MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2013

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2 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2013 Abrasives Fluorspar Mercury Silver Aluminum Gallium Mica Soda Ash Antimony Garnet Molybdenum Sodium Sulfate Arsenic Gemstones Nickel Stone Asbestos Germanium Niobium Strontium Barite Gold Nitrogen Sulfur Bauxite Graphite Peat Talc Beryllium Gypsum Perlite Tantalum Bismuth Hafnium Phosphate Rock Tellurium Boron Helium Platinum Thallium Bromine Indium Potash Thorium Cadmium Iodine Pumice Tin Cement Iron and Steel Quartz Crystal Titanium Cesium Iron Ore Rare Earths Tungsten Chromium Iron Oxide Pigments Rhenium Vanadium Clays Kyanite Rubidium Vermiculite Cobalt Lead Salt Wollastonite Copper Lime Sand and Gravel Yttrium Diamond Lithium Scandium Zeolites Diatomite Magnesium Selenium Zinc Feldspar Manganese Silicon Zirconium

3 U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 Manuscript approved for publication January 24, For more information on the USGS the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment visit or call ASK USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Mail: Stop IDCC; Washington, DC Phone: (866) (toll-free); (202) (DC area) Fax: (202) Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: U.S. Geological Survey, 2013, Mineral commodity summaries 2013: U.S. Geological Survey, 198 p. ISBN

4 General: CONTENTS Page 1 Page Introduction... 3 Growth Rates of Leading and Coincident Indexes for Mineral Products... 4 The Role of Nonfuel Minerals in the U.S. Economy U.S. Net Import Reliance for Selected Nonfuel Mineral Materials... 6 Significant Events, Trends, and Issues... 7 Appendix A Abbreviations and Units of Measure Appendix B Definitions of Selected Terms Used in This Report Appendix C Reserves and Resources Appendix D Country Specialists Directory Mineral Commodities: Abrasives (Manufactured) Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Asbestos Barite Bauxite and Alumina Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cement Cesium Chromium Clays Cobalt Copper Diamond (Industrial) Diatomite Feldspar Fluorspar Gallium Garnet (Industrial) Gemstones Germanium Gold Graphite (Natural) Gypsum Helium Indium Iodine Iron and Steel Iron and Steel Scrap Iron and Steel Slag Iron Ore Iron Oxide Pigments Kyanite and Related Materials Lead Lime Lithium Magnesium Compounds Magnesium Metal Manganese Mercury Mica (Natural) Molybdenum Nickel Niobium (Columbium) Nitrogen (Fixed) Ammonia Peat Perlite Phosphate Rock Platinum-Group Metals Potash Pumice and Pumicite Quartz Crystal (Industrial) Rare Earths Rhenium Rubidium Salt Sand and Gravel (Construction) Sand and Gravel (Industrial) Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Soda Ash Sodium Sulfate Stone (Crushed) Stone (Dimension) Strontium Sulfur Talc and Pyrophyllite Tantalum Tellurium Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium and Titanium Dioxide Titanium Mineral Concentrates Tungsten Vanadium Vermiculite Wollastonite Yttrium Zeolites (Natural) Zinc Zirconium and Hafnium

5 2 INSTANT INFORMATION Information about the U.S. Geological Survey, its programs, staff, and products is available from the Internet at < or by calling (888) ASK USGS [(888) ]. This publication has been prepared by the National Minerals Information Center. Information about the Center and its products is available from the Internet at < or by writing to Director, National Minerals Information Center, 988 National Center, Reston, VA KEY PUBLICATIONS Minerals Yearbook These annual publications review the mineral industries of the United States and of more than 180 other countries. They contain statistical data on minerals and materials and include information on economic and technical trends and developments. The three volumes that make up the Minerals Yearbook are Volume I, Metals and Minerals; Volume II, Area Reports, Domestic; and Volume III, Area Reports, International. Mineral Commodity Summaries Published on an annual basis, this report is the earliest Government publication to furnish estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry data. Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for more than 90 individual minerals and materials. Mineral Industry Surveys These periodic statistical and economic reports are designed to provide timely statistical data on production, distribution, stocks, and consumption of significant mineral commodities. The surveys are issued monthly, quarterly, or at other regular intervals. Metal Industry Indicators This monthly publication analyzes and forecasts the economic health of three metal industries (primary metals, steel, and copper) using leading and coincident indexes. Nonmetallic Mineral Products Industry Indexes This monthly publication analyzes the leading and coincident indexes for the nonmetallic mineral products industry (NAICS 327). Materials Flow Studies These publications describe the flow of materials from source to ultimate disposition to help better understand the economy, manage the use of natural resources, and protect the environment. Recycling Reports These materials flow studies illustrate the recycling of metal commodities and identify recycling trends. Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States (Data Series 140) This report provides a compilation of statistics on production, trade, and use of approximately 90 mineral commodities since as far back as WHERE TO OBTAIN PUBLICATIONS Mineral Commodity Summaries and the Minerals Yearbook are sold by the U.S. Government Printing Office. Orders are accepted over the Internet at < by telephone toll free (866) ; Washington, DC area (202) , by fax (202) , or through the mail (P.O. Box , St. Louis, MO ). All current and many past publications are available in PDF format (and some are available in XLS format) through <

6 INTRODUCTION 3 Each chapter of the 2013 edition of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries (MCS) includes information on events, trends, and issues for each mineral commodity as well as discussions and tabular presentations on domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, 5-year salient statistics, and world production and resources. The MCS is the earliest comprehensive source of 2012 mineral production data for the world. More than 90 individual minerals and materials are covered by two-page synopses. For mineral commodities for which there is a Government stockpile, detailed information concerning the stockpile status is included in the two-page synopsis. Abbreviations and units of measure, and definitions of selected terms used in the report, are in Appendix A and Appendix B, respectively. Appendix C Reserves and Resources includes Part A Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals and Part B Sources of Reserves Data. A directory of USGS minerals information country specialists and their responsibilities is Appendix D. The USGS continually strives to improve the value of its publications to users. Constructive comments and suggestions by readers of the MCS 2013 are welcomed.

7 4 GROWTH RATES OF LEADING AND COINCIDENT INDEXES FOR MINERAL PRODUCTS PRIMARY METALS: LEADING AND COINCIDENT GROWTH RATES, LEADING November Percent Percent COINCIDENT October NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS: LEADING AND COINCIDENT GROWTH RATES, LEADING November Percent Percent COINCIDENT November The leading indexes historically give signals several months in advance of major changes in the corresponding coincident index, which measures current industry activity. The growth rates, which can be viewed as trends, are expressed as compound annual rates based on the ratio of the current month's index to its average level during the preceding 12 months. Sources: U.S. Geological Survey, Metal Industry Indicators and Nonmetallic Mineral Products Industry Indexes.

8 5 NET EXPORTS OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS GOLD, SODA ASH, ZINC CONCENTRATES, ETC. THE ROLE OF NONFUEL MINERALS IN THE U.S. ECONOMY (ESTIMATED VALUES IN 2012) Imports: $8.1 billion Exports: $9.1 billion Net exports: $1.0 billion DOMESTIC MINERAL RAW MATERIALS FROM MINING MINERAL MATERIALS PROCESSED DOMESTICALLY COPPER ORE, IRON ORE, SAND AND GRAVEL, STONE, ETC. Value: $76.5 billion ALUMINUM, BRICK, CEMENT, COPPER, FERTILIZERS, STEEL, ETC. Value of shipments: $704 billion VALUE ADDED TO GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY MAJOR INDUSTRIES THAT CONSUME PROCESSED MINERAL MATERIALS 1 U.S. ECONOMY Gross Domestic Product: $15,700 billion METALS AND MINERAL PRODUCTS RECYCLED DOMESTICALLY ALUMINUM, GLASS, STEEL, ETC. NET IMPORTS OF PROCESSED MINERAL MATERIALS Value: $2,390 billion Value of old scrap: $30.4 billion METALS, CHEMICALS, ETC. NET EXPORTS OF OLD SCRAP Imports: $147 billion Exports: $120 billion Net imports: $27 billion GOLD, STEEL, ETC. Imports: $6.8 billion Exports: $26.4 billion Net exports: $19.6 billion 1 Major consuming industries of processed mineral materials are construction, durable goods manufacturers, and some nondurable goods manufacturers. The value of shipments for processed mineral materials cannot be directly related to gross domestic product. Sources: U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of Commerce.

9 U.S. NET IMPORT RELIANCE 1 Commodity Percent ARSENIC (trioxide) 100 ASBESTOS 100 BAUXITE and ALUMINA 100 CESIUM 100 FLUORSPAR 100 GRAPHITE (natural) 100 INDIUM 100 MANGANESE 100 MICA, sheet (natural) 100 NIOBIUM (columbium) 100 QUARTZ CRYSTAL (industrial) 100 RUBIDIUM 100 SCANDIUM 100 STRONTIUM 100 TANTALUM 100 THALLIUM 100 THORIUM 100 GALLIUM 99 GEMSTONES 99 VANADIUM 96 BISMUTH 92 PLATINUM 91 GERMANIUM 90 IODINE 88 ANTIMONY 87 DIAMOND (dust, grit, and powder) 85 STONE (dimension) 85 POTASH 81 BARITE 80 COBALT 78 RHENIUM 78 TITANIUM MINERAL CONCENTRATES 77 TIN 75 SILICON CARBIDE (crude) 73 ZINC 72 CHROMIUM 70 GARNET (industrial) 65 TITANIUM (sponge) 64 PEAT 62 SILVER 57 PALLADIUM 54 NICKEL 49 MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS 46 TUNGSTEN 42 SILICON 36 COPPER 35 NITROGEN (fixed), AMMONIA 35 MAGNESIUM METAL 31 MICA, scrap and flake (natural) 31 VERMICULITE 30 PERLITE 24 ALUMINUM 20 SALT 19 SULFUR 19 PUMICE 15 GYPSUM 12 IRON and STEEL 11 BERYLLIUM 10 IRON and STEEL SLAG 9 CEMENT 7 PHOSPHATE ROCK 5 Major Import Sources ( ) 2 Morocco, China, Belgium Canada, Zimbabwe Jamaica, Brazil, Guinea, Australia Canada Mexico, China, South Africa China, Mexico, Canada, Brazil China, Canada, Japan, Belgium South Africa, Gabon, Australia, China China, Brazil, Belgium, India Brazil, Canada, Germany China, Japan, Russia Canada China Mexico, Germany, China China, Estonia, Germany, Kazakhstan Germany, Russia India, France Germany, United Kingdom, China, Canada Israel, India, Belgium, South Africa Rep. of Korea, Canada, Austria, Czech Republic China, Belgium, United Kingdom Germany, South Africa, United Kingdom, Canada China, Belgium, Russia, Germany Chile, Japan China, Mexico, Belgium, Bolivia China, Ireland, Republic of Korea, Russia China, Brazil, Italy, Turkey Canada, Russia China, India, Morocco China, Norway, Russia, Finland Chile, Netherlands, Germany South Africa, Australia, Canada, Mozambique Peru, Bolivia, Indonesia, China China, South Africa, Romania, Netherlands Canada, Mexico, Peru, Spain South Africa, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mexico India, Australia, China, Canada Japan, Kazakhstan, China, Ukraine, Canada Mexico, Canada, Peru, Poland Russia, South Africa, United Kingdom, Norway Canada, Russia, Australia, Norway China, Canada, Brazil, Australia China, Bolivia, Canada, Germany Brazil, Russia, China, Canada Chile, Canada, Peru, Mexico Trinidad and Tobago, Russia, Canada, Ukraine Israel, Canada, China Canada, China, India, Finland South Africa, China, Brazil, Australia Greece Canada, Russia, China, Mexico Canada, Chile, Mexico, The Bahamas Canada, Mexico, Venezuela Greece, Iceland, Mexico, Montserrat Canada, Mexico, Spain Canada, European Union, Mexico, Rep. of Korea Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan, Kenya, Japan, Canada, Italy, South Africa Canada, Republic of Korea, China, Mexico Morocco, Peru 1 Not all mineral commodities covered in this publication are listed here. Those not shown include mineral commodities for which the United States is a net exporter (for example, molybdenum) or less than 5% import reliant (for example, talc). For some mineral commodities (for example, rare earths), not enough information is available to calculate the exact percentage of import reliance; for others (for example, lithium), exact percentages may have been rounded to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. 2 In descending order of import share.

10 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS, TRENDS, AND ISSUES 7 In 2012, the estimated value of mineral production increased in the United States for the third consecutive year. Production and prices increased for most industrial mineral commodities mined in the United States, but production and prices for nearly all metals declined. Minerals remained fundamental to the U.S. economy, contributing to the real gross domestic product (GDP) at several levels, including mining, processing, and manufacturing finished products. Minerals contribution to the GDP increased for the second consecutive year. After continued decline following the recession, the construction industry began to show signs of improvement during 2012, with increased production and consumption of cement, construction sand and gravel, and gypsum, mineral commodities that are used almost exclusively in construction. Crushed stone production, however, continued to decline. The figure on page 4 shows that the primary metals industry and the nonmetallic minerals products industry are intrinsically cyclical. Growth rates are directly affected by the U.S. business cycle as well as by global economic conditions. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) generates composite indexes to measure economic activity in these industries. The coincident composite indexes describe the current situation using production, employment, and shipments data. The leading composite indexes forecast major changes in the industry s direction by such variables as stock prices, commodity prices, new product orders, and other indicators, which are combined into one gauge. For each of the indexes, a growth rate is calculated to measure its change relative to the previous 12 months. Following a steep decline to -20% in early 2009, the leading index shows the growth of primary metals increased to almost 20% in late Since then, the index has steadily decreased. At the end of 2012, the growth rate was -2%. The primary metals industry was supported by modest metals demand generated from the manufacturing and construction sectors. This is likely to continue into The nonmetallic mineral products industry was boosted by the rebound in construction activity in 2012, with more than half of its output going to the construction sector. The recovery in the U.S. housing industry is fueling demand for industrial minerals and products. The nonmetallic mineral products leading index growth rate ended 2012 indicating that the nonmetallic mineral products industry is poised for a recovery in As shown in the figure on page 5, the estimated value of mineral raw materials produced at mines in the United States in 2012 was $76.5 billion, a slight increase from $74.8 billion in Net exports of mineral raw materials and old scrap contributed an additional $21 billion to the U.S. economy. Domestic raw materials and domestically recycled materials were used to process mineral materials worth $704 billion. These mineral materials, including aluminum, brick, copper, fertilizers, and steel, and net imports of processed materials (worth about $27 billion) were, in turn, consumed by downstream industries with a value added of an estimated $2.4 trillion in The estimated value of U.S. metal mine production in 2012 was $34.9 billion, about 3% less than that of Principal contributors to the total value of metal mine production in 2012 were gold (36%), copper (27%), iron ore (15%), molybdenum (10%), and zinc (4%). Average prices for most domestically mined metals decreased in The yearly average price of gold continued to climb, but no new alltime high was reached during the year. The estimated value of U.S. industrial minerals mine production in 2012 was $41.6 billion, more than 7% more than that of The value of industrial minerals mine production in 2012 was dominated by crushed stone (29%), cement (16%), and construction sand and gravel (16%). In general, industrial minerals prices were relatively stable, with modest price variations. Mine production of 15 mineral commodities was worth more than $1 billion each in the United States in These were, in decreasing order of value, gold, crushed stone, copper, cement, construction sand and gravel, iron ore (shipped), molybdenum concentrates, phosphate rock, lime, industrial sand and gravel, soda ash, clays (all types), salt, zinc, and silver. The figure on page 6 illustrates the reliance of the United States on foreign sources for raw and processed mineral materials. In 2012, the supply for more than one-half of U.S. apparent consumption of the 41 mineral commodities shown in the figure came from imports, and the United States was 100% import reliant for 18 of those. For the first time since 2002, the United States was not 100% import reliant for rare earths. Although not enough information was available to calculate the exact percentage of import reliance, rare earths mining resumed in Mountain Pass, CA. U.S. import reliance has increased significantly since 1978, the year that this information was first reported. At that time, the United States was 100% import reliant for 7 mineral commodities, and more than 50% import reliant for 25 mineral commodities. In 2012, the United States was a net exporter of 15 mineral commodities, meaning more of those domestically produced mineral commodities were exported than imported. That figure has remained relatively stable, with net exports of 18 mineral commodities in In 2012, 11 States each produced more than $2 billion worth of nonfuel mineral commodities. These States were, in descending order of value Nevada, Arizona, Minnesota, Florida, California, Alaska, Utah, Texas, Missouri, Michigan, and Wyoming. The mineral production of these States accounted for 64% of the U.S. total output value (table 3). The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) Strategic Materials is responsible for providing safe, secure and

11 8 TABLE 1. U.S. MINERAL INDUSTRY TRENDS e Total mine production (million dollars): Metals 27,300 22,000 30,300 36,000 34,900 Industrial minerals 43,900 37,000 36,100 38,800 41,600 Coal 36,600 35,700 38,600 44,900 41,100 Employment (thousands of production workers): Coal mining Metal mining Industrial minerals, except fuels NA 2 NA Chemicals and allied products Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries Average weekly earnings of production workers (dollars): Coal mining 1,138 1,250 1,365 1,404 1,352 Metal mining 1,195 1,096 2 NA 2 NA 2 NA Industrial minerals, except fuels NA 2 NA 2 NA Chemicals and allied products Stone, clay, and glass products Primary metal industries e Estimated. NA Not available. 1 Metal mining and industrial minerals (except fuel), combined. 2 Because of changes to U.S. Department of Labor reports, these data are no longer available. Sources: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Labor. TABLE 2. U.S. MINERAL-RELATED ECONOMIC TRENDS Gross domestic product (billion dollars) e 14,292 13,974 14,499 15,076 15,700 Industrial production (2007=100): Total index Manufacturing: Nonmetallic mineral products Primary metals: Iron and steel Aluminum Nonferrous metals (except aluminum) Chemicals Mining: Coal Oil and gas extraction Metals Nonmetallic minerals Capacity utilization (percent): Total industry: Mining: Metals Nonmetallic minerals Housing starts (thousands) Light vehicle sales (thousands) 1 9,720 7,550 8,620 9,760 11,200 Highway construction, value, put in place (billion dollars) e Estimated. 1 Excludes imports. Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Federal Reserve Board, Autodata Corp., and U.S. Department of Transportation.

12 environmentally sound stewardship for strategic and critical materials in the U.S. National Defense Stockpile (NDS). DLA Strategic Materials stores 28 commodities at 15 locations in the United States. In fiscal year 2012, DLA Strategic Materials sold $1.5 million of excess mineral materials from the NDS. At the end of the fiscal year, mineral materials valued at $1.4 billion remained in the NDS. Of the remaining material, some was being 9 held in reserve, some was offered for sale, and sales of some of the materials were suspended. Additional detailed information can be found in the Government Stockpile sections in the mineral commodity reports that follow. Under the authority of the Defense Production Act of 1950, the U.S. Geological Survey advises the DLA on acquisition and disposals of NDS mineral materials. TABLE 3. VALUE OF NONFUEL MINERAL PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND PRINCIPAL NONFUEL MINERALS PRODUCED IN 2012 p, 1 Percent Value of U.S. State (thousands) Rank total Principal minerals, in order of value Alabama $1,010, Cement (portland), stone (crushed), lime, sand and gravel (construction), cement (masonry). Alaska 3,500, Gold, zinc, silver, lead, sand and gravel (construction). Arizona 8,050, Copper, molybdenum concentrates, sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), silver. Arkansas 800, Bromine, stone (crushed), sand and gravel (industrial), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction). California 3,580, Sand and gravel (construction), boron minerals, cement (portland), gold, stone (crushed). Colorado 1,930, Molybdenum concentrates, gold, cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed). Connecticut 2 173, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), clays (common), stone (dimension), gemstones (natural). Delaware 2 13, Magnesium compounds, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), gemstones (natural). Florida 3,640, Phosphate rock, stone (crushed), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), zirconium concentrates. Georgia 1,440, Clays (kaolin), stone (crushed), clays (fuller's earth), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction). Hawaii 107, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), gemstones (natural). Idaho 728, Molybdenum concentrates, phosphate rock, sand and gravel (construction), silver, stone (crushed). Illinois 1,170, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (industrial), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), tripoli. Indiana 838, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), lime, sand and gravel (construction), cement (masonry). Iowa 731, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial), lime. Kansas 1,220, Helium (Grade A), stone (crushed), salt, cement (portland), helium (crude). Kentucky 786, Stone (crushed), lime, cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), clays (common). Louisiana 492, Salt, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (industrial), lime. Maine 133, Sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), stone (crushed), stone (dimension), cement (masonry). Maryland 2 289, Cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), cement (masonry), stone (dimension). Massachusetts 2 209, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), stone (dimension), lime, clays (common). Michigan 2,240, Iron ore (usable shipped), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), salt, stone (crushed). Minnesota 2 4,500, Iron ore (usable shipped), sand and gravel (industrial), sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), stone (dimension). Mississippi 196, Sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), clays (fuller's earth), clays (ball), clays (bentonite). See footnotes at end of table.

13 10 TABLE 3. VALUE OF NONFUEL MINERAL PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND PRINCIPAL NONFUEL MINERALS PRODUCED IN 2012 p, 1 Percent Value of U.S. State (thousands) Rank total Principal minerals, in order of value Missouri 2,640, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), lead, lime, sand and gravel (industrial). Montana 1,420, Copper, palladium metal, molybdenum concentrates, platinum metal, gold. Nebraska 335, Sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (industrial), lime. Nevada 11,200, Gold, copper, silver, lime, sand and gravel (construction). New Hampshire 2 157, Sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), stone (dimension), gemstones (natural). New Jersey 2 292, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial), greensand marl, peat. New Mexico 1,490, Copper, potash, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), molybdenum concentrates. New York 1,270, Stone (crushed), salt, sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), wollastonite. North Carolina 911, Stone (crushed), phosphate rock, sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial), feldspar. North Dakota 2 97, Sand and gravel (construction), lime, stone (crushed), clays (common), sand and gravel (industrial). Ohio 2 1,220, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), salt, lime, cement (portland). Oklahoma 651, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), sand and gravel (industrial), sand and gravel (construction), iodine. Oregon 316, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), diatomite, perlite (crude). Pennsylvania 2 1,790, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), lime, sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial). Rhode Island 2 40, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial), gemstones (natural). South Carolina 2 498, Cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), clays (kaolin), cement (masonry). South Dakota 364, Gold, stone (crushed), cement (portland), sand and gravel (construction), lime. Tennessee 1,030, Stone (crushed), zinc, cement (portland), sand and gravel (industrial), sand and gravel (construction). Texas 3,390, Cement (portland), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), sand and gravel (industrial), salt. Utah 3,490, Copper, molybdenum concentrates, gold, potash, magnesium metal. Vermont 2 117, Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), stone (dimension), talc (crude), gemstones (natural). Virginia 1,250, Zirconium concentrates, sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland), lime, titanium concentrates. Washington 689, Gold, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed), cement (portland), diatomite. West Virginia 341, Stone (crushed), cement (portland), lime, sand and gravel (industrial), cement (masonry). Wisconsin 2 660, Sand and gravel (industrial), stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), lime, stone (dimension). Wyoming 2,220, Soda ash, clays (bentonite), helium (Grade A), sand and gravel (construction), cement (portland). Undistributed 880,000 XX 1.15 Total 76,500,000 XX p Preliminary. XX Not applicable. 1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to total shown. 2 Partial total; excludes values that must be withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data which are included with "Undistributed."

14 MAJOR METAL-PRODUCING AREAS Au P1 P1 Mo B1 P2 P4 Fe Fe Fe P2 Mo Au P2 P2 Au P1 P3 Au Au P2 Au P2 Au B1 Mg B1 Be Mo B2 Au P2 Au RE P2 B3 P3 B1 B1 B2 B2 B1 Au P2 B1 B1 B2 Au B4 Mo B3 Zn Zn Kilometers SYMBOLS Au Gold B1 Copper and molybdenum +/- gold, silver B2 Copper +/- gold, silver B3 Lead, zinc +/- copper +/- gold +/- silver B4 Zinc and silver + lead and gold Be Beryllium Fe Iron Mg Magnesium Mo Molybdenum P1 Silver +/- base metals P2 Gold and silver P3 Gold and silver +/- base metals P4 Platinum and palladium RE Rare earths Zn Zinc ,000 Kilometers Kilometers 11

15 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL MINERAL-PRODUCING AREAS PART I SYMBOLS Ba B Br Dia Gar Gyp He Irz I Ky MgCp Barite Borates Bromine Diatomite Garnet Gypsum Helium Ilmenite, rutile, and zircon Iodine Kyanite Magnesium compounds Mica O Peat P K Salt NaC NaS S Talc Vm Wol Zeo Mica Olivine Peat Phosphate Potash Salt Soda ash Sodium sulfate Sulfur Talc Vermiculite Wollastonite Zeolites Pyrp Pyrophyllite Gar Wol S Gar Vm Irz Ky Salt Salt Mica P S Vm Mica P Irz Peat P Salt S S K Gyp Salt Peat MgCp Gyp S S Salt S Salt Br Gyp Gyp S Gyp Salt Salt S Salt S Peat S Gyp He Gyp Salt I Gyp I Salt Gyp S Salt Zeo Gyp Gyp S S Mica He He He Salt NaS S K Zeo Zeo Gyp P He Mica K P Talc Gyp He S NaC Zeo Salt K Salt MgCp Gyp Gyp Salt S Dia O Gar B Gyp Zeo B Dia Ba MgCp Gyp Ba Salt Gyp Salt S Dia Zeo Dia Gyp NaC NaS Dia S Salt Gyp S Pyrp K Zeo He S S S S S S S Talc Talc Talc Talc He He Wol Peat Gar Salt Peat S Ba Mica Salt Peat Peat I S S S Gyp Gyp MgCp Peat Peat S S Salt Salt Peat Salt Salt Kilometers 0 1, Kilometers Kilometers 12

16 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL MINERAL-PRODUCING AREAS PART II IS DS IS Fel Pum Per Pum IS Ka Per Pum Pum Li DSPum Clay Fel IS Pum IS Fel IS DS Per IS DS Per Pum DS Pum DS Clay Bent Per IS DS Bent Bent Fel Bent DS Clay Bent Per Pum Per IS DS Clay DS Clay IS Clay IS DS DS Clay Pum Clay DS Clay Fel IS Clay DS IS Bent DS FC Clay Clay IS IS DS Clay BC IS DS Clay DS DS DS IS DS IS IS DS IS IS DS DS Clay IS Clay IS DS DS IS IS IS DS Clay Clay IS Clay DS DS IS Clay IS Clay FC IS IS DS DS Fel FC IS Ful DS Clay Clay Clay Clay Ful Clay BC IS DS DS Fel Clay Ful BC Clay IS DS IS IS Ful IOP DS IS Ka FC BC DS Clay Clay Clay Bent Ful Ka Clay Ful Clay Fel IS IS Clay Ka IS Ka IS Clay Bent Ful IS IS IS Ful Kilometers IS Ka Ful IS DS SYMBOLS BC Bent Clay DS FC Fel Ful IOP IS Ka Li Per Pum Ball clay Bentonite Common clay Dimension stone Fire clay Feldspar Fuller's earth Iron oxide pigments Industrial sand Kaolin Lithium carbonate Perlite Pumice and pumicite ,000 Kilometers Kilometers 13

17 14 ABRASIVES (MANUFACTURED) (Fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide) (Data in metric tons unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Fused aluminum oxide was produced by two companies at three plants in the United States and Canada. Production of regular-grade fused aluminum oxide had an estimated value of $1.7 million. Silicon carbide was produced by two companies at two plants in the United States. Domestic production of crude silicon carbide had an estimated value of about $26 million. Bonded and coated abrasive products accounted for most abrasive uses of fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide. Salient Statistics United States: e Production, 1 United States and Canada (crude): Fused aluminum oxide, regular 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Silicon carbide 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 Imports for consumption (U.S.): Fused aluminum oxide 285,000 64, , , ,000 Silicon carbide 127,000 78, , , ,000 Exports (U.S.): Fused aluminum oxide 21,900 12,300 20,000 19,900 19,500 Silicon carbide 17,000 20,700 23,100 27,800 19,000 Consumption, apparent (U.S.): Fused aluminum oxide NA NA NA NA NA Silicon carbide 145,000 92, , , ,000 Price, value of imports, dollars per ton (U.S.): Fused aluminum oxide, regular Fused aluminum oxide, high-purity 1,230 1,170 1,300 1,360 1,180 Silicon carbide ,260 1,280 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption (U.S.): Fused aluminum oxide NA NA NA NA NA Silicon carbide Recycling: Up to 30% of fused aluminum oxide may be recycled, and about 5% of silicon carbide is recycled. Import Sources ( ): Fused aluminum oxide, crude: China, 81%; Venezuela, 8%; Canada, 8%; and other, 3%. Fused aluminum oxide, grain: Brazil, 28%; Germany, 22%; Austria, 19%; Italy, 7%; and other, 24%. Silicon carbide, crude: China, 68%; South Africa, 11%; Romania, 6%; Netherlands, 6%; and other, 9%. Silicon carbide, grain: China, 44%; Brazil, 23%; Norway, 7%; Russia, 6%; and other, 20%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations Fused aluminum oxide, crude Free. White, pink, ruby artificial corundum, greater than 97.5% fused aluminum oxide, grain % ad val. Artificial corundum, not elsewhere specified or included, fused aluminum oxide, grain % ad val. Silicon carbide, crude Free. Silicon carbide, grain % ad val. Depletion Allowance: None. Government Stockpile: None. Prepared by Donald W. Olson [(703) , dolson@usgs.gov]

18 ABRASIVES (MANUFACTURED) 15 Events, Trends, and Issues: In 2012, China was the world s leading producer of abrasive fused aluminum oxide and abrasive silicon carbide, with production of nearly 695,000 tons and 450,000 tons, respectively, nearly at capacity. Imports and higher operating costs continued to challenge abrasives producers in the United States and Canada. Foreign competition, particularly from China, is expected to persist and further curtail production in North America. Abrasives markets are greatly influenced by activity in the manufacturing sector in the United States. During 2012, these manufacturing sectors included the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. The U.S. abrasive markets also are influenced by economic and technological trends. World Production Capacity: Fused aluminum oxide Silicon carbide United States and Canada 60,400 60,400 42,600 42,600 Argentina 5,000 5,000 Australia 50,000 50,000 Austria 60,000 60,000 Brazil 50,000 50,000 43,000 43,000 China 700, , , ,000 France 40,000 40,000 16,000 16,000 Germany 80,000 80,000 36,000 36,000 India 40,000 40,000 5,000 5,000 Japan 25,000 25,000 60,000 60,000 Mexico 45,000 45,000 Norway 80,000 80,000 Venezuela 30,000 30,000 Other countries 80,000 80, , ,000 World total (rounded) 1,190,000 1,190,000 1,010,000 1,010,000 World Resources: Although domestic resources of raw materials for the production of fused aluminum oxide are rather limited, adequate resources are available in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate for the production of silicon carbide. Substitutes: Natural and manufactured abrasives, such as garnet, emery, or metallic abrasives, can be substituted for fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in various applications. e Estimated. NA Not available. Zero. 1 Rounded to the nearest 5,000 tons to protect proprietary data. 2 Defined as imports exports. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013

19 16 ALUMINUM 1 (Data in thousand metric tons of metal unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2012, 5 companies operated 10 primary aluminum smelters; 4 smelters were closed temporarily for the entire year. Based on published market prices, the value of primary metal production was $4.32 billion. Aluminum consumption was centered in the East Central United States. Transportation accounted for an estimated 34% of domestic consumption; the remainder was used in packaging, 26%; building, 12%; electrical, 9%; machinery, 8%; consumer durables, 7%; and other, 4%. Salient Statistics United States: e Production: Primary 2,658 1,727 1,726 1,986 2,000 Secondary (from old scrap) 1,500 1,260 1,250 1,450 1,600 Imports for consumption 3,710 3,680 3,610 3,710 4,500 Exports 3,280 2,710 3,040 3,420 3,600 Consumption, apparent 2 3,940 3,320 3,460 3,550 4,520 Price, ingot, average U.S. market (spot), cents per pound Stocks: Aluminum industry, yearend 1, ,010 1,060 1,100 LME, U.S. warehouses, yearend 3 1,290 2,200 2,230 2,360 2,300 Employment, number 4 38,000 33,800 29,200 30,300 35,000 Net import reliance 5 as a percentage of apparent consumption E Recycling: In 2012, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap in the United States was about 3.4 million tons, of which about 53% came from new (manufacturing) scrap and 47% from old scrap (discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 35% of apparent consumption. Import Sources ( ): Canada, 62%; Russia, 7%; China, 5%; Mexico, 4%; and other, 22%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations Unwrought (in coils) % ad val. Unwrought (other than aluminum alloys) Free. Unwrought (billet) Free. Waste and scrap Free. Depletion Allowance: Not applicable. 1 Government Stockpile: None. Events, Trends, and Issues: During the first quarter of 2012, the leading U.S. aluminum producer announced that its smelter in Alcoa, TN, which had been closed temporarily in 2009, would be closed permanently. The same company also announced that two potlines at its Rockdale, TX, smelter also would be permanently closed. Failure to obtain favorable power supply contracts was cited as the reason for the permanent closures. Throughout the year, the owners of smelters in Hannibal, OH, Hawesville, KY, and Mt. Holly, SC, were negotiating power supply contracts to reduce costs. If power costs were not reduced, closures of these smelters would likely take place. During the third quarter of 2012, two potlines were closed temporarily at the Hannibal, OH, smelter. The owners of smelters in Columbia Falls, MT, and Ravenswood, WV, were negotiating power supply contracts to reopen those smelters, which had been temporarily shut down in Work on an expansion project continued at a smelter in New Madrid, MO, that would increase primary aluminum capacity to 279,000 tons per year from 263,000 tons per year by yearend An expansion of the smelter in Sebree, KY, also was expected to be completed by yearend 2012, increasing the aluminum smelting capacity to 210,000 tons per year from 196,000 tons per year. By the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2012, domestic smelters operated at about 70% of rated or engineered capacity. Reliance upon imports of aluminum increased in 2012 as primary production remained near the level in 2011, and net imports increased to supply domestic manufacturers. Canada, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates accounted for about 72% of total U.S. imports. Total aluminum exports from the United States increased by 5% in 2012 compared Prepared by E. Lee Bray [(703) , lbray@usgs.gov]

20 ALUMINUM 17 with the amount exported in 2011, and imports of crude and semifabricated aluminum in 2012 were 21% higher than the amount imported in China, Canada, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea, in descending order, received approximately 85% of total United States exports. Scrap to China accounted for 40% of total aluminum exports. The monthly average U.S. market price for primary ingot quoted by Platts Metals Week started the year at $1.034 per pound and reached a peak of $1.079 per pound in March. The monthly average price began a downward trend, reaching $0.939 per pound in August. The monthly average price increased to $1.033 per pound in September. Prices on the London Metal Exchange (LME) followed the trend of U.S. market prices. World primary aluminum production increased slightly in 2012 compared with production in New capacity in China, India, and Qatar, and restarting smelters that had been shut down in 2008 and early in 2009, accounted for most of the increased production. The increased production from these smelters was partially offset by shutdowns primarily in the second half of the year as aluminum prices declined. Other factors cited for the shutdowns included currency valuations, labor disputes, power price increases, and power shortages, in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Venezuela. World inventories of metal held by producers, as reported by the International Aluminium Institute, remained in a narrow range through August at about 2.4 million tons since yearend Inventories of primary aluminum metal held by the LME worldwide increased slightly during the year to 5.1 million tons in mid-october from 5.0 million tons at yearend World Smelter Production and Capacity: Production Yearend capacity e e United States 1,986 2,000 3,160 2,900 Argentina Australia 1,950 1,900 1,980 1,980 Bahrain Brazil 1,440 1,450 1,700 1,700 Canada 2,980 2,700 3,020 3,020 China 18,100 19,000 25,000 25,000 Germany Iceland India 1,670 1,700 2,310 3,150 Mozambique Norway 1,070 1,000 1,230 1,230 Qatar Russia 3,990 4,200 4,450 4,450 South Africa United Arab Emirates 1,800 1,850 1,800 1,850 Other countries 5,100 4,760 6,540 6,250 World total (rounded) 44,400 44,900 56,000 56,400 World Resources: Domestic aluminum requirements cannot be met by domestic bauxite resources. Domestic nonbauxitic aluminum resources are abundant and could meet domestic aluminum demand. A process for recovering alumina from clay was being tested in Canada to prove if it would be economically competitive with the processes now used for recovering alumina from bauxite. Processes for using other aluminum-bearing resources have not been proven to be economically competitive with those now used for bauxite. The world reserves for bauxite are sufficient to meet world demand for metal well into the future. Substitutes: Composites can substitute for aluminum in aircraft fuselages and wings. Glass, paper, plastics, and steel can substitute for aluminum in packaging. Magnesium, steel, and titanium can substitute for aluminum in ground transportation and structural uses. Composites, steel, vinyl, and wood can substitute for aluminum in construction. Copper can replace aluminum in electrical applications. e Estimated. E Net exporter. 1 See also Bauxite and Alumina. 2 Domestic primary metal production + recovery from old aluminum scrap + net import reliance; excludes imported scrap. 3 Includes aluminum alloy. 4 Alumina and aluminum production workers (North American Industry Classification System 3313). Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 5 Defined as imports exports + adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013

21 18 ANTIMONY (Data in metric tons of antimony content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: There was no antimony mine production in the United States in Primary antimony metal and oxide was produced by one company in Montana, using foreign feedstock. The estimated distribution of antimony uses was as follows: flame retardants, 35%; transportation, including batteries, 29%; chemicals, 16%; ceramics and glass, 12%; and other, 8%. Salient Statistics United States: e Production: Mine (recoverable antimony) Smelter: Primary W W W W W Secondary 3,180 3,020 3,520 3,230 3,100 Imports for consumption 29,000 20,200 26,200 23,500 24,000 Exports of metal, alloys, oxide, and waste and scrap 1 2,200 2,100 2,550 4,170 3,900 Consumption, apparent 2 30,400 21,200 27,000 22,700 23,100 Price, metal, average, cents per pound Stocks, yearend 1,490 1,420 1,560 1,430 1,520 Employment, plant, number e Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of apparent consumption Recycling: Traditionally, the bulk of secondary antimony has been recovered as antimonial lead, most of which was generated by and then consumed by the battery industry. Changing trends in that industry in recent years, however, have generally reduced the amount of secondary antimony produced; the trend to low-maintenance batteries has tilted the balance of consumption away from antimony and toward calcium as an additive. Import Sources ( ): Metal: China, 74%; Mexico, 12%; Peru, 3%; and other, 11%. Ore and concentrate: Italy, 45%; Bolivia, 26%; China, 23%; and other, 6%. Oxide: China, 63%; Mexico, 15%; Belgium, 9%; Bolivia, 9%; and other, 4%. Total: China, 67%; Mexico, 15%; Belgium, 7%; Bolivia, 4%; and other, 7%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations Ore and concentrates Free. Antimony oxide Free. Antimony and articles thereof, Unwrought antimony; powder Free. Waste and scrap Free. Other Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% (Domestic), 14% (Foreign). Government Stockpile: None. Prepared by James F. Carlin, Jr. [(703) , jcarlin@usgs.gov]

22 ANTIMONY 19 Events, Trends, and Issues: In 2012, antimony production from domestic source materials was derived mostly from recycling lead-acid batteries. Recycling supplied only a minor portion of estimated domestic consumption, and the remainder came from imports. Only one domestic smelter in Montana continued to make antimony products. The company that operated the domestic smelter progressed further with the development of its Mexican operations. Its 150-ton Puerto Blanca mill and Madero smelter were being supplied by more than seven Mexican antimony mines. Four furnaces were operating at the Mexican smelter, and three of them were being retrofitted for increased production. They were designed to handle low-grade antimony oxide ore, which predominates in Mexico. The Mexican combination flotation and gravity mill was delivering concentrates to the smelter. The mill recovered the sulfides and some of the oxides not recoverable by flotation methods. A large precrusher was being installed to handle oversize rock from the Los Juarez property. In China, the world s leading antimony producer, the Government continued to shut down antimony mines and smelters in an effort to control environmental issues and resolve safety problems. The price of antimony remained in a fairly narrow band during The price started the year at about $5.70 per pound, rose to $6.30 per pound by early July, and finished September at about $5.80 per pound. Prices continued to be influenced by production constrictions in China, combined with moderate world consumption increases. Several new antimony mine projects were being evaluated and developed in Armenia, Australia, Canada, China, Georgia, Italy, Laos, Russia, and Turkey. World Mine Production and Reserves: The reserves figure for South Africa was changed based on new information from official Government sources in that country. Mine production Reserves e United States Bolivia 3,900 4, ,000 China 150, , ,000 Russia (recoverable) 3,300 3, ,000 South Africa 4,700 5,000 27,000 Tajikistan 2,000 2,000 50,000 Other countries 14,100 13, ,000 World total (rounded) 178, ,000 1,800,000 World Resources: U.S. resources of antimony are mainly in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. Principal identified world resources are in Bolivia, China, Russia, and South Africa. Additional antimony resources may occur in Mississippi Valley-type lead deposits in the Eastern United States. Substitutes: Compounds of chromium, tin, titanium, zinc, and zirconium substitute for antimony chemicals in paint, pigments, and enamels. Combinations of cadmium, calcium, copper, selenium, strontium, sulfur, and tin can be used as substitutes for hardening lead. Selected organic compounds and hydrated aluminum oxide are widely accepted substitutes as flame retardants. e Estimated. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Zero. 1 Gross weight, for metal, alloys, waste, and scrap. 2 Domestic mine production + secondary production from old scrap + net import reliance. 3 New York dealer price for 99.5% to 99.6% metal, c.i.f. U.S. ports. 4 Defined as imports - exports + adjustments for Government and industry stock changes. 5 See Appendix C for resource/reserve definitions and information concerning data sources. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013