Integrated Village Energy Systems for Remote Alaska

Transcription

1 Integrated Village Energy Systems for Remote Alaska ISER Lunch Talk September 2004 Steve Colt, UAA, ISER Steve Gilbert, Chugach Electric Association

2 Our focus: remote communities currently diesel powered

3 Electricity Cost per kwh cents per kw Anchorage PCE Places

4 Heat Cost per million Btu cents per kwh Anchorage n $3/Mcf Remote place $2.50 gal

5 Energy Consumption per Alaskan Barrels of Oil per Year Alaska Gas Network PCE places Other Transportation excl. jet air Industrial/Military Oil/propane/wood direct Natural gas direct generation losses Electricity

6 Primary Energy Input per Alaskan Barrels of Oil per Year Wood and all other Other petroleum Gasoline Diesel Hydro Coal Natural Gas - Alaska Gas Network PCE places Other

7 First Law of Thermodynamics Energy is converted from one form to another : Electricity is an energy currency, not a primary energy source Hydrogen is an energy currency too! Example: Your Toaster Plants Natural Gas Electricity Electricity Heat (toast + low-grade heat)

8 Pre-Industrial Energy Conversion Source: Smil 1994

9 Evolution of Conversion Devices Source: Smil 1994

10 Changing Mix of U.S. Primary Energy Sources

11 Returning to Alaska-

12 Hypothesis: Serving the integrated energy needs of a remote Alaska community with alternative primary energy offers significantly different opportunities and challenges than simply serving the electricity needs.

13 End-Use Energy needs in remote Heat Alaska Transportation (snowmachines( snowmachines,, 4-4 wheelers) Light Appliances Information (computers, phones, )

14 Community profile (following Devine 2004) 400 people 130 households 2 small businesses 1 large commercial building (AC store) 1 community center 2 government buildings Sub-regional health clinic Advanced flush-haul sanitation, washeteria with Sauna

15 Electricity: 3347 kwh/person (Mia Devine, NREL: AK Village Electric Load Calculator) Government 3% Other 7% Residential 49% Communications 6% Commercial 12% Health Clinic 1% School 15% W&S 7%

16 Residential Space and water Heat: 21 million Btu/person space heat 7.2 million Btu/person water heat (AKWARM model, new construction, BEES compliant) 1,249 Sq Ft house Kotzebueclimate 4 occupants Result = 64 million Btu per house per yr of space heat delivered to room

17 School space and water heat: 7.8 million Btu/person/yr (AEA/MAFA Rural Energy Plan 2003) 25,000 square feet Current diesel use = 1.2 gal per square foot Current boiler efficiency = 75%

18 Commercial / govt space & water heat: 2.6 million Btu/person/yr (AEA/MAFA Rural Energy Plan 2003) 10,000 total square feet Current diesel use = 1.0 gal per square foot Current boiler efficiency = 75%

19 Large Vehicles (diesel or diesel-capable): 52 gal diesel / person / yr City/School use (based on Galena data) = 44.4 gal /person Personal use based on 1 vehicle per 5 households, 100 gal/vehicle/yr Data?

20 Small Vehicles (require gasoline): 85 gal gasoline / person / yr 1 four-wheeler per household 1.5 snowmachines per household 0.2 outboard per household 100 gal/engine/yr Data?

21 Summary of village net end use demand: 26.6 billion btu small engine Elec large engine community heat home space/wtr heat

22 Summary of current energy input: about 790 gallons/person/year small engine large engine electricity community heat home space/wtr heat

23 How to meet these demands during the medium term ( years)? Wind-Hydrogen hybrid Local methane source Other (geothermal)

24 Integrated Supply: Preview!

25 Concept Couple wind and hydrogen technologies to produce electricity, and fuel Hydrogen production & storage are required

26 Alaska has excellent wind potential There are 7 classes of winds. Class 1 is weakest and 7 is strongest Alaska has more class 7 winds than all of the lower 48 states

27 Wind Power Obstacles Intermittent resource Economic Storage Limited market opportunity beyond electric generation

28 Uses of Wind and Hydrogen Wind energy can be used to meet community energy needs Medium term, the internal combustion engine can be converted to burn hydrogen Fuel cells in the future

29 Environmental Hazards Environmental hazards are significantly reduced using hydrogen If spilled, there are no environmental hazards If burned in an IC engine or fuel cell there few if any objectionable emissions No carbon

30 Hydrogen Production Hydrogen is widely used in industry. Extracted from fossil fuel or from water using electrolysis. Can be produced with commercially available hardware.

31 Hydrogen Production cont. Typical electrolyzer efficiency of 60% 1KWH electric input yields approximately 2,381 BTUs of hydrogen Fuel Cell efficiency is typically 55% plus Typical combustion efficiency of 35% plus

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33 Longer term: Export Potential Excess hydrogen could be exported Allows remote communities to participate in energy economy Allows Alaska to continue as a provider of energy to outside markets

34 Summary: Wind / Hydrogen Coupling As a means for obtaining energy for local use. As a means for small communities to produce a marketable product. As means for Alaska to continue as a supplier of energy for the lower 48 states.

35 Comments, data, and suggestions Steve Colt, ISER welcome: Steve Gilbert, Chugach Electric