Measurement ساــيقلا

Transcription

1 Measurement القياس

2 مقدمة 4-1 Introduction Measurement is finding a number that shows the size or amount of something. Measurement is done using measuring tools. There are two main systems of measurement: النظام اإلنكليزي -The English system النظام المتري - The Metric system 2

3 النظام اإلنكليزي 4-2 The English System The English system of measurement is still in use in the United States for many non-scientific purposes. The many units of measure and conversion factors in the English system can be very difficult to remember and use. In this system, length is usually measured in inches (abbreviated in), feet (abbreviated ft), yard (abbreviated yd) and miles (abbreviated mi). Weight is typically measured in ounces (abbreviated oz), pounds (abbreviated lb) and tons (abbreviated T). Capacity is typically measured in fluid ounces (abbreviated fl oz), quarts (abbreviated qt), pints (abbreviated pt) and gallons (abbreviated gal). 3

4 Below is some of the English system conversions factors: Conversion Factors for Length: 1 mile (mi) = 1760 yards (yd) 1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet (ft) 1 yard (yd) = 3 feet (ft) 1 yard (yd) = 36 inches (in) 1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in) Conversion Factors for Capacity (Liquid): 1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts (qt) 1 gallon (gal) =8 pints (pt) 1 gallon (gal) =128 fluid ounces (fl oz) 1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (pt) 1 pint (pt) = 16 fluid ounces (fl oz) Conversion Factors for Weight: 1 ton (T) = 2000 pounds (lb) 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz) 4

5 Example 1: Change: (a) 5 yards to feet (b) 648 inches to feet (c) 79,200 feet to miles (d) 8 feet 7 inches to inches (e) 35 feet to yards and write the remainder in feet Solution: 5

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7 Example 2: Change: (a) 9 pounds to ounces (b) 11,000 pounds to tons (c) 2 tons to ounces (d) 14 pounds 3 ounces to ounces (e) 70 ounces to pounds and write the remainder in ounces Solution: 7

8 Example 3: Change: (a) 5 gallons to quarts (b) 7 pints to quarts (c) 3 pints 10 fluid ounces to pints (d) 72 pints to gallons Solution: 1 gallon = 8 pints 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces 1 pt = 16 fl oz 8

9 النظام المتري 4-3 The Metric System Most of the world outside the United States, and scientists everywhere, primarily use the metric system. The metric system is sometimes abbreviated as the SI system. The metric system has a few basic units, and measures larger and smaller quantities using multiples of ten. The standard metric units include meters (abbreviated m) for length, grams (abbreviated g) for mass, and liters (abbreviated l) for volume. 9

10 For larger and smaller amounts, the metric system uses the prefixes shown in following table: Prefix In number In words Symbol tera trillion تريليون T giga billion مليار G mega million مليون M kilo thousand ألف k hecto- 100 hundred مئة h deca- 10 ten عشرة da deci- 0.1 tenth ع شر d centi hundredth واحد بالمئة c milli thousandth واحد باأللف m micro millionth واحد بالمليون µ 10

11 Example 4: Change: (a) 1 kilometer to centimeters (b) 5 kilograms to grams (c) 5 meter to centimeters (d) 1 liter to deciliters (e) 1 centimeter to millimeters (f) 1 kiloliter to millimeters Solution: 11

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13 4-4 Changing between English and Metric Units التحويل بين النظامين اإلنكليزي و المتري The following table gives several conversion factors for changing between English and Metric Units: Length Weight And Mass Capacity English to Metric Metric to English 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 centimeter = 0.39 inches 1 foot = centimeters 1 meter = inches 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles 1 ounce = grams 1 gram = ounces 1 pound = 0.45 kilograms 1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds 1 fluid ounce = milliliters 1 milliliter = fluid ounces 1 gallon = 3.78 liters 1 liter = 0.26 gallons 13

14 Example 5: Change: (a) 2 feet to centimeter (b) 2 litters to fluid ounces (c) 6 feet to meters (d) 12 fluid ounces to milliliters (e) 65 mile to kilometers Solution: 14

15 Example 6: If a machine is labeled as 3000 kilograms, should it be moved by a forklift rated for a maximum of 5000 pounds? Solution: 15

16 Example 7: The price of one liter of a chemical is $ 25. What is the price of 5 gallons of this chemical? Solution: 16