Managing the Future National Transmission System A Smarter Way

Transcription

1 Managing the Future National Transmission System A Smarter Way Dr William Hung MBA, PhD, BSc, CEng FIET System Technical Specialist National Grid

2 National Grid The power of action National Grid may have a good track record % Reliability But, we are not complacent Learning from the past Generation mix challenges Planning for the future Smart Grid Innovations Smarter Energy Balancing

3 Drivers for Change

4 The Changing Generation Mix 2020: 28GW of wind plus 9GW of hydro, tidal, biomass Total Connected Generation (GW) 11GW nuclear available post 2.5GW of closures and 3GW new build Demand remains flat - growth is offset by energy efficiency and smart metering GW GW of embedded generation : 10 30GW of nuclear now provides majority of baseload generation 5 0 c er Transport (mainly during 2030s) s or ct ne on 2050 t In 2030 ar le le uc ab N ew en 2020 R er th O CS l oa d in W C C as G 2010 Increased demand with electrification of Heat (growth from 2020)

5 The Network Challenge: Electricity Transmission existing network future potential investment to connect Scottish renewables future potential load related investment to ~75GW potential wind farm sites potential nuclear sites ~110GW 2020 Gas CCGT Coal CCS Nuclear Wind Renewable Interconnector CHP Other

6 Anticipatory Investment in Electricity Transmission 4.7bn of proposed reinforcements Programme of extra investment identified to March 2012 existing network future potential investment to connect Scottish renewables future potential onshore load related investment potential wind farm sites potential nuclear sites

7 What are the Issues on Frequency Control and System Security? Challenges to System Frequency Control & Security of Supply Transmission Licence Obligations Future Challenges Maintain security and quality of supply standards Economic purchase of Ancillary Services Closure of flexible and responsive plant (eg conventional coal, gas and oil stations) New plants are less flexibility and less responsive (eg clean coal, supercritical boiler, IGCC, CCS, new nuclear) Domination of wind farms intermittency issues Secured generation loss increase to 1800 MW from 1320 MW Significant increase of small embedded generation less robust and invisible to System Operators System users/ service provider commitments Grid Code/CUSC/MSA Frequency Control Performance Frequency control requirements Statutory 0.5 Hz, Operational 0.2 Hz & SD 0.07Hz Cover instant generation loss of up to 1320 MW Avoid load disconnection - keep above 48.8 Hz 9 Stages of demand disconnection and up to 60% There will be an important role for Smart Demands

8 Frequency Control Analogy

9 Frequency Control/Wheel Pulling Analogy Generators Vehicles Frequency Demand level Load variations TV pickup Largest generation loss Blackout Wheel speed Slope gradient Bumpy road Big rock Largest truck stalled Wheel run away

10 Typical Frequency Incidents Note: On this occasion Gas Turbines started at 12:29: Primary Response 0-30 secs freqcont.ppt /02/99 12:29:00 12:26:00 12:25:00 12:24: :28:00 Secondary Response 30 secs - 30 mins :27:

11 Low Frequency Automatic Demand Disconnection Incident - 27 May 2008 th 50.4 Loss of 345MW generation 50.2 Loss of 1237MW generation Loss of 40MW wind farms and > 92MW embedded generation Demand Control Automatic low frequency relay Demand disconnection, 546MW :00 11:59 11:58 11:57 11:56 11:55 11:54 11:53 11:52 11:51 11:50 11:49 11:48 11:47 11:46 11:45 11:44 11:43 11:42 11:41 11:40 11:39 11:38 11:37 11:36 11:35 11:34 11:33 11:32 11: :31 Further 279MW embedded generation losses

12 :50:00 19:52:00 19:54:00 19:56:00 19:58:00 20:00:00 20:02:00 20:04:00 20:06:00 20:08:00 20:10:00 20:12:00 20:14:00 20:16:00 20:18:00 20:20:00 20:22:00 20:24:00 20:26:00 20:28:00 20:30:00 20:32:00 20:34:00 20:36:00 20:38:00 20:40:00 20:42:00 20:44:00 20:46:00 20:48:00 20:50:00 20:52:00 20:54:00 20:56:00 20:58:00 21:00:00 21:02:00 21:04:00 21:06:00 21:08:00 21:10:00 21:12:00 21:14:00 21:16:00 21:18:00 21:20:00 21:22:00 21:24:00 21:26:00 21:28:00 21:30:00 21:32:00 21:34:00 21:36:00 21:38:00 21:40:00 21:42:00 21:44:00 21:46:00 21:48:00 21:50:00 21:52:00 21:54:00 21:56:00 21:58:00 22:00:00 Demand MW System Operation Exceptional Events England v Sweden (20th June 2006, 8pm) Demand 20 June 2006 England vs Sweden th June Time (Local) TV Pick Ups met using combination of coal plant, French Interconnector & pump storage hydro 30th May 2006 Half Time 1800MW Full Time 1600MW

13 The future is not certain... Range of Transfers across Anglo-Scottish (B6) Boundary required to accommodate between 11.4 & 6GW of renewable generation in Scotland CCS technologies need to be tested and proven 8 At Peak Demand Power Flow (GW) GW GW Programmed Reinforcements for Current Boundary Capability Schwarze pumpe CCS, Germany Year Based on deterministic planning standards (NETS SQSS), supported by cost benefit analysis

14 Wind Intermittency February 2006 wind & demand data 80,000 70,000 60,000 MWh 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Wind Generation Demand High pressure, low temperature period higher gas demand Whilst the extended low wind period is unusual, the general volatility is typical

15 Intermittency Creates Significant Challenges Challenges to System Balancing and Security of Supply Generation Capacity Adequacy Transmission & Distribution Networks How reliable is renewable generation as a source? How much T&D capacity is required to effectively transport renewable power? How much conventional capacity can it displace? Can the network operation philosophy be changed to maximise the benefit of renewable generation What are the system integration cost and benefits? What are the costs and benefits of active network management? Real Time System Balancing What are the needs for flexible generation and response reserve capability? What are the costs? What are the benefits of having flexible demands? There will be an important role for Smart Demands

16 Can we Predict and Provide without a Smarter Grid?

17 Transmission reinforcement alone is not sufficient Maximising capacity with smart....meters An informative display showing energy utilisation and cost Increases consumers sensitivity to energy prices and thus reduces demand...grids Automation and efficient use of network systems Facilitates network flexibility in a complex generation pattern Automation of loads in industrial plants, commercial buildings, superstores and home Facilitates demand side response in a world of more inflexible generation..demand Flexing generation to meet demand Flexing demand to meet generation

18 Smart Demand meets Smart Grid Objectives Smart Grid = Paradigm shift in providing flexibility From redundancy in assets to more intelligent operation through incorporation of demand side and advanced network technologies in support of real time grid management Dynamic Demand and Active Demand Side Management Source-HiDEF

19 The Future Efficiency and Electrification Electricity Heat Transport Appliance efficiency Insulate homes Efficient engines and integrated transport Simple efficiency measures across all sectors Decarbonised electricity fuels zero emission vehicles Decarbonised electricity Decarbonise gas using biomethane Heat pump Mainly for new homes and decarbonise transport CNG Biomethane

20 Electrification of Transport and Heat Pump Sectors Value of Smart Demand equivalent to a saving of almost 40GW of installed generation capacity Source-HiDEF

21 Smart Fridges/Freezers could help to limit frequency fall Source-RLTec

22 Smart Fridges/Freezers Displacing Power Stations Wind penetration Low High Cost savings /FF/10yr CO2 savings kg/ff/yr Source-HiDEF

23 Active Demand Side Management Offset Wind Intermittency Water Heater HVAC Generation flexibility High Low Cost savings /kw/10yr CO2 savings kg/kw/yr < Source-HiDEF

24 Operating the system in 2020 Active Distribution Networks Variable generation Synthetic inertia Smart Grids & meters Variable generation Distributed generation Inflexible generation Demand Active Demand Large generation Variable generation Electricity Demand (GW) Peak Commuting Time MW loss risk Peak Commuting Time Generation ROCOF & Robustness issues 2020 Demand ~ 15 GWh (daily) million vehicles Optimal Charging Period Typical winter daily demand 40 12,000 miles p.a :00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 09:00 08:00 07:00 06:00 05:00 04:00 03:00 02:00 01:00 00:00 30 Time of Day How to meet these challenges in the most economic and sustainable way whilst maintaining security of supply? Time of use tariffs

25 What is a Smart Grid? Smart meters Customer Focused Tools to engage consumers with energy efficiency Improved information and awareness New energy services and tariffs Home automation & Demand response solutions More engaged, more efficient consumption Two way communication - Sensing, automation and control Network Focused Integration of new sources of supply & demand Self Healing and resilient Asset optimisation Active power flow management Integration of renewable and distributed energy More reliable, more efficient networks

26 New Technology - to Make It Happen New technology is required to evolve the Transmission network and enable renewable generation HVDC Smart Tools VSC Technology is still developing 2-3 year lead times for the larger cables Wide area monitoring to control power flows Multi terminal HVDC has very limited operational experience Dynamic circuit rating to manage constraints Control system optimisation Special protection schemes to facilitate additional generation Automated control to manage complex networks Series capacitors Review of protection settings Congestion management control Sub-synchronous resonance Employed to control stability Opportunities to implement demand side management All this has been used elsewhere, but not together in a densely meshed network

27 Warning - Uncontrolled Smart Demand could Jeopardise System Security Issues Balancing a system with significant volume of intermittent energy sources and increased credible generation loss risk will require more flexible and smarter demands to meet the renewable target and yet maintain the standards of security and quality of supply Risks An uncontrolled development of smart demands could jeopardise future system security, for instance, fridges/freezers could provide frequency control, but under severe and sustained low frequency incidents they may jeopardise system frequency recovery as millions of f/f could cut in during this critical period to maintain food integrity Way Forward National Grid has been and will continue to work with the industry and university researchers to provide expertise on future system needs and exploit the potential of dynamic demands and active demand side management using innovative control techniques for future system frequency control and system balancing purposes

28 Conclusions It is a Challenge and an Opportunity for National Grid and other stakeholders But, It need join up effort between industry and government Generation More flexible and responsive Network More active and intelligent Demand smarter and well co-ordinated