood in its primary and/or industrial processing), and over 1.7 million toe makes agricultural biomass (agricultural residues and crops, including liquid manure). Serbia has great potential that can be used for producing biofuels that are cleaner and cheaper than fossil fuels. Agricultural waste, especially organic fertilizers can be converted to gas and high-quality fuel in biogas plants. Energy potential in livestock production, which is suitable for the production of biogas is about toe. The potential of biomass depends on a number of factors and primarily on the layout of agricultural land (arable and potentially profitable area for growing crops as biomass), spatial dispersion of state and private forests in the territory of Serbia, as well as the spatial distribution of some plant cultures can be used for this purpose (Figure 2). Vojvodina on the northern Serbia is its biggest agricultural area where every year has between million tones of biomass, of which about 1/3 is back to nature, 1/3 is used in animal husbandry, and 1/3 can be used for energy purposes. In this region burning biomass is traditionally, mainly straw and waste from sawmills and maize after harvesting, than cobs of corn and sunflower heads. 4. Biomass potential in Serbia As a country with large areas of arable and forest lands it is estimated that Serbia has great potential for biomass. Biomass accounts for about 63% of all renewable ISBN:

4 vineyards 1% forests 34% orchards 4% arable land 61% Figure 2. Percentage share of area for individual crops in Serbia Currently in Serbia there is one plant for the production of biogas in Padej near the town of Zrenjanin in Vojvodina. The company that produces biogas is "Panawiss Plus Inc". Suppliers of raw materials are the company for growing pigs and farmers, whose agricultural land located in the immediate vicinity. The basic raw material for biogas production is corn silage, pig and cow manure and sugar cane. Based on the amount of substrate can be calculated as follows income energy. With 67.7 t of the substrate is obtained m 3 of biogas per day. Table 1. Obtained energy amount in the plant Panawis Energy data daily annual Revenue from m m 3 gas (6 kwh/m3) Produced kwh kwh electrical energy Own 1200 kwh kwh consumption of electricity Produced thermal kwh kwh energy Own < kwh kwh consumption of thermal energy Electricity kwh kwh Thermal energy kwh kwh 5. Sustainable development through the biofuels production Relations between biofuel production and sustainable development are very complex. Although the potentials and the characteristics of biofuels in a sustainable development are promising, is not clear or properly explored relation and mutual correlation between the production of biofuels, international markets and sustainable development. Previous research has focused on economic and technological aspects of biofuel production. The mutual correlation of biofuel production and sustainable development is necessary to observe the three aspects of sustainable development: economic (oil limitation, increasing oil price, no safe apply), social (opening a number of jobs, improvement of rural economy and help keeping agriculture and livestock) and environmental aspects. Biofuels have a positive effect when the GHG emissions in question. This aspect is actually a leading clause in the consideration of the use of biofuels to current alarming trend of climate change to a minimum. 6. Conclusion For now, biofuels haven t a larger role in the international market, but is expected rapidly to expand the biofuels trade, considerably that many countries do not have sufficient capacity to meet its own energy needs. The advantages of biofuels compared to other types of alternative energy sources is that the technology for producing known, developed and available in many countries. Republic of Serbia still has no legal or technical regulations, for optimal use of biomass for energy purposes. The law on energy is adopted, without a developed secondary legislation. Serbian regulations should be improved and adapted to EU regulations, in which the use of biomass for energy purposes and represented a long tradition. The use of biofuels contribute to maintenance of ISBN:

5 cleaner environment, and investment in the development of biomass as a source of energy can open a number of jobs, improve rural economy and help keep agriculture and livestock. TECHNOLOGIES (EDUTE 10 University of Sfax, Souse, Tunisia, 2010, pp References: [1] T. Furman et al.: Production and use of biodiesel-alternative and ecological fuel for diesel engines, Ministry of Science, Technology and Development of Serbia, Study, Novi Sad. [2] M. Ilic: Energy potential and characteristics of biomass and technology for its preparation and use of energy in Serbia, Ministry of Science, Technology and Development of Serbia, Study, 2004, Belgrade. [3] S. Curcic et al.: Possibilities of using biomass and wood waste from municipal systems, Monograph, 2010, Cacak. [4] A. Dufey: Biofuel Production, Trade and Sustainable Development emerging Issues, Study 2004,, London. [5] J. Pecelj, M. Pecelj: Lyquid Biofuels in Serbia as the Sustainable Factor, ( ), Belgrade. [6] J. Pecelj: Possibilities of biogas production in the Republic of Serpska as a factor of sustainable development, 2010, Book 4 ( ), East Sarajevo. [7] M. Pecelj: New Technologies in transforming natural Hazards to hydrotechnical object, 7 WSEAS, International Conference on Engineering Education, Corfu Island, Greece. [8] Pecelj, M., Mandic, D,,Pecelj, J, Pecelj, M. Stamenkovic, S. ðorñević, D: Ecoclimatic Conditions and Biodiversity of Orlovača Cave,, in the book 9th WSEAS Intenational Conference. on TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATICS TELE-INFO 10), Catania, Sicily, Italia, 2010, pp [9] Pecelj, M., Mandic, D,,Milincic, M., Pecelj, M, Pecelj, J..: Informational Technology in Teaching Geography and Exploring Orlovaca Cave,, in the book 6th WSEASTASME Intenational Conference. on EDUCATIONAL ISBN: