THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF AGGREGATION OF TOP REMOVAL MACHINE FRONTALLY MOUNTED ON WHEELED TRACTOR.

Transcription

1 THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF AGGREGATION OF TOP REMOVAL MACHINE FRONTALLY MOUNTED ON WHEELED TRACTOR Volodymy Bulgakov 1, Valeii Adamchuk 2, Semjons Ivanovs 3, Yevhen Ihnatiev 4 1 National Univesity of Life and Envionmental Sciences of Ukaine; 2 National Scientific Cente of Ukaine Institute fo Agicultual Engineeing ; 3 Latvia Univesity of Agicultue; 4 Tavia State Agotechnological Univesity, Ukaine semjons@apollo.lv Abstact. At pesent the suga beet top emoval pocess is caied out without extaction of the beets fom the soil, and it is implemented in two stages: at fist, complete emoval of the basic amount of the geen mass without using a contou followe, followed by individual additional cleaning of the oot cop heads fom the top (leaf) esidues. The use of top emoval machines as independent havesting moduli allows thei aggegation with vaious types of ow-cop tactos, which causes a necessity to detemine confomity of this o othe top emoval machine with the taction and enegy paametes in ode to ensue high efficiency of using the poposed machine and tacto aggegates. The conducted investigations made it possible to develop a mathematical model fo the justification and selection of optimal paametes of the machine and tacto aggegates composed of a tacto and a fontally mounted (fontal) top emoval machine. In this connection, dependencies of the opeating speed of the movement of a paticula havesting aggegate and its efficiency depending on the specific esistance of the top emoval machine wee detemined in an analytical way. The numeical calculations pefomed on the PC povided a possibility to detemine the optimal paametes of the mentioned aggegates by the efficiency and enegy intensity citeia. Key wods: fontal top emoval machine, aggegation, efficiency, paametes. Intoduction Suga beet is an impotant and highly pofitable agicultual cop used to poduce suga and bioethanol as well [1; 2]. By the aea unde suga beet the leading counties in Euope ae: Ukaine, Russia, Gemany, Fance, Tukey and Poland. The contempoay suga beet top emoval technologies envisage complete emoval of the basic amount of the geen mass without using a contou followe, followed by individual additional cleaning of the oot cop heads fom the top (leaf) esidues [3; 4]. The fist technological opeation of emoving the basic amount of the geen mass pesupposes the basic havest of the yield (complete emoval without using a contou followe, gatheing the emoved mass, and unloading), its tanspotation fo subsequent use as animal foage, as a fetilise o a aw mateial fo biogas poduction. The use of the top emoval machines as independent havesting moduli allows thei aggegation with vaious types of ow-cop tactos. This causes a necessity to detemine confomity of this o othe top emoval machine with the taction and enegy paametes of the aggegating tactos in ode to ensue high efficiency of using the poposed machine and tacto aggegates. Howeve, high efficiency of opeation of the agicultual machine and tacto havesting aggegate will be achieved only on condition that thee is coect coelation between its technical paametes and opeation modes, and extenal poduction conditions, such as the physical and mechanical popeties of the soil, field suface slopes, chaacteistics of the havested mateial, specific esistance of the pefomed technological pocess, and othe agotechnical conditions [2]. Theefoe, the issues of aggegating the top emoval machines with vaious types of ow-cop wheeled tactos ae topical, and they need appopiate scientific justification. The issues about theoetical eseach of aggegating agicultual machines, connected with constucting mathematical calculation models of opeation of vaious self-popelled and tailed machine aggegates, have been sufficiently pesented in scientific liteatue [5]. Thee ae also aticles [6] devoted to the constuction of mathematical calculation models fo tailed agicultual machines, including suga beet and flax havestes. The aggegation theoy of tailed and ea-mounted agicultual machines is widely epesented in fundamental woks [8]. Fundamental issues concening pognostication of the degee of aising the efficiency of the beet havesting machines depending on specific investments ae teated in the monogaph [2]. Howeve, the poblems of the choice of optimal paametes of the fontally mounted beet havestes by the efficiency citeia of the aggegating tacto ae not discussed thee. The methods how to obtain the DOI: /ERDev N

2 pefomance chaacteistics of diffeent machine and tacto aggegates composed of the aggegating tactos and hanged-on machines and tools ae evealed in [8-10]. The efficiency of using aggegated beet havestes should be estimated, fist of all, in a complex with the aggegating tacto and by means of numeical citeia, which would eflect with a sufficient degee of accuacy thei pefomance chaacteistics and technical pefection. Such citeia should include, fist of all, the efficiency of such an aggegate, minimum opeating costs, specific efficiency pe 1 kw of the aggegating tacto powe, and othe efficiency indicatos. The aim of the wok is to study and detemine optimal aggegation paametes (maximal efficiency and minimal enegy costs) of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on a wheeled tacto of vaious types (diffeent efficiency o daft categoy). Mateials and methods The applied methods wee: methods of the theoy of mathematical simulation of agicultual machines and machine aggegates, the tacto theoy, foundations of machine application in plant cultivation, as well as pogamme compilation and numeical calculations on the PC. The use of the top emoval machines as independent technological moduli in suga beet havesting allow thei aggegation with vaious types of wheeled tactos equipped fo this pupose with fontal lift linkages and fontal powe take-off shafts. The aggegating tacto should be a owcop tacto, i.e. equipped with naow ties mounted fo a coesponding tack width, i.e. fo coesponding ows of suga beet plantations. Besides, the top emoval machines must be fontally mounted on the aggegating means of enegy (tacto) since, afte peliminay complete emoval of the geen mass and leaving the suga beet oots in the soil, subsequent cleaning of the oot cop heads fom the emnants of the leaves, o cutting of the uppe pat of the oots, thei heads, should be caied out. Such a subsequent cleaning o cutting of the oot cop heads can be done by means of a tacto ea mounted cleane. We have developed a new design of a top emoval machine, which pefoms complete cutting of the basic mass of the leaves without a contou followe, loading of the cut-off mass into a vehicle moving side by side and fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto (Fig. 1). This top emoval machine may be made in vaious layout designs, i.e. fo a diffeent numbe of ows in two to six-ow vaiants. Fo the analysis of efficient aggegating we will use commonly known dependencies to descibe the theoetical efficiency of a top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto. As the fontally mounted top emoval machine is a diven aggegate (fom the fontal powe take-off shaft of the tacto), in ode to detemine its efficiency, it is necessay to have an equation of the taction balance and an equation of the powe balance of the paticula havesting aggegate. In this case inteelation between the woking width of the top emoval machine and the speed of the machine and tacto aggegate can be descibed by such a well-known expession [10]: N e Ra V N p B V H ξ = +, (1) 3600 η 1 δ 360 η t ( ) whee N e nominal efficient engine capacity, kw; ξ engine loading facto; R a daft esistance of a top emoval machine fontally mounted on the tacto, N; N p specific enegy consumption of enegy fo the execution of the technological pocess of havesting suga beet tops, kw s kg -1 ; B twoking width of the top emoval machine, m; V speed of the aggegate, km h -1 ; H yield of suga beet tops, cent ha -1 ; η t coefficient of efficiency of the tansmission of a wheeled aggegating tacto; η v coefficient of efficiency of the fontal powe take-off shaft of the tacto; δ skidding of the wheeled tacto. Let us detemine the components that ente into the expession (1). The daft esistance R a of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the tacto can be detemined by means of such an expession: 274 v

3 R = R + R + R, N (2) a i f top whee R i, R f esistance of the wheeled aggegating tacto to lifting and olling, N; R top daft esistance of a top emoval machine duing the execution of the technological pocess of havesting the suga beet leaves, N. Fig. 1. Schematic layout of the aggegate fo emoving suga beet leaves: І wheeled ow-cop tacto; ІІ fontally mounted top emoval machine (1 fame; 2 fontal lift linkage; 3 contou followe wheel; 4 otay top cutting appaatus; 5 tanspoting tool; 6 loading device; 7 tansmission of the opeating tools) Since the poduct N e ξ in the equation of the daft balance (1) is numeically equal to the diving foce of the wheeled aggegating tacto, which ensues ovecoming of all the foces of esistance acting upon the paticula top emoval aggegate, the components of the expession (2) can be detemined by means of such dependencies: Ri = mg sinα, (3) Ri = mg sinα, (4) R = k B, (5) top whee α angle of elevation, ad.; m mass of the wheeled aggegating tacto, kg; g acceleation of gavity, m s -2 ; f olling esistance coefficient of the wheeled aggegating tacto; k specific esistance of the fontally mounted top emoval machine, N m -1. The olling esistance coefficient f of the wheeled tacto takes into consideation all the useful technological defomations caied out duing the havest of the suga beet leaves, as well as the esistance to the movement of the fontally mounted top emoval machine along the diection of its movement. At small angles of α the value sinα 100 is the elevation pecentage i. On the basis of expessions (2) and (3), (4) and (5) the equation (1) of the capacity of the aggegating tacto can be pesented as: N e ξ = V ( kb+ mg ψ) ηv+ 10N pb Hηt( 1 δ) 3600 ηη ( 1 δ) t v, (6) whee ψ esistance coefficient to the movement of the wheeled aggegating tacto. In a geneal way the esistance coefficient ψ to the movement of the wheeled tacto can be pesented by the following dependency: = sin + f cos, (7) ψ α α whee α angle of elevation, ad; f olling esistance coefficient of the tacto. 275

4 By solving the equation (6) of the powe balance of the wheeled aggegating tacto in elation to V it is possible to detemine the value of the speed of the paticula top emoval aggegate moving acoss the field: V = 3600 ξ Neηη t ν( 1 δ) ( k B+ mgψ ) η + 10N B Hη ( 1 δ) v p t, km h -1. (8) In the analytical expession (8) fo the detemination of the speed V of the movement of the wheeled aggegating tacto, togethe with a top emoval machine fontally mounted on the tacto, which (the speed V ) is needed to detemine the efficiency of the paticula machine and tacto havesting aggegate, the coefficients ξ, η t and η v can be egaded as given. But it is necessay to detemine skidding δ of the machine and tacto aggegate on the basis of vaious empiical fomulas fo constucting the skidding cuve of the wheeled tacto. In this case we will use the known dependency fo the detemination of skidding δ, which has the fom [10]: =, (9) b ϕ ϕ m ae δ whee φ coefficient of the use of the dawba weight; φ m linkage coefficient; a, b constant coefficients, which depend on the type of the wheeled aggegating tacto and the agobackgound on which the emoval of the suga beet leaves takes place. In the expession (9) the dependence of skidding δ on the coefficient of the use of the dawba weight φ is given implicitly, which impedes numeical calculations. In ode to bing the expession (9) to a moe convenient fom, we will pefom seveal algebaic tansfomations, on the basis of which we will obtain an expession fo the detemination of skidding δ in the following fom: 1 ϕ ln m ϕ δ =. (10) b a Futhe, we will detemine the coefficient φ of the dawba weight of the tacto, which entes into the expession (10), using such an analytical expession: mg ψ + kb ϕ=, (11) λ mg whee λ coefficient of the dawba weight of the tacto. Consequently, thee is evey eason to conside that all the values enteed into in the expession (8) ae given. Futhe, in ode to detemine the efficiency of the paticula top emoval aggegate, it is necessay to use a dependency [8] known fom the couse of the opeation of the machine and tacto fleet: W = 0.1B V, ha h -1, (12) whee B woking width of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto, m; V speed of the fowad movement of the aggegate, km h -1. By substituting into the expession (12) all the peviously defined dependencies, we will finally obtain the value of the efficiency of the machine and tacto havesting aggegate composed fom a wheeled aggegating tacto and a fontally mounted top emoval machine: 1 1 ϕm ( mg ψ + kb)( mg λ) 3600ξ Neηη t ν 1+ ln b a W 0,1B. (13) = 1 1 ϕm ( mg ψ + kb)( mgλ) ( k B mgψ ) ηv 10N p BHη t 1 ln b a 276

5 The obtained expession (13) is a mathematical model of aggegation of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto. Using this expession (13), we will detemine the efficiency of the given machine and tacto aggegate depending on the initial paametes of this o that tacto and the top emoval machines fo a diffeent numbe of ows and layout. The technical chaacteistics of the integal all-pupose ow-cop wheeled tactos (most widespead in Ukaine and neighbouing counties) with which it is possible to aggegate a fontally mounted top emoval machine ae given in Table 1 [10]. Fo a shot (conditional) chaacteistic of a goup of tactos with close paametes we will use a concept of the dawba categoy accepted in some counties [8], which can moe fully be chaacteised by a set of paametes: capacity, weight of the tacto, the toque moment, etc. The dawba categoy is a technical chaacteistic of tactos defined by the geatest tactive foce (kn) developed by the tacto on a havested field of ceeals (stubble) at cetain skidding (14-16 %). Table 1 Technical chaacteistics of all-pupose ow-cop tactos Dawba categoy, function mg, kg N e, kw φ m a b 9 kn (~40 HP), all-pupose ow-cop, wheeled kn (~80HP), all-pupose ow-cop, wheeled kn (~150 HP), integal, ow-cop, wheeled Results and Discussion On the basis of the ceated pogamme of numeical calculations we caied out calculations of this mathematical model and constucted the coesponding gaphs (Figs. 2-4). While making numeical calculations, we took into account the agotechnical equiements concening the estictions on fowad speed of the top emoval machine, which should be in the inteval 1.5 V 4.0, m s -1, as well as a estiction concening adhesion of the actuatos of the aggegating wheeled tacto with the soil when it moves acoss an unhavested suga beet field. In this case the estiction has the fom of: ϕ < ϕ m. (14) Fo the given agobackgound, calculations wee made fo seveal types of aggegating wheeled tactos with which efficient opeation of a fontally mounted top emoval machine is possible. It should also be noted that we took into consideation a cicumstance, while pefoming numeical calculations, that each type of a wheeled tacto of the coesponding dawba categoy has it own mass m, engine capacity N e, the coefficient λ. The values of the coefficients φ m, a and b wee selected specifically fo the agobackgound on which the top emoval machine is opeated. Besides, fo each vaiant of numeical calculations thee wee set: the yield of the suga beet leaves H, specific enegy consumption fo the execution of the technological pocess N p, maximum pecentage of elevation i of the slopes of the beet field, the olling esistance coefficient f of the tacto, the coefficient of efficiency of the fontal powe take-off shaft of the tacto η v. The coefficient of efficiency of the tacto tansmission η t was selected fo the wheeled tactos, equal to η t = The specific esistance k of the fontally mounted top emoval machine was given fo a diffeent numbe o ows and vaied with each type of the wheeled tacto in the inteval fom 1500 to 2700 N m -1. Vaiations in the woking width B of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the tacto ae within a ange fom 0.90 m to 2.7 m, with a spacing 0.45 m, i.e. fom a two-ow vaiant to a six-ow vaiant. Fo each vaiant of the numeical calculations, as the obtained esults wee defined: the specific esistance fo each top emoval machine of the espective woking width and its coesponding speed V of the movement of the given machine and tacto aggegate, its efficiency W, the daft esistance of the aggegate R a, the coefficient of the use of the dawba weight φ and skidding δ. Calculations accoding to the compiled mathematical model wee caied out using set concete (aveaged) values of its paametes. Thus, fo the numeical calculations it was assumed: the yield of the suga beet leaves H = 150 cent ha -1 ; the specific consumption of enegy fo the execution of the technological pocess of havesting the suga beet leaves N p = 1.3 kw s kg -1 ; the coefficients ξ = 0.90; η v = 0.95; 277

6 f = 0.07; it was also assumed that thee ae not moe than 5 % of slopes on the suga beet fields; the specific esistance of the fontally mounted top emoval machine aggegated with a wheeled tacto (its aveage value) k = N m -1 (the step of vaiation in the specific esistance k = 200 N m -1 ). Fo the given input paametes of the discussed system numeical calculations wee made by the esults of which gaphs wee constucted, pesented in Figs Fig. 2. Dependence of the efficiency W of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto, taction class 0.9, on the specific esistance k at vaious tack widths: 1 B = 0.9 m (a two-ow vaiant); 2 B = 1.35 m (a thee-ow vaiant); 3 B = 1.8 m (a fou-ow vaiant); 4 B = 2.7 m (a six-ow vaiant) As it is evident fom the gaphs above, aggegation of a top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto is possible with any of the poposed aggegating tactos of vaious taction classes. Besides, in each gaph the dependencies of the efficiencies W of the top emoval machines in a 2-ow to 4-ow executions upon the specific esistance k ae close to the linea ones. Aggegation of a fontally mounted top emoval machine with the tactos of the taction class 0.9 (40 HP capacity) (Fig. 2) is unlikely to be consideed puposeful because of the low efficiency W of such aggegates. As egads the use of the tactos of the taction class 1.4 (Fig. 3), in the case of significant incease in the specific esistance k, which may happen at a high yield of the leaves o at significant moistue of the soil (ceating consideable esistance fo the contou followe wheels of the top emoval machine and causing adequate incease in the taction esistance of the entie aggegate) aggegation of the 6-ow vaiant of the top emoval machine does not ensue the necessay top emoval efficiency. Fig. 3. Dependence of the efficiency W of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto, taction class 1.4 on the specific esistance k at vaious tack widths: 1 B = 0.9 m; 2 B = 1.35 m; 3 B = 1.8 m; 4 B = 2.7 m Howeve, aggegation of the top emoval machine in the 3-ow and 4-ow executions with the wheeled tacto of the taction class 1.4 ensues acceptable efficiency and is ecommended fo wide 278

7 application in pactice. And only in case when the integal, ow-cop tacto of the taction class 3 (Fig. 4) is used as an aggegating tacto, aggegation of a fontally mounted top emoval machine in a 6-ow execution will be most puposeful fom the opeational and enegetic points of view. Fo this aggegating tacto, vaiation in the specific esistance k does not pactically affect the efficiency W of the fontally mounted top emoval machine. High efficiency W of the suga beet top emoval (moe than 3.0 ha s -1 ), when the top emoval machine is aggegated with the given type of tactos, is achieved fo any yield of the leaves and soil conditions in the inteows of the suga beet plantations. Fig. 4. Dependence of the efficiency W of the top emoval machine fontally mounted on the wheeled tacto, taction class 3, on the specific esistance k at vaious tack widths: 1 B = 0.9 m; 2 B = 1.35 m; 3 B = 1.8 m; 4 B = 2.7 m It is quite obvious that the integal wheeled tacto of the taction class 3, equipped with a fontally mounted device and a fontal powe take-off shaft, as well as a tacto equipped with naow ties (in coespondence with the inteow width of the suga beet plantations, equal to 0.45 m), ensues efficient aggegation, togethe with a 6-ow fontally mounted top emoval machine, also a ea-mounted cleane of the oot cop heads fom the leaf emnants, having a woking width which coesponds to the 6-ow vaiant. In this case, at high efficiency of aggegation, a complete machine and tacto aggegate will be fomed fo the emoval of the suga beet leaves. Conclusions 1. On the basis of the conducted analytical investigations a mathematical model is obtained fo the aggegation of top emoval machines fontally mounted on a wheeled tacto to be used fo theoetical detemination (pognostication) of the opeating speed and efficiency of vaious machine and tacto aggegates. 2. As a esult of numeical simulation on the PC it was established that the wheeled tacto of the taction class 3 (150 HP capacity) will ensue efficiency moe than 3.0 ha h -1 when a six-ow fontally mounted top emoval machine is aggegated at any values of the specific esistance, and, due to the efficiency eseve, thee emains a possibility to use a ea-mounted cleane of the suga beet heads o a simila suga beet havesting machine. 3. The wheeled tactos of the classes 0.9 and 1.4 (with coesponding capacities 40 and 80 HP) will ensue stable efficiency (moe than ha h -1 ) only when two-ow o thee-ow top emoval machines ae aggegated, having a low value of the specific esistance (low yields of the leaves, dy havesting conditions, and so on). Refeences 1. Ivančan S., Sito S., Fabijanić G. Factos of the quality of pefomance of suga beet combine havestes. Bodenkultu, No 53(3), pp Булгаков В.М. Свеклоуборочные машины. Монография (Beet Havesting Machines. A Monogaph ). Kyiv, 2011, 351 p. (In Ukainian). 279

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