!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! AquaPath!!Module!1! WATER!FOOTPRINT!AWARENESS!
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1 AquaPath Module1 WATERFOOTPRINTAWARENESS
2 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness 1. FRESHWATER:ALIMITEDGLOBALRESOURCE 1.1.WHATISFRESHWATER? FreshwaterisnaturallyoccurringwateronEarth'ssurfaceinicesheets,icecaps,glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifersandundergroundstreams.freshwateris generally characterised by having low concentrations of salts. The term specifically excludes seawater and oceans as they are salty. Freshwaterisneededfornearlyallhumanactivities,i.e.humansstronglydependonfresh water.freshwatersystemsaretherivers,streams,lakes,ponds,groundwater,cavewater, springs, floodplains, and wetlands (bogs, marshes, and swamps). Freshwater provides waterfordrinking,sanitation,agriculture,transport,electricitygenerationandrecreation.it also creates habitats for a diverse range of animals and plants. Wecannotlivewithout freshwater. Only3%ofthewateronEarthisfreshwaterinnature,andabout2/3ofthisisfrozenin glaciersandpolaricecaps.mostoftherestisundergroundandonly0,3%issurfacewater. Freshwaterlakescontain7/8ofthisfreshsurfacewater.Onlyasmallamountinrivers.The atmospherecontains0,04%water WATERCYCLE Doyoueverthinkaboutthejourneyofwaterwhileshowering?Thewatercycleisaway thatwatermovesallaroundtheearth.itneverstopsanddoesn'treallyhaveabeginningor anend.it'slikeabigcircle. Forexample,waterintheoceanoralake.Somewateronthesurfaceoftheoceanwill evaporateduetoheatfromthesun.whenitevaporatesitturnsintovapourwaterandgoes upintotheatmosphere.thisvapourwatergetstogetherwithalotofothervapourwater andturnsintoclouds.cloudsmoveabouttheearthwiththeweatherandoncetheyareso fullofwatertheydropthewatertoearthinsomeformofprecipitation.itcouldberain,snow, sleet,orhail.whenthewaterhitstheearthitmayfallrightbackintotheoceanorfeeda flowerorbesnowonthetopofamountain.eventuallythiswaterwillevaporateandstart thewholecycleagain.thisprocesskeepsconstantlymoving Thedefinitionoffreshwateriswater containinglessthan1000milligramsper literofdissolvedsolids,mostoftensalt. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 2
3 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness Figure1.Watercycle 1 Howdoeshumanityimpactthewatercycle? FreshwateristhesinglemostessentialgoodforourwellVbeing.Likeagiantengineworking dayandnight,thewatercycleandinherentecosystemsarethelifesupportoftheplanet. Lessthan1%oftheworld'swaterisreadilyavailablefordirecthumanuses.Theseuses includeagricultureandindustry,drinkinganddomesticpurposes,andenergygeneration and transport. Increasing competition for water among such uses is degrading the very naturalresourcesonwhichwealldepend. Majorhumanimpactsonwatercyclewaterconsumptionandwaterpollution.Wetakewater outofthesystemtoirrigatecrops,toprovideuswithdrinkingwaterandtocarryoutmany of our industrial processes. We add substances to the water intentionally or not. As precipitationfallsonthegroundandmovesintoriversandcreeks,itpicksupawholerange ofpollutants.inruralareasthesepollutantsmayincludefarmpesticides,herbicidesand fertilizersaswellaswastesfromfaultysepticsystemsandimproperlyhandledmanure.in urbanareas,thepollutantsmayincludegas,oil,petwaste,fertilizers,pesticides,saltand treatedhumanwastefromsewagetreatmentplants. 1 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 3
4 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness Anotherhumanimpactonthewatercycleisdeforestation.Treesreleasenormallyvapour whentheytranspire,producingalocalizedhumidity.thevapourthenevaporatesintothe atmosphere,accumulatingbeforeprecipitationbringsthewaterbacktotheearthsurface. Because of deforestation, there is less water evaporating into the atmosphere and subsequentlylessrain. Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon of Earth s atmosphere trapping a range of gases, whichinturncaptureinfraredradiationtokeepearthatamoderatetemperaturerange. Humaninducedclimatechangealsoimpactsthewatercycle.Highertemperaturesmean thereismoreevaporation.warmeraircanholdmorewatervapour,whichcanleadtomore intenserainstorms.butmuchofthewaterrunsoffintotheriversandstreams,andthesoil remainsdry.moreevaporationfromthesoilincreasestheriskofdrought. Learnsomemore: FRESHWATERASARESOURCE Waterisincreasinglyrecognizedasthe bluegold especiallyinthecountrieswherewater scarcityandwaterpollutionexists. Water scarcity occurs as water is often not available for the users in a specific locationforaspecificdurationsuchasamonthoraseason.waterscarcityisrelated to: amountofrainfallandthepresenceofwaterinrivers,lakesandgroundwater(water availability)b demand for water for different uses such as domestic water supply, agriculture, industry. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 4
5 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness Figure2.Globalwaterscarcity 2 Waterissuesareseriousandworseninginmanypartsoftheglobe,thus makingwater managementacomplex task. While water is abundantallover Europe,largeareasare affectedbywaterscarcityanddroughts particularlyinsoutherneuropeandcentralasia withtheirseverelackof,andhighdemandfor,water.europeisalsosufferingfromfloods, withanincreasingnumberofdeaths,displacementofpeopleandeconomiclosses.climate changeisprojectedtoexacerbatethis,withmorefrequentandseveredroughtsorfloods projectedformanypartsofeurope 3. Learnsomemore: =7&list=PLHnzEAZ3lShlnekss0LWodXCLcskhWDHY 1.4. WATERFOOTPRINT Thewaterfootprintisanindicatorofhumanity sappropriationoffreshwaterinvolumesof waterconsumedand/orpolluted.itmeasurestheamountofwaterusedtoproducegoods andservices.itcanbemeasuredforasingleprocess,suchasgrowingcotton,foraproduct, 2 UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),2012.UnitedNationsWorldWater DevelopmentReport4.Volume1:ManagingWaterunderUncertaintyandRisk,UnitedNationsWorldWaterAssessment Programme(WWAP),UNVWater. 3 EuropeanEnvironmentalAgency,2011.Europe senvironment:anassessmentofassessments(eevaoa),copenhagen, Denmark. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 5
6 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness suchasapairofjeans,foranentiremultivnationalcompany(e.g.fashionbrand),orfora geographicregionsuchasacountryorforanindividualconsumer.thewaterfootprintofa productisdefinedasthevolumeoffreshwaterusedtoproducetheproduct,measuredover thefullsupplychain.forexample,thewaterfootprintofacottontvshirtreferstotheamount of water consumed and polluted in the entire production processes of a tvshirt: cotton farming, ginning, spinning, knitting, wet processing (washing, dyeing, finishing), cutting, sewing,printing,etc. Thewaterfootprinthasthreecomponents:blue,greyandgreen. Thegreenwaterfootprintreferstoconsumptionofrainwater(rainwater storedinthesoilassoilmoisture)byplants,cropsandforestry.itisrelevant foragriculturalproductionsuchascotton. Thebluewaterfootprintreferstothewaterconsumptionfromthesurface water(e.g.river,lakes)andgroundwater. Theterm consumptivewateruse referstooneofthefollowingfourcases: waterevaporatesb waterisincorporatedintotheproductb waterdoesnotreturntothesamecatchmentarea,e.g.takenfromgroundwater andgivenbacktosurfacewaterortheseab waterdoesnotreturninthesameperiod,e.g.itiswithdrawninascarceperiod andreturnedinawetperiod. Thegreywaterfootprintreferstopollutionandisdefinedasthevolumeof freshwaterthatisrequiredtoassimilatetheloadofpollutantsgivennatural backgroundconcentrationsandexistingambientwaterqualitystandards. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 6
7 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness Waterfootprintofaconsumer The water footprint of a consumer is the sum of its direct and indirect water footprints. The direct water footprint of a consumer is the water consumption associated with washing, showering, cleaning, cooking, drinking etc. The indirect water footprint of a consumer is related to the goods/products that consumer consumes such as food, clothing, electronics. For each consumptionitem,thereisawater footprint. When we focus on meat consumption, the directwaterfootprintoftheconsumerreferstothevolumeofwaterconsumedorpolluted whenpreparingandcookingthemeat.theindirectwaterfootprintofthemeatconsumer dependsonthedirectwaterfootprintsoftheretailer thatsellsthemeat,thefoodprocessorthatprepares themeatforsale,thelivestockfarmthatraisesthe animalandthecropfarmthatproducesthefeedfor theanimal. Doyouthinkthatyourwaterfootprintisonlyrelatedtothewateryouuseto shower,drink,cook,cleanetc.?theseactivitiesinaveragerepresentless than4%ofyourpersonalwaterfootprint.themajorityofyourwaterfootprint isrelatedtothefoodyoueatandgoodsyoubuy. You can reduce your direct water footprint (home water use) by installing water saving toilets,applyingawatervsavingshowerhead,closingthetapduringteethbrushing,using lesswaterinthegardenandbynotdisposingmedicines,paintsorotherpollutantsthrough thesink. Directwaterfootprint:waterwe drinkanduseathome,workandin ourdailylife Indirectwaterfootprintisrelatedto itemsweconsume,suchasfood. Thereiswaterneedtoproducethe foodweeatandindirectwater footprintreferstothiswater. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 7
8 ModuleI WaterFootprintAwareness Relatedlinks: Videos: WodXCLcskhWDHY This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publicationreflectstheviewsonlyoftheauthor,andthecommissioncannotbeheld responsibleforanyusewhichmaybemadeoftheinformationcontainedtherein 8
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