Status of Bioenergy in Serbia

Transcription

1 Workshop on International Cooperation in the field of bioenergy Moscow 22 to 14 October 2013 Status of Bioenergy in Serbia Dragoljub Dakić PhD *, Prof. Milan Martinov PhD ** * Innovation Center, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Belgrade, Serbia ** Faculty of technical science University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Speaker: Dragoljub Dakić PhD Scientific Counselor

2 Introductory notes Serbian Energy Indicators SCOPE OF PRESENTATION Structure of energy consumption in Serbia Serbia s commitments regarding the renewable energy sources Why is RES important for Serbia Biomass in Serbia - Structure of potential - Technologies for biomass utilization - Governmental measures for increasing and enhancement of biomass utilization for energy purposes - Industrial capacity - Main application potential - Comparative economic parameters of thermal facilities of 4 MW power - Comparative economic parameters of CHP facilities of 4 MW power - Obstacles to wider use of biomass as a RES - Good example of a development project in field of biomass utilization Conclusions

3 Serbian Energy indicators: Serbia EU Final energy consumption (toe/c) Electricity consumption (MWh/c) Final energy intensity (kg.oe/$) Electricity intensity (kwh/$) energy consumption per cap. 2-3 x less than in EU 3-5 x less efficient use of energy than EU lignite is main domestic energy source (but reserves for only next 40 years, even if there is no new units)

4 Structure of energy consumption in Serbia Natural gas Oil Hydro coal geother. Biomass Total Dom. Import Dom. Import Dom. Dom. Import Dom. Dom. Mtoe (Million tones of oil equivalent) ,75 Domestic sources 10,49 Mtoe 66,6% of Total Import sources 5,26 Mtoe 33.4% of Total Thermal power plants production 2,46 Mtoe (2,46x( 3) 7.38 Mtoe from coal)

5 Serbia s obligations regarding the renewable energy sources Serbias significant RES potential is still not sufficiently exploited due to a number of reason that cause a lack of investment activity in renewable energy sector. The Government of the Republic of Serbia has recently accepted the Decision of the Ministerial Council of Energy Community on the promotion of the use of renewable energy by means of transposition of the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on renewable energy. This decision sets consumption to 27% by 2020, with respect to baseline of 21% in 2009, which will lead to intensive activities in sector in the forthcoming period Biomass will have an important role in increasing of RES in Serbia in forthcoming period

6 Geothermal 5% Wind 4% Solar 15% Why biomass in particular? Hydro 14% Biomass 62% Source Biomass Hydro Solar Geoth. Wind Σ RES Potential in Serbia % Мt ое ,0

7 Areas under forests Biomass inserbia Agricultural land ~2.0 million ha of forest area ~2.5 million m3/y yearly cutting rate ~ 5.1 million ha of agricultural Land ~2/3 arable land ~2/3 of arable land -crops

8 Structure of biomass sources in Serbia? Type Woody biomass Structure Energy pot. [TJ/year] Heating wood Wood waste after cutting Wood waste from industry Unofficial (illegal) cutting Total [TJ/year] approx Agricultural biomass Farming Orchards and vineyards approx TOTAL: approx

9 Technologies for Biomass utilization in Serbia B I O M A S S preparation storehousing transportation thermo-chemical conversion physico- chemical conv. bio- chemical conv. combustion gasification pyrolisys (pyrolitical oil, methanol) (vegetable oil) pressing, extraction esterification alcoholic fermentati on (ethanol) anaerobic fermentati on (biogass) (methanol estar) Gaseous fuel Liquid fuel Electric power Work Heat Existing industrial units Existing industrial capacities, with no production 2 CHP units under construction

10 Governmental measures for increasing and enhancement of biomass utilization for energy purposes 2011 National Action Plan for RES 2011 Decree on the Emission Limits of the Air Pollutants adopted 2012 Decree on Incentives for Privileged Power Producers (feed-in tariffs) Construction of Plants and Electricity/Heat Generation from Biomass in Republic of Serbia (guide for Investors), with UNDP help Energy Law adopted Od Ministry of Science and Technology Development financed 22 RES projects, 13 from the biomass field. In period RES projects have been financed, 9 from the biomass field. The projects are classified into: technology development projects and multidisciplinary projects

11 Energy Law (main specifications relating to biomass) What are: biomass, bio-fuel, bio-liquid (definitions) Balance of RES and biomass Conditions for construction of new energy facilities RES energy and incentives Warranty of biomass origin Privileged producers and incentives Price formation

12 National Action Plan for RES of Republic of Serbia (main specifications relating to biomass) The terms defined in detail: Biomass (of plant and animal origin), bio-liquids, bio-gas, facilities for bio-gas production, etc An overview of measures for achieving the projected increase of RES share in the total consumption Concrete measures for promotion of use of biomass energy Biomass energy is classified into: Forestry biomass (from cutting, remains from the industry, recycled) Agricultural and fishery (primary products, remains from the primary production) Waste biomass (biodegradable waste, paper waste, etc) Yearly predictions are given, up to 2020, of the increase of the RES share in total consumption, as well as share of individual RES Projected use of RES in Republic of Serbia until 2020 (Mtoe) Year Heating and Cooling Power Production Transport /

13 Decree on Incentives for Privileged Power Producers (feed-in tariffs for the electric energy from biomass) Plant type Installed capacity Incentivized price P (MW) (c /kwh) up to 1 13,26 Biomass plants *P above 10 8,22 up to 0,2 15,66 Bio-gas plants 0,2-1 16,498-4,188*P above 1 12,31 Bio-gas of animal origin 12,31

14 Decree on the Emission Limits of the Air Pollutants (main specifications related to biomass) Measurement of the emissions and recalculation of the results Emission limits Monitoring of the emissions Defining of the measuring points Emission limits (defined only for wood) Power ref O2 (%) SO2 (mg/m3) NO2 (mg/m3) POWDER (mg/m3) CO (mg/m3) Flue gas no kw kw kw organic meter 1-2,5 MW (mg/m3) like C 2,5-50 MW (mg/m3) like C

15 Construction of Plants and Power/Heat generation from Biomass in the Republic of Serbia (Guide for investors), with UNDP help. The language English and Serbian The Guide accompanying the Action Plan, with detailed description of procedures for construction of an energy facility burning biomass of any type or origin. Administrative path is quite complicated, with a number of application forms. It is described in the Guide. Administrative procedures so far were one of the main obstacles in the investors decisions The further simplifying of the procedure is in the process

16 Installed industrial capacity of biomass RES in Serbia Type of plant Power (Capacity) Number of units Technology applied Note Heat < 5 MWth >20 Grate combustion, in BFB and cigar burning >5 MWth 5 Great and pulverized combustion CHP < 3 MWel 2 ORC and steam turbine In construction Bio-gas < 1 MWel 3 Bio-gas from manure Bio-diesel t/y Pelet producers? 2 big Many smal t/y Lurgi, nn Producing eatable oil

17 Capacity and capability of local industry Over 20 factories producing boilers and furnaces, 3 of them (with references) capable to construct biomass boilers power to 20 MWth. Some of those companies are exporting biomass boilers to EU countries. The available combustion technologies owned by local companies: on grate, pulverized fuel, in the bubbling fluidized bed and cigar burning. Licensed technologies: combustion on grate There are no turbine producers None of the local companies own the technology for biogas facilities construction, but a lot of them could participate in projects as a subcontractors or license users There are no companies producing OTO engines, suitable for biogas burning There is one company producing power generators (SIEMENS) Most of the local companies would cooperate with reputable foreign companies, in using licenses, as well as mutual development and knowledge transfer in certain technologies, especially in agricultural biomass utilization. There are no local bio-fuel producing equipment

18 Main potential for utilizing biomass in Serbia Serbia has many urban villages, and towns suitable for central heating systems: 10 towns (one of them being capitol Belgrade) 52 urban entities (small towns) 550 villages Being urbanized, the district heating could be introduced relatively simple. Partly, the district heating system can apply the biomass, in small plants on the border of the towns or villages. The district heating plants in Serbia are operating with average heating load of 45%, 18 h/day, 6 moth/year. It would be desirable that the facilities are operating at load at least of 70-80% in 300 days in a year, 24 h/day. There is a possibility to build a small industrial zones, primarily engaged in growing and processing of agricultural products. In that way, the agriculture would be able to change its structure from the low intensity to high intensity, making a greater profit, which increases chances for sustainability, consequently survival of the rural areas. The dying out of rural areas is one of the greatest problems in Serbia. Some of the facilities could operate as CHP.

19 Comparative economic parameters of thermal facilities of 4 MW power Comparison Fuel Parameter Biomass Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Gas Fuel price 45 /t 1100 /t 550 /t 0,4 /m 3 Investment Overall efficiency Average load 70% 70% 70% 70% Working days per year Fuel consumption t/year t/ year t/ year Total fuel costs / year / year / year / year Energy produced kwh/ year kwh/ kwh/ year kwh year year Other production costs Price of 1 kwh 2 c/kwh c/kwh 5.74 c/kwh 4.18 c/kwh Price ratio 1kWh/1kWh BM * 1 5,33 2,87 2,09 Difference in costs in comparison with biomass facility per year ** Simple pay-back period in comparison with the biomass facility 0.42 year 0.85 year 1.5 year 25 year return (during the lifetime of the facility) in comparison with the referent fuel * Pay-back period is going to be somewhat longer in case the investment is realized through a bank loan.

20 Comparative economic parameters of CHP facilities of 4 MWth (0.6 MWe power) Comparison Fuel Parameter Biomass Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Gas Investment *** *** *** Overall efficiency Heat produced kwh/year kwh/year kwh/ year kwh/ year Electricity produced kwh/ year kwh/ year kwh/ year kwh/ year * Pay-back period is going to be somewhat longer in case the investment is realized through a bank loan. ** The calculation is was carried out for guaranteed feed-in electricity tariffs for12 years. *** Data for thermal unit *** Price of kwh el C/kWh 5 C/kWh 5 C/kWh 8.89 C/kWh Other production costs Price of 1kWh produced 2.2 c/kwh 11 c/kwh 6 c/kwh 4.4 c/kwh Profit from electricity ( /Y) Difference in costs in comparison with biomass facility per year * Simple pay-back period in comparison with the biomass facility 0.40 god 0.66 god 1.51 god 25 year return (during facility lifetime) in comparison with the referent fuel ** *** *** ***

21 Barriers to wider use of biomass as a RES in Serbia The greatest use of biomass as a RES is expected in the field of growing and processing of agricultural products, in frame of sustainable development of the agriculture. The agriculture is a sector of a low accumulation that cannot develop without the state support. Serbia has no a development bank to finance, in a organized way, projects in this field. International funding (not many) are usually placed through the commercial banks, so the final costs are unacceptable. Despite the governmental guidance, the procedures for obtaining the licenses are still very complicated, and time extended. Consequently, many potential investors are backing-up. The biomass market is still not regulated. The norms on limits of emission are not explicit (they are defined just for the forestry biomass) and not synchronized with the local capabilities. Low predict changing of feed-in tariff for CHP on gas according with changing of gases price but there not same principle for biomass CHP.

22 Good example of a development project in field of biomass utilization Boiler (1,5-2 MW) with cigar burning of baled agricultural remains Industrial prototype Temperature,[K]: Y X The boiler heats 1 ha of green-houses and has been opearting for 4 heating seasons with no problem of any kind. Based on the boiler, SECO granted for a CHP facility, aimed for heating of a hospital and 1ha of greenhouses and power production

23 SECOND GENERATION OF BIOFUELS The activities related to second generation of biofuels are in progress, first of all definition of available feedstock. It seems that some of crop residues can be used as substrate for biogas production, and production of biomethane. Depending on the development of lignocelluloses ethanol technologies, same materials can be used. One investigation focuses crop residues as potential feedstock for second generation biofuels. In the country is especially, based on available amount, interesting corn stover. The objectives is to define available, harvestable mass, but on field remained mass, background for influences on soil characteristics, nutrients offtake, SOM, i.e. soil fertility, as well as erosion. One of the objectives was to define supply security, based on yield reduction due to draught during reproductive period.

24 Example of obtained results Range of relative yields of stover fractions, result of statistical elaboration of all samples, lowest 0.2 m of stalks, 2 stalk+leaves, 3 cobs, 4 husks, 5 sum of 1 and 5 (total aboveground residues), 6 sum of 2, 3 and 4 24

25 The following harvest procedures have been considered in order to calculate harvestable mass, based on fractions of residual material and harvest losses. Two-pass harvest. Grain harvest by combine with snapper head and integrated shredder-cornrower. The stover is picked-up from windrow by round or big rectangular baler. Cutting height is 0.2 m. Percentages of harvested fractions are 70, 90 and 90 %, for stalks+leaves, cobs and husks respectively, with additional baling losses of 20 %. Multi-pass harvest. This is conventional stover harvest procedure. As previous but combine harvester is equipped with integrated stover shredder. It is followed by raking, forming windrow and baling. The cutting height is 0.2 m. Percentages of harvested fractions are 70 % for stalks+leaves and 40 % for cobs and husks combined, with additional baling losses of 20 %. Ears harvest. For the harvest is used picker-husker. All cobs are available after natural drying and threshing in yard, without losses.

26 Harvestable and remained corn residues for defined harvest procedures Season Harvest procedure RY, % Harvestable mass M, Mg/ha DM PTM, % Remained mass M, Mg/ha DM RY relative yield (to grain); M mass calculated based on average grain yield; PTM percentage of total mass For both seasons the percentage of harvestable mass related to total was same for the harvest procedures 1 and 2, 53 and 43 % respectively, but harvestable mass considerably lower, 5.5/3.8 and 4.5/3.1 Mg/ha. 26

27 Conclusion The prospects of RES biomass utilization in Serbia are indisputable, because the biomass is the greatest RES potential in the country. The potential of biomass utilization in province of Vojvodina has to be directed primarily to utilization of the agricultural residues and wastes, whilst in central Serbia to forestry biomass. Launching of technology or products in biomass energy sector in Serbia is simpler through cooperation with the local companies. Crop residues present significant feedstock for second generation biofuels, especially corn stover.

28 Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia, through the project III42011 Development and improvement of technologies for energy efficient and environmentally sound use of several types of agricultural and forest biomass and possible utilization for cogeneration.