MODELING OF HYBRID MICRO-GRID DC-AC DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM FOR SMART HOME

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1 International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 9, Issue 2, March- April 2018, pp , Article ID: IJEET_09_02_010 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) IAEME Publication MODELING OF HYBRID MICRO-GRID DC-AC DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEM FOR SMART HOME Surekha S. Bhalshankar, National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (BAMU), Aurangabad Aurangabad, Maharashtra India. Dr C.S.Thorat, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur, Nagpur, Maharashtra India. ABSTRACT Energy is an indispensable factor for the economic growth and development of a country. Energy consumption is rapidly increasing worldwide. To fulfill this energy demand, alternative energy resources and efficient utilization are being explored. Various sources of renewable energy and their efficient utilization are comprehensively reviewed and presented in this paper. Also the trend in research and development for the technological advancement of energy utilization and smart grid system for future energy security is presented. Results show that renewable energy resources are becoming more prevalent as more electricity generation becomes necessary and could provide half of the total energy demands. To satisfy the future energy demand, the smart grid system can be used as an efficient system for energy security. The smart grid also delivers significant environmental benefits by conservation and renewable generation integration. Keywords: renewable energy; distributed generation; microgride; Smart grid Cite this Article: Surekha S. Bhalshankar and Dr C.S.Thorat, Modeling of Hybrid Micro-Grid dc-ac Distributed Generation System for Smart Home: International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, 9(2), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Economic growth, automation and modernization mainly depend on the security of energy supply. Global energy demand is rapidly growing, and, presently, the worldwide concern is on how to satisfy the future energy demand. Long-term projections indicate that the energy demand will rapidly increase worldwide. To supply this energy demand, fossil fuels have been used as primary energy sources. Fossil fuels emit greenhouse gases that highly affect the environment and the future generation [1 6].Meanwhile, renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass, etc.) are emission-free energy sources in the world editor@iaeme.com

2 Surekha S. Bhalshankar and Dr C.S.Thorat Renewable energy technologies are an ideal solution because they can contribute significantly to worldwide power production with less emission of greenhouse gases [8 11]. The sustainable future scenario of the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows 57% of world electricity being provided by renewable energy sources by 2050 [12]. Long-term forecast and planning is required to achieve this ultimate target [9]. Renewable energy-based power generation and supply to the national grid for a specific zone are necessary. The conventional grid aggregates the multiple networks, and the regulation system consists of various levels of communication and coordination, in which most of the systems are manually controlled [13]. A smart grid is a new concept that leads to the modernization of the transmission and distribution grid. The smart grid system is the digital upgrade of transmission and new markets for the alternative energy generation of renewable energy sources. Presently, smart grid is an often-cited term in the energy generation and distribution industry [14]. Smart grid connected with distributed power generation is a new platform that significantly generates reliable security of supply (SOS) and quality of electric energy. This concept is practical and reliable as numerous types of energy sources become available, such as solar, wind, biomass, and hydropower. Renewable and nonconventional energy sources are allowed to integrate with the distributed power generation link that has a smart grid. This study therefore highlights the role of renewable energy sources in generating electricity and the integration with the smart grid system for energy security. 2. HYBRID MICRO GRID DISTRIBUTED GENERATION The time has come to generate electricity for our own use. Micro generation or home power generation is feasible option for the average village/ town home. Micro generation is a concept of standalone generation of electricity and in future more people could be looking into this option to ensure reliable energy to their homes and help to reduce damaging emission into the environment. Under the technology of Hybrid Micro Grid Distributed Generation for Smart Home here trying to combine Solar, Hydro, Wind and Biomass energy to generate clean and green electric power for every home at remote location. Hybrid Micro Generation will satisfy a significant portion of electricity needs of India in future. Main aim of this technology is to make energy system decarbonized power to all (Rural Electrification) and long term energy security. This technology fulfills new challenges of world regarding reliable, efficient and clean energy. Micro-grid is new concept of power generation. The Micro-grid concept assumes a cluster of micro sources operating as a single controllable system that provide power. This paper is a review of hybrid renewable energy technology for power generation, important issues and challenges in their design stage. Generation technology selection and unit sizing, system configuration and energy management and control are discussed. This paper also highlights the future trends of Hybrid energy system, which represent a promising sustainable solution for power generation editor@iaeme.com

3 Modeling of Hybrid Micro-Grid dc-ac Distributed Generation System for Smart Home Figure 1 Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation for Smart Home Fig.1. show renewable energy sources, such as micro wind mills, PV solar array, micro hydro and biogas are a clean alternative energy sources and micro turbines have become better alternatives for conventional energy sources. Renewable energy sources are less competitive due to their uncertainty, intermittency due to dependence on weather, high initial cost. This research paper, extensive research on renewable energy technology has been conducted which resulted in significant development in the renewable energy, decline the cost of renewable energy technology and increase in their efficiency. To overcome the intermittency and uncertainty of renewable sources and to provide an economic, reliable, and sustained supply of electricity, a modified configuration that integrates these renewable energy sources and uses them in a hybrid system mode is proposed in this research paper. The energy from renewable resources is available in abundance but intermittent in nature, hybrid combination and integration of two or more renewable sources make best utilize of their operating characteristics and improve the system performance and efficiency. Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation System is composed of one conventional and two or more renewable sources, that works in standalone or grid connected mode. Hybridization of different alternative energy sources can complement each other to some extent and achieve higher total energy efficiency than that could be obtained from a single renewable source. Multi source hybrid renewable energy system, with proper control, have great potential to provide higher quality and more reliable power to consumers than a system based on single source. The applications of hybrid energy systems in remote and isolated areas are more relevant than grid connected system. Hybrid energy systems are now becoming integral part of the energy planning process to supply previously un-electrified remote areas. 3. DESIGN OF HYBRID MICRO GRID DISTRIBUTED GENERATION The design process of hybrid micro grid distribution generation requires the selection and sizing of the most suitable combination of renewable energy resources, power conditioning devices and energy storage system together with the implementation of an efficient dispatch 92 editor@iaeme.com

4 Surekha S. Bhalshankar and Dr C.S.Thorat strategy. The selection of the suitable combination from renewable technology to form a hybrid energy system depends on the availability of renewable resources in the site where the hybrid system is intended to be installed. The unit sizing and optimization of a hybrid power system play an important role in deciding the reliability and economy of the system. Figure 2 Centralized AC Bus for Stand-alone Grid Connected Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation system in Fig.2 and Fig.3 are composed of micro renewable power sources, placed near customer side. Moreover, they have the inherent property of islanding the disconnection of either the micro-grid from the main grid. The studded hybrid micro-grid is based on different energy sources: micro windmills, Pico-hydro, PV solar and Home biogas and a storage system. Centralized AC-Bus architecture shown in fig.2 the sources are installed in one place and are connected to a main AC Bus bar, through appropriate power electronic devices, before being connected to grid. This system is centralized in the sense that the power delivered by all the energy conversion systems and the battery is fed to the grid through a single point. Figure 3 Centralized Control System for Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation 93 editor@iaeme.com

5 Modeling of Hybrid Micro-Grid dc-ac Distributed Generation System for Smart Home Micro-grid control system allows seamless integration of distributed energy resources to maintain uninterrupted power. The micro-grid controller responds to external data, such as real time pricing signals and fast changing system dynamics. This controller can operate in half a cycle, allowing it to balance load with available generation. The micro-grid combines computing and communications to provide control and cyber security. 4. RENEWABLE INTEGATION FOR HYBRID MICRO-GRID DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 4.1. Pico-Hydro Power Plant Pico hydro is a hydroelectric power generation of less than 5 kw. It is useful to fulfill need of electricity for individual home that require only a small amount of electricity for example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio in 50 or so homes. Even smaller turbines of W may power a single home in a developing country with a drop of only one meter. Pico-hydro setups typically are run-of-stream, meaning that a reservoir of water is not created, only a small weir is common, pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before being exhausted back to the reservoir again. Like other hydroelectric and renewable source power generation, pollution and consumption of fossil fuels is reduced, though there is still typically an environmental cost to the manufacture of the generator and distribution methods. Home & Village/Town Water storage tank can be used to create head to drive Pico Hydro power Generator. Generator (1kW) enough for cooking, home lightning, Electric fencing and many at rural and urban applications. Simple water turbine designed to work with quantity of water flow rather than the Head. Such generator can be used where no enough head at the site. The Pico is referred to the size of electric power produced; it s in the range of few hundred watts up to 5 kw. Pico hydro can be used for a wide range of domestic supply ranging from powering a household to villa, hotel, and cottage, temporary camp or public facilities in the remote area. The ideal drop of height is around 15 meters, even though the site with lower drops below 10 meters is also feasible. The higher the drops mean that smaller water are required to generate the same power as well as the size of pipes and turbine are also smaller, thus less expensive. It is from renewable resource therefore, is expected to reduce the carbon emission from fossil fuel use. Pico hydro has many advantages comparing to other type of energy utilization. It s much cheaper comparing to photo voltaic and wind power system with the same power output. Since water runs 24 hours it is more reliable and dependable unlike solar and wind energy. Storage battery and inverter can be used for storing energy and converting it to AC power. It is also more environmental friendly. The compact and robust size of equipment make it easy in transportation and installation even to very remote area, no need large workmanship and special equipment to install. It can be built and installed by the villagers and technician under guidance of the expert editor@iaeme.com

6 Surekha S. Bhalshankar and Dr C.S.Thorat Figure 4 Line Diagram for Pico-Hydro Power Plant for Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation Figure 5 Control Systems for Pico-Hydro Power Plant 4.2. Home-sidewall Micro-windmills Small wind turbine is a wind turbine used for micro-generation, as opposed to large commercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms, with greater individual power output. The Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) defines "small wind" as ranging from less than 1000 Watt (1kW) turbines up to 300kW turbines. The smaller turbines may be as small as a 50 Watt auxiliary power generator for a home lighting, home cooling, or miniature refrigeration unit. In our prototype, the generators for small wind turbines usually are DC generators. Their direct current output for battery charging and power inverters to convert the power to AC but at constant frequency for grid connectivity. Small wind turbines can be designed to work at low wind speeds, but in general small wind turbines require a minimum wind speed of 4 meters per second (13ft/s) Small units often have direct drive generators, direct current output, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind editor@iaeme.com

7 Modeling of Hybrid Micro-Grid dc-ac Distributed Generation System for Smart Home Figure 6 Home-Sidewall Micro-Windmills for Hybrid Micro-Grid Distributed Generation 4.3. Home-Biogas Electricity Generation Figure 7 Home-Sidewall Micro-Windmills Figure 8 Home-Biogas Electricity Generations 96 editor@iaeme.com

8 Surekha S. Bhalshankar and Dr C.S.Thorat Biogas can be converted directly into electricity by using a fuel cell. However, this process requires very clean gas and expensive fuel cells. Therefore, this option is still a matter for research and is not currently a practical option. The conversion of biogas to electric power by a generator set is much more practical. In contrast to natural gas, biogas is characterized by a high knock resistance and hence can be used in combustion motors with high compression rates. 5. CONCLUSION The paper presents a discussion on Hybrid Micro-grid distributed generation is made suitable for to support electrical network in rural areas and remote sides. In hybrid micro grid generation, low power micro-renewable sources normally under KW with power electronics converters and controllers are used. The main advantages of hybrid micro-grid system are its high reliability, low cost and in addition clean-green power. In this connection, the paper should act as, evolutionary step in the rural electrification. In addition to that, it can acknowledge reeducation in line losses to overcome prevailing power shortages, improve the reliability of supply, power quality improvement and its management. REFERENCES [1] N. Hatziargyrious,H. Sano, R. Iravani. And C. Marnay, Microgrids: An overview of ongoing research development and demonstration projects. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol.27,pp , Aug [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Xin Miao, Kai Zhang, Xi Chen, 2009, "Development Countermeasure of Constructing Smart Grid", Electric Power Construction, vol. 30(6), 6-10, June (in Chinese). [7] R. Lasseter, A. Akhil, C. Marnay, J. Stephens, J. Dagle, R. Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, R. Yinger, and J. Eto, "Integration of Distributed Energy Resources-The MicroGrid Concept". CERTS MicroGrid Review Feb [8] S. L. Ullo, A. Vaccaro, and G. Velotto, "Performance Analysis of IEEE based Sensor Networks for Smart Grids Communications," J. Elec. Eng.: Theory and App., vol. 1, no. 3, Apr [9] M.A Valero, L Valillo and A Penalval,"AN Implementation Framework for Smart Home Telecare Services",Future Generation communication and networking (fqcn 2007), vol. 2,pp.60-65, 2007 [10] J. Zheng, D. W. Gao and L. Lin, "Smart Meters in Smart Grid: An Overview", IEEE Green Technologies Conference 97 editor@iaeme.com