Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, Inc. DISPATCHABLE LOADS IN WIND / DIESEL SYSTEMS By William Thomson

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1 Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, Inc. DISPATCHABLE LOADS IN WIND / DIESEL SYSTEMS By William Thomson 2013 Rural Alaska Energy Conference Anchorage, Alaska April 30, 2013

2 Reasons for using dispatchable loads One: Use surplus or low marginal cost power usefully in a hybrid generation system Gambell powerplant in summer

Wind and Photo-voltaics are uncontrolled energy

3 Reasons for using dispatchable loads Two: Avoid Power Quality Concerns by Stabilizing the system. Wind and Photo-voltaics are uncontrolled energy sources unlike hydro and diesel. Gambell Powerplant in Winter

4 Reasons for using dispatchable loads Three: Offset the loss of heat recovery from diesels due to reduced loading at times when alternate energy is significant. Prepping an air heater for Gambell

5 1.Voltage Flicker Power Quality Concerns: 2.Voltage beyond acceptable limits, either too low or too high. 3.Frequency fluctuations 4.Frequency beyond acceptable limits either too low or too high.

6 Voltage Flicker

7 hat about energy storage systems? Compared to Energy Storage Systems, Dispatchable Load : Is far simpler than energy storage systems. has no particular longevity issues. Is much less expensive. can ONLY consume energy, once it is used, it is gone and cannot be put back into the system. There is no storage.

8 What about energy storage systems? Adding extra storage (kw-hours ) to a chemical or kinetic storage system is additional expense and hence tends to be limited by economics to less that the possible maximum energy available. Hence dispatchable loads are still used in combination with energy storage, using energy that becomes surplus as soon as storage is fully charged. 60 kw ceiling mounted heater at Mekoryuk

AVEC Dispatcher/SLC on wall The impact of increasing amounts of alternate energy on dispatchable load use: Low penetration Wind has no need for them: Alternate power is always significantly less that

9 AVEC Dispatcher/SLC on wall The impact of increasing amounts of alternate energy on dispatchable load use: Low penetration Wind has no need for them: Alternate power is always significantly less that the system load value of power is always the marginal cost of generation (diesel fuel in rural AK) Should not be any stability issues since the diesels operate normally to maintain voltage and frequency regulation.

The impact of increasing amounts of alternate energy on dispatchable load use: Medium penetration has some need for them now that Alternate power is a significant proportion of the system load:

10 The impact of increasing amounts of alternate energy on dispatchable load use: Medium penetration has some need for them now that Alternate power is a significant proportion of the system load: Occasionally there is surplus power generated for short periods of time. At those times, power can be dispatched inexpensively. These periods tend to be brief and seasonal. AVEC 150 kw SLC power control cabinet

Medium penetration has some need for them now that Alternate power is a significant proportion of the system load: There are no economics for Energy Storage Systems, but because dispatchable loads

11 Medium penetration has some need for them now that Alternate power is a significant proportion of the system load: There are no economics for Energy Storage Systems, but because dispatchable loads are relatively inexpensive, they can still be used effectively. While operating, the dispatchable load will assist in stabilizing the system. The need to stabilize the system may force a minimum loading level on the diesels. AVEC 150 kw Power Switching Cabinet

High penetration -- Alternate power generation is now comparable to the system load: Inside an AVEC Dispatcher /SLC Even without energy storage, the amount of fuel reduction is increased, but if the

12 High penetration -- Alternate power generation is now comparable to the system load: Inside an AVEC Dispatcher /SLC Even without energy storage, the amount of fuel reduction is increased, but if the wind only blows 35% of the time, the maximum possible reduction of fuel consumption will be 35%, no matter how many turbines are installed. So if energy storage was free, we would now store and time shift energy as needed.

13 nce kw-hour energy storage is actually very expensive ether done by chemical or kinetic methods, we canno e shift all the energy that might become available. Th ly alternative is to use it when it is available.

AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska The electric after Anchorage, dispatchable Fairbanks load and must Juneau be metered at a lower 44% of rate Village than

14 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska The electric after Anchorage, dispatchable Fairbanks load and must Juneau be metered at a lower 44% of rate Village than Alaska normal Population loads, since it is only supposed Anvik (smallest) to use generation that is otherwise 85 surplus. Hooper Bay This (largest) requires separate or time of use metering. 1, kw air heater installation at Mekoryuk

e the loads are often large and part of system stability irements, they AVEC should By not the be turned Numbers off by the user ut at least a short warning.

15 e the loads are often large and part of system stability irements, they AVEC should By not the be turned Numbers off by the user ut at least a short warning.. 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population Anvik (smallest) Hooper Bay (largest) 85 1, kw air heater installation at Mekoryuk

16 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population hould Anvik be centrally (smallest) dispatched but should also quickly he system 85 Hooper frequency Bay (largest) starts to collapse. 1,

17 The dispatchable load must be able to be turned off due to system AVEC conditions By at any the time. Numbers Examples where this is acceptable are: Heating equipment that is backed up by a fuel burning alternative. This is typically the way dispatchable energy is used. 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 22 gallons of diesel required to generate a million BTUs burned as electricity. 44% of Village Alaska Population Anvik (smallest) 12 gallons of diesel required to generate a million BTUs of heat by burning fuel directly in a typical boiler Hooper Bay (largest) 85 1, but no fuel used at all is burned if the electricity is generated by surplus alternate energy.

18 The dispatchable load must be able to be turned off due to AVEC system By conditions the Numbers at any time. Examples where this is acceptable are: 22,800 population Heating Would be loads the 4th that largest have a city large in Alaska inertia and hence after Anchorage, can be turned Fairbanks off for and a long Juneau time large 44% community of Village water Alaska tanks Population are a good example of Anvik that --(smallest) why ANTHC and AVEC are jointly 85 Hooper developing Bay (largest) dispatchable heating loads for community water systems. 1, Modified boilers for Emmonak and Shaktoolik Ready to ship

19 AVEC By the Numbers The dispatchable load must be able to be turned off due to system conditions at any time. Examples where this is acceptable are 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population Anvik (smallest) Hooper Bay (largest) 85 1, Boiler showing heatsink for added solid state relays

AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska Loads after Anchorage, that can be Fairbanks deferred and if possible Juneau until 44% there of Village is surplus Alaska

20 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska Loads after Anchorage, that can be Fairbanks deferred and if possible Juneau until 44% there of Village is surplus Alaska power Population available, such as Anvik water (smallest) pumping. But if you can t wait any 85 Hooper longer, Bay then (largest) you pay the higher rate for diesel generated electricity. Note 1,093 that this requires specialized time of use metering. 421 Boiler showing heatsink for added solid state relays

21 AVEC By the Numbers Overall, dispatchable loads should be capable of fine 22,800 granularity. population This allows continuous and fine adjustment Would for be system the 4th largest stability city purposes. in Alaska This is particularly after Anchorage, important Fairbanks if the fuel and fired Juneau generators are brought 44% of Village down Alaska to a minimal Population level. Anvik (smallest) Hooper Bay (largest) 85 1,

22 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population Anvik (smallest) If the Hooper diesel Bay generators 85 (largest) are run at very low load, then some energy may be required 1,093 to keep them hot and ready to generate as needed. 421

23 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau The 44% dispatchable of Village Alaska loads must Population be capable of fast response Anvik (smallest) for stability purposes, typically within a tenth 85 Hooper of a second, Bay (largest) in order to respond quickly to power changes. This may include 1,093 a wind turbine going off line without warning. Note 421 that this is far faster than Metering AMI technology by itself can provide.

24 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population More Anvik valuable (smallest) uses for surplus generation, such 85 as Hooper compressor Bay (largest) pumps for refrigeration system are more of a block load, and so 1,093 must be swapped in and out for lower priority 421 but less fussy loads as the amount of surplus energy permits.

25 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau The 44% utility of Village will usually Alaska still Population need to keep their own always Anvik available (smallest) high speed secondary loads 85 using Hooper a SLC. Bay (largest) This allows the SLC to swap back and forth between these loads 1,093 and customer dispatchable loads, matching up 421 requests for power to the actual available SLC power on a second by second basis.

26 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau More 44% of valuable Village Alaska uses for Population surplus generation, such Anvik as (smallest) compressor pumps for refrigeration 85 system Hooper Bay are (largest) more of a block load, and so must be swapped in and out for lower 1,093 priority but less fussy loads as the amount 421 of surplus energy permits.

AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau The 44% utility of Village will usually Alaska still Population need to keep their

27 AVEC By the Numbers 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau The 44% utility of Village will usually Alaska still Population need to keep their own always Anvik available (smallest) high speed secondary loads 85 using Hooper a SLC. Bay (largest) This allows the SLC to swap back and forth between these loads 1,093 and customer dispatchable loads, matching up 421 requests for power to the actual available SLC power on a second by second basis.

28 AVEC By the Numbers Careful monitoring on these increasingly complex systems is essential. 22,800 population Would be the 4th largest city in Alaska after Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau 44% of Village Alaska Population Anvik (smallest) Hooper Bay (largest) 85 1,

29 Questions? Wales, Alaska William Thomson Alaska Village Electric Cooperative

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